考研考博-英語(yǔ)-寧夏葡萄酒與防沙治沙職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-寧夏葡萄酒與防沙治沙職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

從一定角度上看，教育的目的實(shí)質(zhì)上就是通過(guò)生存知識(shí)的獲得和生存能力的提高而使受教育者為未來(lái)的生活做好準(zhǔn)備；而社會(huì)教育就是通過(guò)社會(huì)方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的。對(duì)于任何人來(lái)說(shuō)，生活可以有兩個(gè)目標(biāo)：一是達(dá)到或維持基本的生存水平，二是提高到更高層次。為達(dá)到這兩個(gè)目標(biāo)——其實(shí)生活中它們是融合在一起的，一般不會(huì)有人把兩者割裂開(kāi)來(lái)——任何時(shí)代、任何區(qū)域和社會(huì)階層都會(huì)對(duì)作為社會(huì)成員生活在這一時(shí)空與社會(huì)交叉點(diǎn)上的人有一個(gè)基本或起碼的知識(shí)和能力客觀(guān)要求。

【答案】Fromacertainpointofview,thepurposeofeducationistomaketheeducatedprepareforthefuturelifethroughtheacquisitionofsurvivalknowledgeandtheimprovementofsurvivalability.Socialeducationistoachievethisgoalthroughsocialmeans.Foranyone,lifecanhavetwogoals.Oneistoachieveormaintainabasiclevelofsurvival,andtheotheristoimprovetoahigherlevel.Inordertoachievethesetwogoals—infact,theyareintegratedinlife,andgenerallynoonewillcutthemapart—anyera,anyregionandsocialclasswillhaveabasicorminimumobjectiverequirementofknowledgeandabilityforpeoplelivingattheintersectionoftime,spaceandsocietyasmembersofthesociety.

2.單選題

Foruntoldcenturiesmandependedalmostentirelyonhishuntingabilitytoobtainfood.Fromsunrisetosundown,armedwithclubsandspears,andaidedbytrainedwilddogs,hesearchedforgame—hisforemostsourceoffoodwithhisprimitiveweapons,thelargestandswiftestanimalsofteneludedhim,andthehunterandhisfamilyfrequentlywentfordayswithoutmeat.

Whilethemenwerehuntinggame,thewomenandchildrensearchedforediblevegetation.Fromnearbyplantsandtreestheygatheredberries,nuts,grain,androots.Thesemeagerstaplesstayedthepainofhungerwhenthehuntersreturnedemptyhanded.Whenthesuppliesofgameandplantsinanareawereexhausted,theentiretribewasforcedtomoveontoanewandhopefullybetterregion.Thusmanledanomadicexistence.Hecouldneversettleinoneplaceforlongbecausehisgrowingpopulationoutstrippedtheavailablesupplyoffoodinthearea.

Thenmanmadeoneofhisgreatestdiscoveries—agriculture.Thisrevelationofraisingplantsanddomesticatinganimalswasoneofthemajorstepsincivilization.Agriculturedidnotbyitselfcreatecivilization,butwithoutitmancouldnothavesettledinoneplacelongenoughtobuildapermanenthome.Anthropologistsareuncertainaboutwhenorhowmanfirstlearnedtofarm.Theysuggestitmayhaveresultedfromcasualobservation.Atribeormanytribesoverawideareamighthavestayedinoneplacelongenoughtoseeatruebearfruitformorethanoneseason.Theymayalsohaveobservedthatyoungplantsgrewoutofgroundtoproducefoodastheymatured.

Or,asoneanthropologistsuggests,ahandfulofwildgroinmayhavethrownontotheground,andlatertheseedsgrewintonewplants.Regardlessoftheexactcircumstances,mandideventuallyrecognizethathecouldhaveadependablesourceoffoodifheplantedseedsandlaterharvestedhiscrop.

Aftermanlearnedthathecouldgrowfood,thenextstepwasmasteringcropcultivation.Theearlyfarmerrealizedthathecouldgrowmorefoodiftheseedswerecoveredwithbrokenground.Thisinsightledtothemakingofthefirstfarmequipment-sticksshapedintospadesandhoes.Fromexaminationoftheremainsoftheearliestknownfarmingtools,archaeologistshavedeterminedthatthisoccurredaboutseventhousandyearsago.TheseimplementswerefoundintheareaknownastheFertileCrescent,whichliesbetweentheeastcoastoftheMediterraneanSeaandPersianGulf.Evidencealsoindicatesthatthefarmersofthisarea—possiblythefirstintheworld—cultivatedlargewheatcrops.Totendthesecrops,thehoeandspadesweretransformedintoplows.

Aboutthesametimeasthegrowingofthefirstcrops,man,relyingontheexperiencehehadgainedintrainingwilddogstoaidinhunting,begandomesticatingotheranimals.Overtheyears,hedevelopedherdsofanimalsforfoodandtoaidinhiswork.

Withthecultivationofcropsandthedomestication,ofanimals,manhadafairlydependableandpermanentfoodsupply.Thisaccomplishmentallowedhimtimeforotherwork.Insteadofspendingmostofhiswakinghourshuntingforfood,hewasabletoestablishvillages,andhehadleisuretimetopondernewideasandkeeprecordsofeventsinhislife.Withthediscoveryofagriculture,manceasedhisanimal-likeexistenceandbegantobuildthefoundationforcivilization.

1.Theword"elude"inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.

2.Whatisthesignificanceofraisingplantsanddomesticatinganimals?

3.Fromthispassagewecanconcludethat（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,withthediscoveryofagriculture（）.

5.Duringtheperiodinwhichmanwashuntingforanimalsforfood,mancouldneverliveinoneplacepermanentlybecause（）.

6.Withregardtowhenandhowmanfirstlearnedtofarm,thepassage（）.

7.Manstoppedhisanimal-likelivingafterhe（）..

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.abandon

B.desert

C.escape

D.mummify

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Mendidn'thavetoleadanomadiclife.

B.Theydidn'thavetosearchforediblevegetation.

C.Thelargestandswiftestanimalscouldn'teludethemanymore.

D.Thisindicatesthatmenenteredthecivilizedsociety.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.menmasteredcultivationmethodfromtheirexperiences

B.theylearnedhowtochaseanimalsfromwatchingthemrun

C.mensearchedforgamewithprimitiveweapons

D.sometimestheywereaidedbysometrainedwilddogs

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.menspentmostoftheirtimehuntingforfood

B.civilizationbegan

C.theearlyfarmermadethefirstfarmequipment

D.menbegandomesticatingotheranimals

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.helivedanomadiclife

B.thepopulationgrewsoquickly

C.thefoodsupplieswereexhausted

D.theanimalsoftenescapedhishunting

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.explainsindetails

B.providessomeguesses

C.doesn'tmentionitatall

D.offerssureanswersbyanthropologists

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.stoppedhuntinganimals

B.learnedtomaketoolsforhunting

C.traineddogstoaidinhunting

D.discoveredagriculture

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:B

第7題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)下文“thehunterandhisfamilyfrequentlywentfordayswithoutmeat.”獵人和他的家人經(jīng)常幾天吃不到肉,說(shuō)明這些動(dòng)物都躲著獵人,所以“eluded”指的是躲避,逃避；選項(xiàng)C正確。

2.根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知,飼養(yǎng)植物和馴養(yǎng)動(dòng)物的啟示是人類(lèi)文明的重要步驟之一,并沒(méi)有說(shuō)明人類(lèi)進(jìn)入了文明社會(huì),所以選項(xiàng)D不正確；農(nóng)業(yè)本身并沒(méi)有創(chuàng)造文明,但是如果沒(méi)有農(nóng)業(yè),人類(lèi)不可能在一個(gè)地方定居足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來(lái)建立一個(gè)永久的家園。也就是說(shuō),有了農(nóng)業(yè),人不必再過(guò)游牧生活。選項(xiàng)A正確。

3.根據(jù)原文可知,選項(xiàng)B在文中沒(méi)有提及；選項(xiàng)C和D是文中已知的信息；根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容可知,人們從他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中掌握了種植農(nóng)作物的方法。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Withthediscoveryofagriculture,manceasedhisanimal-likeexistenceandbegantobuildthefoundationforcivilization”隨著農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)現(xiàn),人類(lèi)停止了動(dòng)物般的存在,開(kāi)始建立文明的基礎(chǔ)。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

5.根據(jù)第二段的倒數(shù)第三句“Whenthesuppliesofgameandplantsinanareawereexhausted,theentiretribewasforcedtomoveontoanewandhopefullybetterregion.”當(dāng)某一地區(qū)的野味和植物供應(yīng)被耗盡時(shí),整個(gè)部落被迫遷移到一個(gè)新的、有希望成為更好的地區(qū)。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

6.根據(jù)第三段“Anthropologistsareuncertainaboutwhenorhowmanfirstlearnedtofarm.Theysuggestitmayhaveresultedfromcasualobservation.”人類(lèi)學(xué)家不確定人類(lèi)何時(shí)或如何學(xué)會(huì)耕種。他們認(rèn)為這可能是偶然觀(guān)察的結(jié)果。由此可知,本文只是提供了一些猜測(cè),所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

7.根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Withthediscoveryofagriculture,manceasedhisanimal-likeexistenceandbegantobuildthefoundationforcivilization”隨著農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)現(xiàn),人類(lèi)停止了動(dòng)物般的存在,開(kāi)始建立文明的基礎(chǔ)。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

3.單選題

MyfavoriteradiosongistheoneIfirstheardonathick1923EdisondiscI________atagaragesale.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.trifledwith

B.scrapedthrough

C.stumbledupon

D.thirstedfor

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)“玩弄，心不在焉地做”；B選項(xiàng)“勉強(qiáng)通過(guò)”；C選項(xiàng)“偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)”；D選項(xiàng)“渴望”。句意：我最喜歡的廣播歌曲是愛(ài)迪生1923年的厚唱片里的一首，我第一次（）在車(chē)庫(kù)拍賣(mài)時(shí)上聽(tīng)到的。從關(guān)鍵詞first和garagesale可以推測(cè)，聽(tīng)到這首歌肯定不是自己渴望聽(tīng)到的，是偶然聽(tīng)到這首歌，覺(jué)得很好聽(tīng)所以才會(huì)把第一次聽(tīng)到這首歌的情形記得這么清楚。

4.單選題

Itisadevastatingprospect.TerroristelectronicallybreakintothecomputersthatcontrolthewatersupplyofalargeAmericancity,openandclosevalvestocontaminatethewaterwithuntreatedsewageortoxicchemicals,andthenreleaseitinadevastatingflood.Astheemergencyservicesstruggletorespond,theterroristsstrikeagain,shuttingdownthetelephonenetworkandelectricalpowergridwithjustafewmouseclicks.Businessesareparalyzed,hospitalsareoverwhelmedandroadsaregridlockedaspeopletrytoflee.

Thiskindofscenarioisinvokedbydoom-mongerswhoinsistthatsteppingupphysicalsecuritysincetheSeptember11th

attacksisnotenough.Road-blocksandsoldiersaroundpowerstationscannotpreventdigitalterrorism.“Untilwesecureourcyber-infrastructure,afewkeystrokesandanInternetconnectionisalloneneedstodisabletheeconomyandendangerlives,”LamarSmith,aTexascongressman,toldajudiciarycommitteeinFebruary.Heendedwithhiscatchphrase:“Amousecanbejustasdangerousasabulletorabomb.”Isheright?

ItistruethatutilitycompaniesandotheroperatorsofcriticalinfrastructureareincreasinglyconnectedtotheInternet.Butjustbecauseanelectricitycompany’scustomerscanpaytheirbillsonline,itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatthecompany’scriticalcontrolsystemsarevulnerabletoattack.Controlsystemsareusuallykeptentirelyseparatefromothersystems,forgoodreason.Theytendtobeobscure,old-fashionedsystemsthatareincompatiblewithinternettechnologyanyhow.Evenauthorizedusersrequirespecialistknowledgetooperatethem.Andtelecomsfirms,hospitalsandbusinessesusuallyhavecontingencyplanstodealwithpowerfailuresorflooding.

AsimulationcarriedoutinAugustbytheUnitedStatesNavalWarCollegeinconjunctionwithGartner,aconsultancy,concludedthatan“electronicPearlHarbor”attackonAmerica’scriticalinfrastructurecouldindeedcauseseriousdisruption,butwouldfirstneedfiveyearsofpreparationand200milliondollarsoffunding.Therearefarsimplerandlesscostlywaytoattackcriticalinfrastructure,fromhoaxphonecallstotruckbombsandhijackedairliners.

OnSeptember18th

RichardClarke,America’scyber-securitytsar,unveiledhislong-awaitedblueprintforsecuringcriticalinfrastructurefromdigitalattacks.Itwasabitofadampsquib(膽怯),makingnofirmrecommendationsandproposingnonewregulationorlegislation.Butitslily-liveredapproachmight,infactbetherightone.Whenariskhasbeenoverstated,inactionmaybethebestpolicy.

Itisdifficulttoavoidcomparisonswiththe“millenniumbugandthepredictionsofwidespreadcomputerchaosarisingfromthechangeofdatetotheyear2000.Then,asnow,thealarmwassoundedbytechnologyvendorsandconsultants,whostoodtogainfromscare-mongering.ButRossAnderson,acomputerscientistatCambridgeUniversity,preferstodrawananalogywiththeenvironmentallobby.Likeeco-warriors,heobserves,thoseinthesecurityindustry—bethevendorstryingtoboostsales,academicschasinggrants,orpoliticianslookingforbiggerbudgets—haveabuilt-inincentivetooverstatetherisks.

1.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat____.

2.Speakingofthedoom-mongers,theauthorimpliesthat____.

3.IntheviewofGartnerconsultant,____.

4.“Lily-liveredapproach”(Paragraph5)probablymeansanapproachcharacterizedby____.

5.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.terroristscouldplungealargeAmericancityintochaosthroughelectronicattack

B.Americanpeoplehavenoexperienceindealingwithterrorists

C.thecomputersystemsofutilitycompaniesarerathervulnerable

D.theresponseofemergencyservicesisfarfromsatisfactory

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theirworriesarequitereasonable

B.theirwarningsshouldbetakenseriously

C.theyexaggeratethethreatutilitycompaniesarefacing

D.theyarefamiliarwiththewayterroristsstrike

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.terroristsmaylaunchanother“PearlHarbor”attack

B.terroristshaveamplecapitalandtimetoprepareastunningstrike

C.itisverycostlyandtime-consumingtoattackcriticalinfrastructure

D.itisunlikelythatterroristswouldresorttoelectronicmeanstoattackcriticalinfrastructure

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.flexibility

B.boldness

C.cowardice

D.conservatism

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.thecomputerindustrysufferedheavylossduetothe“millenniumbug”

B.doom-mongerscaremoreabouttheirownintereststhannationalsecurity

C.computerscientistshavebetterjudgmentthandoom-mongers

D.environmentalistsarecriticizedfortheireffortsofprotectingenvironment

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat____.我們從第一段得知____。

A.terroristscouldplungealargeAmericancityintochaosthroughelectronicattackA.恐怖分子可以通過(guò)電子攻擊使美國(guó)一座大城市陷入混亂

B.AmericanpeoplehavenoexperienceindealingwithterroristsB.美國(guó)人沒(méi)有對(duì)付恐怖分子的經(jīng)驗(yàn)

C.thecomputersystemsofutilitycompaniesarerathervulnerableC.公用事業(yè)公司的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)相當(dāng)脆弱

D.theresponseofemergencyservicesisfarfromsatisfactoryD.緊急救援部門(mén)的反應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能令人滿(mǎn)意

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞firstparagraph定位到原文第1段。該段第2句提到“恐怖分子通過(guò)電子手段侵入（electronicallybreakintothecomputers）控制美國(guó)一個(gè)大城市（alargeAmericancity）供水的電腦”，最后一句提到“商業(yè)癱瘓（Businessesareparalyzed），醫(yī)院人滿(mǎn)為患（hospitalsareoverwhelmed），人們?cè)噲D逃離，道路堵塞（roadsaregridlocked）。”由此可知，恐怖分子的電子攻擊使美國(guó)一座大城市陷入了癱瘓，A選項(xiàng)“恐怖分子可以通過(guò)電子攻擊使美國(guó)一座大城市陷入混亂”表述符合第一段內(nèi)容。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)人沒(méi)有對(duì)付恐怖分子的經(jīng)驗(yàn)”，原文只提到了恐怖分子的一次襲擊，并未提到美國(guó)人是否有相關(guān)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“公用事業(yè)公司的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)相當(dāng)脆弱”，原文雖然是說(shuō)恐怖分子攻擊了供水系統(tǒng)的電腦（thecomputersthatcontrolthewatersupplyofalargeAmericancity），但作者是為了突出恐怖襲擊的恐怖，而不是公用事業(yè)公司的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)脆弱。再說(shuō)也不能單純從這一個(gè)事件就推斷它們的系統(tǒng)脆弱，該選項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推理；

D選項(xiàng)“緊急救援部門(mén)的反應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能令人滿(mǎn)意”，原文第1段倒數(shù)第二句提到了“在緊急救援部門(mén)努力應(yīng)對(duì)時(shí)（Astheemergencyservicesstruggletorespond），恐怖分子再次發(fā)動(dòng)襲擊?！彼哉f(shuō)不是緊急救援部門(mén)的反應(yīng)不夠及時(shí)，而是恐怖襲擊太緊湊，該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Speakingofthedoom-mongers,theauthorimpliesthat____.提到悲觀(guān)論者，作者暗示____。

A.theirworriesarequitereasonableA.他們的擔(dān)憂(yōu)非常有道理

B.theirwarningsshouldbetakenseriouslyB.他們的警告應(yīng)該被認(rèn)真對(duì)待

C.theyexaggeratethethreatutilitycompaniesarefacingC.他們夸大了公用事業(yè)公司面對(duì)的威脅

D.theyarefamiliarwiththewayterroristsstrikeD.他們熟悉恐怖分子的襲擊方式

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thedoom-mongers定位到原文第2段。本段第一句提到“這些場(chǎng)景（第一段的內(nèi)容）是悲觀(guān)論者提出的（invokedbydoom-mongers）”由上一題可知，原文第1段提到“恐怖分子可以通過(guò)電子攻擊使美國(guó)一座大城市陷入混亂?！钡堑?段最后一句質(zhì)疑了一位悲觀(guān)論者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)“他是正確的嗎？”第3段第2句提到“但是，僅僅因?yàn)殡娏镜目蛻?hù)可以在線(xiàn)支付賬單，并不一定意味著（itdoesnotnecessarily）該公司的關(guān)鍵控制系統(tǒng)容易受到攻擊（arevulnerabletoattack）?！庇纱丝芍?，作者認(rèn)為悲觀(guān)論者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)夸大了公共事業(yè)公司系統(tǒng)的脆弱程度，C選項(xiàng)“他們夸大了公用事業(yè)公司面對(duì)的威脅”符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“他們的擔(dān)憂(yōu)非常有道理”，與原文作者觀(guān)點(diǎn)相反，作者認(rèn)為他們的擔(dān)憂(yōu)存在夸大因素，不會(huì)認(rèn)為“他們的擔(dān)憂(yōu)非常有道理”，該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文；

B選項(xiàng)“他們的警告應(yīng)該被認(rèn)真對(duì)待”，與原文作者觀(guān)點(diǎn)相反，作者認(rèn)為他們的擔(dān)憂(yōu)存在夸大因素，他們的警告也是過(guò)分擔(dān)憂(yōu)，該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)“他們熟悉恐怖分子的襲擊方式”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

IntheviewofGartnerconsultant,____.高德納咨詢(xún)公司（Gartner）認(rèn)為_(kāi)___。

A.terroristsmaylaunchanother“PearlHarbor”attackA.恐怖分子可能會(huì)發(fā)動(dòng)另一次“珍珠港”襲擊

B.terroristshaveamplecapitalandtimetoprepareastunningstrikeB.恐怖分子有充足的資金和時(shí)間來(lái)準(zhǔn)備一次驚人的襲擊

C.itisverycostlyandtime-consumingtoattackcriticalinfrastructureC.攻擊關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是非常昂貴和耗時(shí)的

D.itisunlikelythatterroristswouldresorttoelectronicmeanstoattackcriticalinfrastructureD.恐怖分子不太可能訴諸電子手段襲擊關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Gartnerconsultant定位到原文第4段，本段提到了高德納咨詢(xún)公司和美國(guó)海軍戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)學(xué)院做的一個(gè)模擬得出的結(jié)論，“對(duì)美國(guó)關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的‘電子珍珠港’攻擊（an‘electronicPearlHarbor’attack）確實(shí)會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重破壞，但首先需要五年的時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備和2億美元的資金（fiveyearsofpreparationand200milliondollarsoffunding）?！庇纱丝芍摴菊J(rèn)為采用電子手段襲擊美國(guó)的關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是昂貴且耗時(shí)的。本段最后一句提到“攻擊關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施有更簡(jiǎn)單、成本更低的（farsimplerandlesscostlyway）方法，從惡作劇電話(huà)到卡車(chē)炸彈和劫持飛機(jī)。”由此可知，該公司認(rèn)為恐怖分子會(huì)選擇其他更簡(jiǎn)單、成本更低的方式，而非電子手段。因此，D選項(xiàng)“恐怖分子不太可能訴諸電子手段襲擊關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“恐怖分子可能會(huì)發(fā)動(dòng)另一次‘珍珠港’襲擊”，原文提到“珍珠港”襲擊只是把恐怖分子對(duì)關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的電子手段攻擊比喻成“電子珍珠港襲擊”，并不是說(shuō)他們要再次發(fā)動(dòng)“珍珠港”襲擊，另外，該公司認(rèn)為電子手段昂貴又耗時(shí)，恐怖分子不會(huì)采取這種方式，該選項(xiàng)屬于偷換概念；

B選項(xiàng)“恐怖分子有充足的資金和時(shí)間來(lái)準(zhǔn)備一次驚人的襲擊”，原文只是提到用電子手段攻擊美國(guó)關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施昂貴又耗時(shí)，并沒(méi)有提到恐怖分子是否有“充足的資金和時(shí)間”，該選項(xiàng)屬于偷換概念；

C選項(xiàng)“攻擊關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是非常昂貴和耗時(shí)的”，原文是說(shuō)“用電子手段”攻擊關(guān)鍵的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是非常昂貴和耗時(shí)的，并不是說(shuō)只要攻擊關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施就是非常昂貴和耗時(shí)的，更何況，第四段最后一句還提到了有更簡(jiǎn)單、成本更低的方式，該選項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推理。

第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

“Lily-liveredapproach”(Paragraph5)probablymeansanapproachcharacterizedby____.“____的方法”（第5段）可能指以____為特征的方法。

A.flexibilityA.靈活

B.boldnessB.大膽

C.cowardiceC.膽怯

D.conservatismD.保守

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Paragraph5和Lily-liveredapproach定位到原文第5段倒數(shù)第2句，該句提到“但實(shí)際上，這種____的做法可能是正確的?！庇纱丝芍琇ily-livered形容的是上文提到的某個(gè)做法。前兩句提到“理查德?克拉克公布了人們期待已久的保護(hù)關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施免受數(shù)字攻擊的藍(lán)圖”，并且給出的評(píng)價(jià)是“它（這個(gè)藍(lán)圖）有點(diǎn)膽怯（adampsquib），沒(méi)有給出任何確定的建議，也沒(méi)有提出任何新規(guī)定或法律條文?！庇蒩dampsquib推斷，這種方法的特點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是C選項(xiàng)“膽怯”。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“靈活”、B選項(xiàng)“大膽”、D選項(xiàng)“保守”，均不符合原文。

第5題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat____.我們從最后一段中可知____。

A.thecomputerindustrysufferedheavylossduetothe“millenniumbug”A.由于“千年蟲(chóng)問(wèn)題”，計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)遭受了巨大的損失。

B.doom-mongerscaremoreabouttheirownintereststhannationalsecurityB.比起國(guó)家安全，悲觀(guān)論者更關(guān)心自己的利益

C.computerscientistshavebetterjudgmentthandoom-mongersC.計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家的判斷力比那些危言聳聽(tīng)者強(qiáng)

D.environmentalistsarecriticizedfortheireffortsofprotectingenvironmentD.環(huán)保主義者因其保護(hù)環(huán)境的努力而受到批評(píng)

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞lastparagraph定位到原文最后一段。最后一段第2句提到“當(dāng)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在一樣，技術(shù)供應(yīng)商和顧問(wèn)們發(fā)出了警報(bào)，他們從散布恐慌中獲利（stoodtogainfromscare-mongering）?！弊詈笠痪涮岬健鞍踩袠I(yè)的人——無(wú)論是試圖推動(dòng)銷(xiāo)售的供應(yīng)商、追求撥款的學(xué)者，還是尋求更大預(yù)算的政客——都有一種內(nèi)在的動(dòng)機(jī)去夸大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（abuilt-inincentivetooverstatetherisks）?！庇纱丝芍?，安全行業(yè)的人像當(dāng)時(shí)的計(jì)算機(jī)供應(yīng)商和顧問(wèn)們一樣，只是為了自己的利益，夸大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，散播恐慌，并非是因?yàn)閾?dān)心國(guó)家安全，B選項(xiàng)“比起國(guó)家安全，悲觀(guān)論者更關(guān)心自己的利益”，原文中這些夸大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人就是作者所說(shuō)的悲觀(guān)論者。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“由于‘千年蟲(chóng)問(wèn)題’，計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)遭受了巨大的損失”，可定位到最后一段第1句，該句提到“千年蟲(chóng)問(wèn)題——把日期改到2000年”和“關(guān)于該漏洞導(dǎo)致大范圍的計(jì)算機(jī)混亂的預(yù)測(cè)”，原文只是“預(yù)測(cè)”，并沒(méi)有明確地說(shuō)“計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)因此遭受了巨大的損失”，該選項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推理；

C選項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家的判斷力比那些危言聳聽(tīng)者強(qiáng)”，原文最后一段第3句提到計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家“將危言聳聽(tīng)者與環(huán)境游說(shuō)團(tuán)體進(jìn)行類(lèi)比（drawananalogywiththeenvironmentallobby）”，并沒(méi)有對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家和那些危言聳聽(tīng)者的判斷力進(jìn)行比較，該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)“環(huán)保主義者因其保護(hù)環(huán)境的努力而受到批評(píng)”，原文最后一段第3句雖然提到了“環(huán)境游說(shuō)團(tuán)體（theenvironmentallobby）”，并且提到他們是做負(fù)面的例子，但是他們?cè)馐芘u(píng)并不是因?yàn)椤八麄優(yōu)楸Ｗo(hù)環(huán)境做出的努力”，而是因?yàn)樗麄優(yōu)榱俗约旱睦妫浯箫L(fēng)險(xiǎn)（haveabuilt-inincentivetooverstatetherisks）。該選項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文。

5.翻譯題

Inthedeliveryofahighstandardofmedicalcare,thesafetyofthepatientisparamount.Itseemsthatmedicalblundersareemergingalmostonadailybasis.Butweneedtokeepasenseofperspective.

Whilesuchincidentsareworrying,theyshouldnotnecessarilybeseenasasignthatthingsaregettingworseandthatpatientsarebeingexposedtoincreasingrisks.Theymaysimplyhavebeencomingtolightmorefrequently.Ifso,thatisgood.Thehospitalparthasrightlypromisedtoseethattheyarealwaysbroughttopublicattentionfromnowon.Promptdisclosureofpossibledefectsinthehealthcaresystemandtransparentactiontoremedythemcanonlyhaveapositiveeffectonthestandardofcareinthelongrun.

【答案】在提供高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)時(shí)，病人的安全是最重要的。醫(yī)療事故似乎每天都在發(fā)生。但我們需要保持一種洞察力。

雖然這類(lèi)事件令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)，但它們并不一定意味著情況正在惡化，或者病人暴露在面臨越來(lái)越多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中。它們可能只是被曝光得更頻繁了。如果是這樣，那很好。醫(yī)院方面恰當(dāng)?shù)爻兄Z，從現(xiàn)在起一定要讓公眾注意到他們。及時(shí)披露醫(yī)療體系中可能存在的缺陷，并采取透明行動(dòng)加以補(bǔ)救，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，只會(huì)對(duì)醫(yī)療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

6.單選題

Lessthantwomonthsintoherbreastcancertreatment,AlexandraJn-CharleswascalledintoanewroomatSUNYDownstateMedicalCenter,wheretwotreatingphysicians,thechiefmedicalofficerandanattorneyrepresentingthehospitaltoldherthatmistakeshadbeenmade.

Theskinlesions(病變)onherchest,theysaid,hadbeencausednotbyherillnessbutbythemachinethatwassupposedtocureher.The32-year-oldhadreceivednearly30radiotherapysessions,butatthispointitdidn’treallymakesensetocountthem,becauseaprogrammingerrorhadcausedeachinstallmenttodeliveratleastthreetimestheprescribedamountofradiation.

Jn-Charles,whodiedtwoandahalfyearsafterthismeetingin2005,wouldeventuallycometoexemplifytheemergenceofaccidentalover-radiationinU.S.hospitals.Theworstoffhavereportedskindamage,inexplicablehairlossandribs(肋骨)bucklingbeneaththeirchests—debilitatinginjuriessufferedwhileundergoingscreeningortreatmentforsomethingthatwouldotherwisekillthem.Asteeppriceforsurvival.

Thesetragediesgotothecoreofanissueaspressingasitisuncomfortabletothinkabout:Haveadvancesintechnology,improvedtreatmentmethodsandmorecomprehensivescreeningprotocolsledtosystematic,excessiveirradiationofpatients?

Theanswer,accordingtoagrowingnumberofhealthexperts,isyes.Forexample,theCTscan,whichhasbecomecommonplaceinresponsetorisingcancerrates,isitselfthoughttoincreasethelikelihoodthatapersondevelopscancer.ThescansdeliverseveralhundredtimesmoreradiationthananX-ray—evenwhenguidelinesanddosagesarefollowedprecisely.“Whatwedoasphysiciansarguablyharmspeople,”JamesEhrlich,aclinicalassociateprofessorattheUniversityofColoradoandanadviserforPremierMicronutrientCorp.,toldNewsweek.

Ajarringexampleofthatcamein2010,whenWaltBogdanichpublishedanextensivereviewinTheNewYorkTimesthatlistednumerouspatientswhoseliveshadbeendestroyedbymistakesinhospitalimagingandradiotherapy.Shortlyafterthearticleserieswenttopress,theFoodandDrugAdministrationbegantorampupitseffortstolimitexcessiveexposure,eventuallylaunchingitsInitiativetoReduceUnnecessaryRadiationExposureFromMedicalImaging.

AlongwithorganizationsliketheAmericanCollegeofRadiology,theFDAnowsupportsanumberofso-calleddoseregistriesthatallowfacilitiestocompareradiationdoseindexestoregionalandnationalvalues.Todate,hundredsoffacilitiesacrosstheU.S.haveenrolled.

ButtheFDA’sregulatoryauthorityisgenerallyfocusedonequipmentmanufacturers,andcomplianceonthestatelevelisneverguaranteed.Andevencompliantfacilitiesruntheriskofover-radiatingpatients:A2012paperbytheInstituteofMedicinefoundthatmedicalimagingisoneoftheleadingenvironmentalcausesofbreastcancer_____.

1.TheskindamageonJn-Charles’chestwascausedby_____.

2.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoexplainbyexemplifyingJn-Charles?

3.WhatcanbelearntabouttheCTscan?

4.Whatdoestheword“rampup”mean?

5.TheauthorthinksFDA’ssolutiontoreduceradiationexposureis_____.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.breastcancer

B.advancedtechnology

C.over-radiation

D.treatmentmethods

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisnoneedtowastesomuchmoneyfortotreatbreastcancer.

B.Untilnow,breastcancerisstillanincurableillnessaroundtheworld.

C.Thereisanincreasingnumberofyoungpeoplesufferingfromcancer.

D.ThereareincidentsofexcessiveirradiationofpatientsinAmerica.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itisadouble-edgedswordinthetermofcancer.

B.Ithasbeenarguedinthemedicalprofession.

C.Itismuchsafertobeusedtotreatbreastcancer.

D.Theradiationdosagescanbecontrolledeasily.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Heatup.

B.Drawout.

C.Intensify.

D.Putup.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ineffective

B.loose

C.harmful

D.unnecessary

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第二段第一句話(huà)Theskinlesionsonherchest,theysaid,hadbeencausednotbyherillnessbutbythemachinethatwassupposedtocureher.The32-year-oldhadreceivednearly30radiotherapysessionbutatthispointitdidn’treallymakesensetocountthem,becauseaprogrammingerrorhadcausedeachinstallmenttodeliveratleastthreetimestheprescribedamountofradiation“他們說(shuō)：她胸部的皮膚損傷不是因?yàn)樗牟《且驗(yàn)閼?yīng)該治好她的機(jī)器。這位32歲的患者接受了近30次放療但在這一點(diǎn)上，沒(méi)有真正的意義去計(jì)算它們，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)程序錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致每個(gè)裝置提供了至少三倍于規(guī)定的輻射量”，第二步，綜合理解，由此可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“過(guò)度放療”。

A選項(xiàng)“乳腺癌”，見(jiàn)正確選項(xiàng)解析，可知Ａ選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“先進(jìn)的科技”，定位到文章第四段第二句話(huà)Haveadvancesintechnology,improvedtreatmentmethodsandmorecomprehensivescreeningprotocolsledtosystematic,excessiveirradiationofpatients?“技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、治療方法的改進(jìn)和更全面的篩查方案是否導(dǎo)致了對(duì)患者的系統(tǒng)性、過(guò)度照射？”文章雖然有提到先進(jìn)技術(shù)，但這不是Jn-Charles胸部受傷的原因，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤；

D選項(xiàng)“治療方法”，見(jiàn)正確選項(xiàng)解析，是因?yàn)槌绦蝈e(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致患者接受了三倍的輻射，所以才造成患者出現(xiàn)灼傷，如果按照規(guī)定輻射來(lái)可能不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況，所以不能選D選項(xiàng)，屬于曲解文意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第三段第一句話(huà)Jn-Charles,whodiedtwoandahalfyearsafterthismeetingin2005,wouldeventuallycometoexemplifytheemergenceofaccidentalover-radiationinU.S.hospitals.“在這次會(huì)議結(jié)束兩年半后的2005年，Jn-Charles去世了，他最終成為美國(guó)醫(yī)院意外過(guò)度輻射的典型例子”，由此可知答案選D選項(xiàng)“在美國(guó)也有病人接受過(guò)度照射的案例”。

A選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有必要浪費(fèi)這么多錢(qián)去治療乳腺癌”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不能選；

B選項(xiàng)“到目前為止，乳腺癌在世界范圍內(nèi)仍是一種不治之癥”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不能選；

C選項(xiàng)“越來(lái)越多的年輕人患癌癥”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，所以不能選。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第五段第二句Forexample,theCTscan,whichhasbecomecommonplaceinresponsetorisingcancerrates,isitselfthoughttoincreasethelikelihoodthatapersondevelopscancer.“例如，CT掃描在應(yīng)對(duì)不斷上升的癌癥發(fā)病率時(shí)已變得司空見(jiàn)慣，但它本身被認(rèn)為會(huì)增加一個(gè)人患癌癥的可能性”，第二步綜合理解，從這里可知，在檢測(cè)是否患癌癥時(shí)，醫(yī)生一般會(huì)用CT，但是CT會(huì)讓使用者更容易得癌，所以說(shuō)CT是把有利有弊的雙刃劍，正確答案選A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)于癌癥來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一把雙刃劍”。

B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)學(xué)界對(duì)此一直爭(zhēng)論不休”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，不選；

C選項(xiàng)“用于治療乳腺癌要安全得多”，定位到第五段倒數(shù)第二句話(huà)ThescansdeliverseveralhundredtimesmoreradiationthananX-ray—evenwhenguidelinesanddosagesarefollowedprecisely.“這種掃描產(chǎn)生的輻射量是X射線(xiàn)的數(shù)百倍——即使嚴(yán)格遵循指導(dǎo)方針和劑量”由此可知C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤這里屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“輻射劑量很容易控制”，雖然這里有提到劑量，但是沒(méi)有提到劑量是否容易控制，而且文章病例是因?yàn)檫^(guò)度輻射而造成的，所以文章暗含著其實(shí)劑量不容易控制，這里屬于無(wú)中生有。

4.詞匯推斷題。第一步，句中前后信息連接，rampup前面接的是一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)后面接的是努力，第二步，上下文語(yǔ)義推測(cè)，整段的大意是一個(gè)令人吃驚的案例發(fā)表之后獲得很大的關(guān)注，然后某機(jī)構(gòu)出來(lái)推動(dòng)限制使用輻射，避免患者過(guò)多暴露在輻射中，由上下文意可知，該機(jī)構(gòu)在收到反饋之后是加大自己的努力，從這里可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“增強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)化”。

A選項(xiàng)“加熱，升溫”，不符合文章意思，屬于無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“擬定，導(dǎo)致”；

D選項(xiàng)“提供；建造”。

5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章最后一段一二句ButtheFDA’sregulatoryauthorityisgenerallyfocusedonequipmentmanufacturers,andcomplianceonthestatelevelisneverguaranteed.Andevencompliantfacilitiesruntheriskofover-radiatingpatients．．．“但FDA的監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)一般只關(guān)注設(shè)備制造商，無(wú)法保證州一級(jí)的合規(guī)。即使是符合規(guī)定的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)也有對(duì)病人進(jìn)行過(guò)度輻射的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)……”，由此可見(jiàn)作者對(duì)FDA所采取的措施有效與否是持否定態(tài)度的，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)“無(wú)效的”。

B選項(xiàng)“松散的”，文章并沒(méi)有提及FDA在實(shí)施這些措施的時(shí)候是否嚴(yán)格，所以B選項(xiàng)不能選，屬于無(wú)中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“有害的”，文章沒(méi)有提到有害之處，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)必要的”，文章沒(méi)有提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

7.單選題

AlthoughAsiancountriesaregenerallymore（）insocialcustomsthanWesterncountries,therehavebeenseveralnotableexamplesofwomenleadersinbothChinaandIndia.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.conservative

B.confidential

C.comprehensible

D.consistent

【答案】A

【解析】句意:盡管亞洲國(guó)家在社會(huì)習(xí)俗上普遍比西方國(guó)家保守，但中國(guó)和印度都有幾位女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的典型例子。

考查形容詞辨析。conservative保守的；confidential機(jī)密的；獲信任的；comprehensible可理解的；consistent始終如一的，堅(jiān)持的。此句后半部分表示:中國(guó)和印度都有幾位女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的典型例子，而且前面用了轉(zhuǎn)折讓步連詞although，因此A符合句意。

8.單選題

Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,beliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeveruncivilizeditmayseemtous.Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguist;thereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsasundeveloped.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward’languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsarebyourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex.TheydifferfromWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisaspect,twothingsaretobenoted.First,alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.Second,theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromtheWest,areoftens