考研考博-英語-四川財經(jīng)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川財經(jīng)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thatwasaman-madedisasterthatclearly（

）ifthefederalgovernment,theFederalEmergencyManagementAgency,hadquicklymarshaledthepoliticalwillandresourcestoevacuatethosewithoutaccesstocars,insteadofpromotingonitsWebsiteafaith-basedcharitythatclearlynomatchfortheproblem.

問題1選項

A.mayhavebeenaverted

B.couldhavebeenaverted

C.mayhaveaverted

D.couldhaveaverted

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)選項可以判斷本題考查虛擬語氣，空格后為if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句。當(dāng)條件句為過去完成時表示對過去的虛擬時，主句為would/could/should/might+havedone形式，排除A和C。主句的主語是disaster，與動詞avert之間形成被動關(guān)系，因此B選項符合題意。

2.單選題

Vickyhasbeensadrecently,forherplantogotocollege（）atthelastmoment.

問題1選項

A.fellout

B.fellbehind

C.fellin

D.fellthrough

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項fellout“爭吵”；B選項fellbehind“落后，拖欠”；C選項fellin“排隊，到期”；D選項fellthrough“未能實現(xiàn)”。根據(jù)句意“Vicky最近很傷心，因為她計劃上大學(xué)，最后卻未能實現(xiàn)?！边x項D符合句意。

3.單選題

Becauseadegreefromagooduniversityisthemeanstoabetterjob,educationisoneofthemost（

）areasinJapaneselife.

問題1選項

A.sophisticated

B.competitive

C.considerate

D.superficial

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。sophisticated“久經(jīng)世故的；復(fù)雜的”；competitive“有競爭力的”；considerate“體貼的”；superficial“膚淺的”。句意：因為有一個好的大學(xué)文憑就能找到一個更好的工作，所以教育是日本生活中最具有競爭力的領(lǐng)域之一。選項B符合題意。

4.單選題

Hewasabrilliantmusicianasaboy,buthenever（

）hisearlypromise.

問題1選項

A.completed

B.performed

C.concluded

D.fulfilled

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項complete“完成，結(jié)束，使完整”；B選項perform“表演，執(zhí)行”；C選項conclude“推斷出，得出結(jié)論，（使）結(jié)束”；D選項fulfill“履行（諾言等），執(zhí)行”。根據(jù)promise（承諾）可知選D。句意：他小時候是一位才華橫溢的音樂家，但他從來沒有實現(xiàn)過早期的諾言。

5.單選題

Thesceneissobeautifulthatit（

）mypowerofdescription.

問題1選項

A.ascends

B.descends

C.transcends

D.overtakes

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項ascend“攀登，上升”；B選項descend“下降”；C選項transcend“勝過，超越”；D選項overtake“趕上，壓倒”。句意：這景色太美了，我無法形容。也就是超出了描述的能力，所以選項C符合句意。

6.單選題

Wecanbeginourdiscussionof“populationasglobalissue”withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss“thepopulationproblem”:toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute.Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto“along,thinpowderfusethatburnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes.”

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthatpopulationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.

Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflongslowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8,000BC.toapproximatelyAD.1650.Inthefirstperiodofsome9600years,thepopulationincreasedfromsome8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000BCand1650，anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld’spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.

11.Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternismostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?

12.Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,societieswereoftenindangerofextinctionbecause_____.

13.Whichstatementistrueaboutpopulationincrease?

14.Theauthorofthepassageintendsto_____.

15.Theword“demographic”inthefirstparagraphmeans_____.

問題1選項

A.Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodandthenasuddenexplosionofpopulation.

B.Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,dramaticincrease.

C.Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.

D.Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedsbirthratesandthenashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.

問題2選項

A.onlyoneintenpersonscouldlivepast40

B.therewashighermortalitythanfertilityinmostplaces

C.itwastoodangeroustohavebabiesduetothepoorconditions

D.ourancestorshadlittleenthusiasmformorechildren

問題3選項

A.Theremightbeanincreaseof2.2billionpersonsfromnowtotheyear2000.

B.About50,000babiesareborneverysixhoursatpresent.

C.Between8000BCandthepresent,thepopulationincreaseisabout80,000,000personseachyear.

D.Thepopulationincreasedfasterbetween8000BCand1650thanbetween1650andthepresent.

問題4選項

A.warnpeopleagainstthepopulationexplosioninthenearfuture.

B.comparethedemographicgrowthpatterninthepastwiththatafter1650.

C.findoutthecauseforrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyears.

D.presentusaclearandcompletepictureofthedemographicgrowth.

問題5選項

A.statisticsofhuman

B.surroundingsstudy

C.accumulationofhuman

D.developmentofhuman

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】11.推理判斷題，第一段如此描述“thelong,thinpowderfuse（細長的火藥引線）”:...burnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes，“它一直斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地燃燒，直到最后爆發(fā)”。第二段中說到人類在以前的時期增長并不高，有時出生率還低于死亡率，到了近期才出現(xiàn)快速增長，對應(yīng)A選項“一段幾乎穩(wěn)定或略微減少的時期，然后人口突然暴增”；

B選項“一段很長時間的緩慢增長，然后是一段快速、戲劇性的增長時期”，見正確選項解析，這里屬于反向干擾；

C選項“地球上的人太多了，而且數(shù)量每年都在迅速增加”，見正確選項解析，few和rapid是反義詞，所以不選，這里屬于偷換概念；

D選項“在很長一段時間內(nèi)，死亡率超過出生率，然后在很短一段時間內(nèi)，生育率較高，死亡率較低”，見正確選項解析，出生率超過死亡率屬于反向干擾。

12.事實細節(jié)題，定位到第二段倒數(shù)第二句話Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.“通常，社會處于明顯的滅絕危險之中，因為死亡率可能超過出生率”，從這里可以看出答案選B“在大多數(shù)地方，死亡率高于生育率”；

A選項“只有十分之一的人能活過40歲”，定位到第二段倒數(shù)第三句話Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.“在人類歷史的大部分時間里，很少有十分之一的人能活過40歲，而嬰兒期和兒童期是特別危險的時期”，從這里可以知道A選項表述正確，但是這不是社會處于危險中的原因，這里屬于出處錯誤；

C選項“由于條件惡劣，生孩子太危險了”，定位到文章第三段最后一句話butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.“而是傳統(tǒng)上造成高死亡率的條件的改善”，這里只是說條件提高了，沒說是因為以前生孩子很危險。這里屬于無中生有；

D選項“我們的祖先對多生孩子沒有什么熱情”，定位到第二段倒數(shù)第四句話Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.“大多數(shù)地方的生育率都很高，但這通常與高死亡率相平衡”，從這里可知我們的祖先不是沒有熱情生孩子而是因為死亡率也高導(dǎo)致人口增長低，這里屬于反向干擾。

13.事實細節(jié)題，定位到第四段三四句andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.“現(xiàn)在，人口已經(jīng)從5億增長到40多億。據(jù)估計，到2000年，全世界將有62億人”，從這里可知A選項“從現(xiàn)在到2000年，人口可能會增加22億”正確；

B選項“目前每六個小時大約有50000個嬰兒出生”，定位到第四段倒數(shù)第二三句Between8000BCand1650，anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld'spopulationeachyear.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.“在公元前8000年到1650年間，世界人口每年平均只增加5萬人。目前，這個數(shù)字每六個小時加一次”，人口增長的數(shù)量是出生人口減去死亡人口，所以根據(jù)文章說法每六個小時增加5萬人的話，嬰兒的出生數(shù)應(yīng)該大于5萬，B選項屬于偷換概念；

C選項“從公元前8000年到現(xiàn)在，人口每年增長約8000萬人”，定位到最后一段最后一句話Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.“每年增加約8000萬人”由此可知C選項錯誤，這是現(xiàn)在的人口增長數(shù)不是從公元前8000年到現(xiàn)在的人口增長的年均增長數(shù)，這里屬于張冠李戴；

D選項“公元前8000年到1650年之間人口增長比1650年到現(xiàn)在更快”，結(jié)合B、C選項分析，D選項錯誤，是1650到現(xiàn)在的人口增長速度比公元前8000年到1650年的速度要快，這里屬于反向干擾。

14.主旨大意題，第一步，尋找文章話題導(dǎo)入，文章開門見山以人口問題為導(dǎo)入，第二步，關(guān)注首尾兩段核心句，首段定位到最后一句Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto“along,thinpowderfusethatburnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes.”“將人口增長比作‘一根細長的導(dǎo)火索，穩(wěn)定而斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地燃燒，直到它最終引爆并爆炸’，這是非常正確的”，把人口增長比作炸彈；末段則是提出Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods“人口歷史可以分為兩個主要時期”，歷史的人口增長主要分為兩個階段。第三步，分析文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是總分總，第一段講述的是把人口增長比作炸彈，然后文章由此展開，第二段是解釋為什么要這么作比喻，第三段講述過去的人口增長曲線對現(xiàn)在人口快速增長有什么暗示，第四段就是對現(xiàn)在人口增長的總結(jié)和未來作出預(yù)估。文章定位到第四段第三四句話Between1650andthepresent,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Anditisestimatedthatbytheyear2000therewillbe6.2billionpeoplethroughouttheworld.從這里可以看出，作者是在提醒人們?nèi)丝谠鲩L的速度越來越快，暗含著對人們的警示意義，所以答案選A選項“警告人們不要在不久的將來發(fā)生人口爆炸”；

B選項“比較過去和1650年后的人口增長模式”，文章雖然有提及，但是這是事實，不是作者寫這篇文章的目的，這里屬于出處錯誤；

C選項“找出近年來人口快速增長的原因”，文章在第三段已經(jīng)說出了人口快速增長的原因，那就是醫(yī)療水平的增加，這里不是作者意圖，這里也屬于出處錯位；

D選項“向我們展示人口增長的清晰和完整的畫面”，文章雖然有提及，但這里題干的要求是作者的意圖，這里屬于出處錯位。

15.詞匯推斷題，第一步，定位到句中前后信息的銜接，即第一段最后一句話Itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto“along,thinpowderfusethatburnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes”“將（）增長比作‘一根細長的導(dǎo)火索，穩(wěn)定地、斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地燃燒，直到它最終引爆并爆炸’，這是非常正確的”，第二步，篇章主旨，根據(jù)第14題可知，文章的主旨是在講人口的增長，文章的出現(xiàn)的最多的是在不同階段的人口數(shù)據(jù)，而第一段第二句話是文章的主旨句，由此可以推測答案選A選項“關(guān)于人口的統(tǒng)計”；

B選項“環(huán)境研究”，從文章主旨上可以看出，全文都是在描述與人口增長的特征，所以排除B選項，這里屬于無中生有；

C選項“人類積累”文章沒有談到人類的積累，這里屬于無中生有；

D選項“人類的發(fā)展，”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

7.單選題

We'vejustinstalledafan（

）tocookingsmellsfromthekitchen.

問題1選項

A.eject

B.expel

C.exclude

D.exile

【答案】B

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。eject“噴射，驅(qū)逐”；expel“驅(qū)逐”；exclude“排除，排出”；exile“放逐，流放”。句意：我們剛剛安裝了一臺風(fēng)扇來排出廚房的煙氣。選項B符合題意。

8.單選題

Theboywasverynaughty,hismother（）punishmenttomakehimobey.

問題1選項

A.tookadvantage

B.madeuse

C.resortedto

D.turnedfor

【答案】C

【解析】動詞詞組辨析。tookadvantage“利用”，與of搭配;madeuse“利用”，與of搭配;resortedto“訴諸……”；turnedfor“逆轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)變”。句意：這個男孩很頑皮，他的媽媽訴諸于懲罰使他聽話。選項C符合題意。

9.單選題

Aburningmatchappliedtopaperwillmakeit（

）.

問題1選項

A.heatup

B.catchfire

C.disintegrate

D.glow

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項“加熱”；B選項“著火”；C選項“分解”；D選項“發(fā)光，發(fā)紅”。句意：燃燒的火柴放在紙上會讓紙（）。根據(jù)生活常識，燃燒的物品放在紙上肯定是會讓紙燃燒的，所以答案選B。

10.單選題

EveryoneknowsthatEnglishdepartmentsareintrouble,butitisdifficulttoappreciatejusthowmuchtroubleuntilyoureadthereportfromtheModemLanguageAssociation(MLA).

ThereportisaboutPh.D.programs,whichhavebeenindeclinesince2008.Theseprogramshavegottenbothmoredifficultandlessrewarding:today,itcantakealmostadecadetogetadoctorate,and,attheendofyourprogram,you’reunlikelytofindatenure-trackposition.

Thecoreoftheproblemisthejobmarket.TheMLAreportestimatesthatonlysixtypercentofnewly-mintedPh.D.swillfindtenure-trackjobsaftergraduation.Ifanything,that’swildlyoptimistic:theMLAgottothatfigurebycomparingthenumberoftenure-trackjobsonitsjoblistwiththenumberofnewgraduates.Butthatleavesoutthethousandsofunemployedgraduatesfrompastyearswhoarestilljob-hunting.

Differentpeoplewilltellyoudifferentstoriesaboutwhereallthejobswent.Somecriticsthinkthatthehumanitieshavegottentooweird—thatundergrads,turnedoffbyanoverlytheoreticalapproach,don’twanttoparticipateanymore,andthatteachingopportunitieshavedisappearedasaresult.Otherspointtothecorporatizationofuniversities,whichareincreasinglyinclinedtohirepart-time,“adjunct”professors,ratherthanfull-time,tenure-trackprofessors,toteachundergrads.Adjunctsarecheaper；perhapsmoreimportantly,theyareeasiertohire.

Thesetrends,inturn,arepartofanevenlargerstoryhavingtodowiththeexpansionandtransformationofAmericaneducationaftertheSecondWorldWar.Essentially,collegesgrewlesseliteandmorevocational.Beforethewar,relativelyfewpeoplewenttocollege.Then,inthenineteen-fifties,theBabyBoompushedcollegestogrowrapidly,bulkinguponprofessorsandgraduateprograms.Whentheboomendedandenrollmentsdeclined,collegesfoundthemselvesoverextendedandcompetingforstudents.Bythemid-seventies,schoolswereseekingoutnewconstituencies—amongthem,womenandminorities—andcreatingnewprogramsdesignedtoattractabroaderrangeofstudents.

Thosereformsworked:abouttwiceasmanypeopleattendcollegepercapitanowastheydidfortyyearsago.Butallthatexpansionchangedcolleges.Inthepast,theyhadcateredtoelitestudentswhowerehappytomajorinthetraditionalliberalarts.Now,toattractmiddle-classstudents,collegeshavehadtooffermorecareer-focusedmajors,infieldslikebusiness.Asaresult,humanitiesdepartmentshavefoundthemselvesdriftingawayfromthecenteroftheuniversity.

1.Whatdoestheword“appreciate”meaninParagraph1?

2.WhathasmadePh.D.programsunpopular?

3.TheMLAreportabouttheemploymentrateistoooptimisticbecauseit（

）.

4.Universityjobopeningsarediminishingduetothefactthat

（

）.

5.AccordingtoParagraph5,theAmericaneducationalinstitutions（

）overthepastdecades

.

6.Thefinalparagraphsuggeststhatcurrentliberalartsmajors（

）.

問題1選項

A.Enjoy.

B.Overlook.

C.Investigate.

D.Understand.

問題2選項

A.Theynolongersaveyourtime.

B.Theycannotguaranteeasecurejob.

C.Theyarecompetitiveandtime-consuming.

D.Theyarenotsubsidizedbythegovernment.

問題3選項

A.overestimatesthejobmarket

B.failstoaccountforformergraduates

C.doesnotincludeallkindsofjobs

D.excludesnewly-graduatedPh.D.s

問題4選項

A.thescaleofuniversitiesisshrinking

B.adjunctprofessorsarelikelytotakefull-timejobs

C.fewerundergraduateswanttomajorinhumanities

D.sometheoreticalapproacheshavebeenprovenwrong

問題5選項

A.haveresultedintenure-trackprofessors

B.haveattractedmoremaleandelitestudents

C.havebeenexpandingtooverseascountries

D.havebeguntoofferavarietyofvocationalprograms

問題6選項

A.aremoredesirablethaneverbefore

B.willcatertomiddle-classstudents

C.arelessappealingthanbusinessmajors

D.areascompetitiveasbusinessmajors

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

第6題:C

【解析】1.詞匯推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息，將信息點定位至原文第一段第一句。根據(jù)“EveryoneknowsthatEnglishdepartmentsareintrouble,butitisdifficulttoappreciatejusthowmuchtroubleuntilyoureadthereportfromtheModemLanguageAssociation(MLA).（每個人都知道英語系有麻煩了，但是在你讀到來自現(xiàn)代語言協(xié)會(MLA)的報告之前，你很難理解到底有多大的麻煩。）”句中appreciate與句中know為同義詞，即“理解，明白”的意思。從而得出本題答案。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干信息，將信息點定位在原文第二段第一句到第二句。根據(jù)“today,itcantakealmostadecadetogetadoctorate,and,attheendofyourprogram,you’reunlikelytofindatenure-trackposition.（如今，獲得博士學(xué)位可能需要近十年的時間，而且，在你的課程結(jié)束時，你不太可能找到一個終身職位。）”從而得出本題答案。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“MLAreport”將信息點定位至原文第三段最后一句。根據(jù)“Butthatleavesoutthethousandsofunemployedgraduatesfrompastyearswhoarestilljob-hunting.（但這還不包括過去幾年來仍在找工作的數(shù)千名失業(yè)畢業(yè)生。）”即可得出本題答案。

4.細節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息，將信息點定位至原文第四段。根據(jù)“Somecriticsthinkthatthehumanitieshavegottentooweird”“overlytheoreticalapproach”“teachingopportunitieshavedisappeared”（一些批評家認為人文學(xué)科已經(jīng)變得太奇怪了，“過于理論化的方法”，“教學(xué)機會已經(jīng)消失了”）”,即可得出本題答案。

5.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干信息，將信息點定位至原文第五段。根據(jù)“Essentially,collegesgrewlesseliteandmorevocational.（從本質(zhì)上講，大學(xué)變得不那么精英化，而是更加職業(yè)化。）”即可得出本題答案。

6.細節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干信息，將信息點定位至原文最后一段。根據(jù)“collegeshavehadtooffermorecareer-focusedmajors,infieldslikebusiness（大學(xué)不得不提供更多以職業(yè)為導(dǎo)向的專業(yè)，比如商科）”“humanitiesdepartmentshavefoundthemselvesdriftingawayfromthecenteroftheuniversity（人文學(xué)系發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正在遠離大學(xué)的中心）”即可得出本題答案。

11.單選題

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.

SectionF

AresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerofnon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmoreframersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandincentivetomanagetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatisimportant.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.

問題1選項

A.Abandonmentoffallowperiod

B.Disappearanceofoldplantvarieties

C.Increaseduseofchemicalinputs

D.Increasedirrigation

E.Insuranceagainstpestsanddiseases

F.Soilerosion

G.Cleaninglandforcultivation

問題2選項

A.Abandonmentoffallowperiod

B.Disappearanceofoldplantvarieties

C.Increaseduseofchemicalinputs

D.Increasedirrigation

E.Insuranceagainstpestsanddiseases

F.Soilerosion

G.Cleaninglandforcultivation

問題3選項

A.Abandonmentoffallowperiod

B.Disappearanceofoldplantvarieties

C.Increaseduseofchemicalinputs

D.Increasedirrigation

E.Insuranceagainstpestsanddiseases

F.Soilerosion

G.Cleaninglandforcultivation

問題4選項

A.Abandonmentoffallowperiod

B.Disappearanceofoldplantvarieties

C.Increaseduseofchemicalinputs

D.Increasedirrigation

E.Insuranceagainstpestsanddiseases

F.Soilerosion

G.Cleaninglandforcultivation

【答案】第1題:G

第2題:C

第3題:F

第4題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)SectionC，“l(fā)andclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation”，用于農(nóng)業(yè)的土地開荒是森林砍伐的最大原因?？膳袛喑隹赡茉斐砷_發(fā)森林的農(nóng)業(yè)活動是農(nóng)地開荒。選項G符合題意。

2.根據(jù)SectionC，“chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies”，化肥和殺蟲劑可能污染水源?？膳袛喑隹赡茉斐晒┧|(zhì)量下降的原因是化學(xué)物品的使用。選項C符合題意。

3.根據(jù)SectionC，“moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion”，可判斷出更密集的耕作和休耕期的喪失往往會加劇土壤侵蝕?？膳袛喑雒芗霓r(nóng)業(yè)活動可能會導(dǎo)致土壤侵蝕。選項F符合題意。

4.根據(jù)SectionC，“thespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.”，隨著單一栽培和高產(chǎn)作物品種的推廣和使用，導(dǎo)致一些原來的糧食作物的消失，這可能為今后防治病蟲害提供了一些保障?？膳袛喑鰡我辉耘喾绞降氖褂每赡軐?dǎo)致一些舊的糧食作物品種的消失。選項B符合題意。

12.判斷題

判斷題測試0.0

問題1選項

A.對

B.錯

【答案】A

【解析】試題解析T.T

13.單選題

Mosttraditionalfolksongsareofanonymousorigin.

問題1選項

A.insignificant

B.inconspicuous

C.unusual

D.unknown

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。anonymous表示“匿名的，無名的”；A項insignificant“無關(guān)緊要的”，B項inconspicuous“不起眼的，不引起注意的”，C項unusual“不尋常的，與眾不同的”，D項unknown“未知的”。句意：大多數(shù)的傳統(tǒng)民間歌曲的作者都無從得知。根據(jù)句意該題選D。

14.單選題

He（

）hisassistanttopickuptheplansfromtheoffice.

問題1選項

A.dispose

B.dispensed

C.dispatched

D.dispersed

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞此詞義辨析。dispose“處理；安排”；dispense“分發(fā)；分發(fā)；免除；執(zhí)行”;dispatch“派遣；發(fā)送；分派”；disperse“分散；使散開；傳播”。句意：他派助手去辦公室取方案。選項C符合題意。

15.單選題

DrMeekwrote:“Asistruewithmostanimals,thewolfisanopportunistwhilstthedeerisoneoftheshyest（）animalsinexistence.”

問題1選項

A.savage

B.tame

C.wild

D.strange

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。選項A：savage“野蠻的，殘酷的，狂怒的；荒涼的”;選項B:tame“馴服的，順從的”；選項C:wild“野生的，野蠻的”；選項D：strange意為“奇怪的，陌生的”。根據(jù)題干意思，選項C更切合題意，正確。句意：Meek博士寫道:“就像大多數(shù)動物一樣，狼是機會主義者，而鹿是世界上最害羞的野生動物之一?！?/p>

16.單選題

Asenseofsmellissomethingwearebornwith.Orisit?

Untilrecentlyscientistsbelievedthatthecommonsenseviewwaswrong:researchhadsuggestedthatwelearntodistinguishbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsbyexperience.Fromearlyexperimentsthatinvolvedaskingchildrenbetweenthreeandfiveyearsoldwhattheythoughtofcertainsmells,researchersconcludedthatchildrenmustlearntheirappreciationofpleasantandunpleasantsmellsastheygetolder,ratherthanbeingbornwithit.Oneofthemostsurprisingresultsofthesetestswasthatthechildrensaidtheylikedthesmelloffaecesnearlyasoftenastheysaidtheylikedbanana.

PsychologistHilarySchmidtunderstandablyfoundthisresearchhardtoaccept.Shelookedatthewaythetestswereconducted,andappliedlessonsfromotherworkonchildpsychologytodesignherownexperiments.Shenotedthatchildrenyoungerthanfivewilloftenanswer‘Yes’toleadingquestionseveniftheanswersarecontradictory.Shethereforedecidedtosetherexperimentupasagame.SheaskedthechildreniftheywouldgiveaparticularsmellythingtoOscartheGrouch,apopulartelevisioncharacterwholivesinadustbinandlikes‘smelly’things,ortoBigBird,anothertelevisioncharacterwholikes‘nice’things.Shefoundthatthechildrendistinguishedbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsinmuchthesamewayasanadult.Withthehelpofyoungerandyoungersubjects,shehopestoshedlightontheimportanceoftheinheritedcomponentofthesense.

Childrenyoungerthansevenore