考研考博-英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱信息工程學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱信息工程學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thestreetperformerwassobadwehadto（）him,butdidwehavetothrowtherottentomatoesathishead?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.jeer

B.dissolve

C.adjourn

D.guarantee

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)jeer“嘲笑；戲弄”；B選項(xiàng)dissolve“使溶解；使分解；使液化”；C選項(xiàng)adjourn“推遲；使……中止”；D選項(xiàng)guarantee“保證；擔(dān)保”。句意：街頭藝人的表演是如此糟糕，所以我們不得不嘲笑他，但是我們不得不向他的頭扔腐爛的西紅柿嗎？結(jié)合句意，A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Anobviouschangeofattitudeatthetoptowardswomen’sstatusinsocietywill（

）throughthecurrentlawsysteminJapan.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.permeate

B.probe

C.violate

D.grope

【答案】A

【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。permeate“滲透”；probe“探索”；violate“違反”；grope“摸索，探索”。句意：上層社會(huì)對(duì)女性在社會(huì)中地位的態(tài)度發(fā)生了明顯的變化，這種變化對(duì)日本現(xiàn)行的法律體系產(chǎn)生了影響。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.單選題

It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina___waywheninafuriousstate.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.stable

B.rational

C.legal

D.credible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)stable“穩(wěn)定的，牢固的；穩(wěn)重的，沉穩(wěn)的；持久的”；B選項(xiàng)rational“合理的；理性的”；C選項(xiàng)legal“法律的；合法的；法定的；依照法律的”；D選項(xiàng)credible“可靠的，可信的”。句意：通常情況下，人們?cè)诒┡瓲顟B(tài)下很少會(huì)做出___行為。本句表達(dá)“很少有人在暴怒時(shí)能做出理性的行為”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingstudies.

Inconductingresearchonculturalandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theirconcernisonlythattheirquestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.

Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach7theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethnicminoritygroups.Inasubsequentstudy,theresearchersmaydecidetoadoptaneticapproachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-classWhitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,AfricanAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.Ifso,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto（

）.

2.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?

3.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUEoftheethnicminorityfamiliesintheU.S?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfulmeasures

B.viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspective

C.guardagainstinterferencefromtheirownculture

D.acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues

B.Theformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjective.

C.Theformerconcentratesonthestudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.

D.Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.culturallyinteractive

B.culture-oriented

C.culturallybiased

D.culture-specific

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theirculturalpatternsareusuallymoreadaptable.

B.Theirculturalconceptsaredifficulttocomprehend.

C.Theydon'tinteractwitheachothersomuchasWhitefamilies.

D.TheyhavecloserfamilytiesthanWhitefamilies

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由第一段“Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.不熟悉他們所研究的文化和種族群體的研究人員必須采取額外的預(yù)防措施，以擺脫他們從自己的文化帶來(lái)的任何偏見(jiàn)?！笨芍芯空咴谘芯磕吧幕瘯r(shí)有從自己的文化出發(fā)的傾向。答案B

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.在主位研究法中，目標(biāo)是用描述一種對(duì)某一種文化或民族有意義并且重要的行為，而不考慮其他文化或民族。在客位研究方法中，目標(biāo)是描述一些適用于不同文化的行為?！笨芍@兩種研究的重心不同。答案A

第3題:推理判斷題。通過(guò)上題以及對(duì)第二段和第三段的理解可知，emicapproach主位研究法偏向于研究某一個(gè)群體的文化；eticapproach客位研究法研究不同文化的共同之處。答案D

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第三段倒數(shù)第二句“Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.在研究少數(shù)民族家庭時(shí)，研究人員可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，與美國(guó)白人家庭相比，少數(shù)民族家庭中的大家庭更具有支撐地位。”可推知少數(shù)民族家庭比白人家庭有更親密的親情關(guān)系。答案D

5.單選題

Ininternationalbankingtoday,abankmusthaveadeep（

）intointernationalfinancialmarkets.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.idea

B.understanding

C.knowledge

D.insight

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在當(dāng)今的國(guó)際銀行業(yè)，一個(gè)銀行必須對(duì)國(guó)際金融市場(chǎng)有深入的洞察。idea“觀點(diǎn)；主意”；understanding“理解”；knowledge“知識(shí)”；insight“洞察力”。根據(jù)句意，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

6.單選題

Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtleshavestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohand-carrythehatchlingsdowntothewater’sedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,you’dthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct.

ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp.

Theobviousquestion:whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfortheweekstheyspendonland(asegg-layingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedtheyearsspendintheocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.

Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness"(Line1，Para.2)?

3.WhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurvivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethGriffin?

4.Howdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofturtles?

5.Thelastsentenceofthepassageismeantto（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.humanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlessurvive

B.effortshavebeenmadetoprotectturtlesfromdyingout

C.governmentbureaucracyhascontributedtoturtles,extinction

D.marinebiologistsarelookingforthesecretofturtles’reproduction

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Natureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofturtles.

B.Turtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanactivities.

C.Thecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumaninterference.

D.Theturtlepopulationhasdecreasedinspiteofhumanprotection.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theirinadequatefoodsupply.

B.Unregulatedcommercialfishing.

C.Theirlowerreproductionability.

D.Contaminationofseawater.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayeggs.

B.Thechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstohatch.

C.Therisingsealevelsmakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstogrow.

D.Ittakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachtemperature.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.persuadehumanbeingstoshowmoreaffectionforturtles

B.stressthateventhemostuglyspeciesshouldbeprotected

C.callforeffectivemeasurestoensureseaturtles’survival

D.warnourdescendantsabouttheextinctionofspecies

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段中“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻譯為：一堵令人生畏的官僚主義墻已經(jīng)豎起來(lái)保護(hù)它們?cè)诖笪餮蠛０毒€(xiàn)上的主要筑巢地。B選項(xiàng)“已經(jīng)做出保護(hù)海龜免于滅絕的努力”符合題意。

2.【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到原文第二段“…areportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles...”，中文翻譯為：一份由魚(yú)類(lèi)與野生生物服務(wù)局提供的報(bào)道顯示，幾種北大西洋海龜?shù)臄?shù)量出現(xiàn)了令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)的下降。以及參考第一段“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻譯為：一堵令人生畏的官僚主義墻已經(jīng)豎起來(lái)保護(hù)它們?cè)诖笪餮蠛０毒€(xiàn)上的主要筑巢地。因此，D項(xiàng)正確，譯為“盡管人類(lèi)的保護(hù)，但是海龜?shù)臄?shù)量已減少”。

3.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可以定位到原文第三段“Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.”，中文翻譯為：拖網(wǎng)漁船（其拖著巨大的網(wǎng)穿過(guò)海域和海底的）和多鉤長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)漁船（其能在延伸數(shù)英里的釣線(xiàn)上布置數(shù)以千計(jì)的鉤子）讓海龜遭受重創(chuàng)?？梢酝茰y(cè)出B選項(xiàng)正確，譯為“未受管理的商業(yè)捕魚(yú)”。

4.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞globalwarming可以定位到原文最后一段中“Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.”，中文翻譯為：海龜產(chǎn)卵的狹窄帶狀海灘地帶，一方面正被發(fā)展所擠壓，在另一方面受到海洋變暖所帶來(lái)的海平面不斷上升的威脅。可以得知A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文最后一段最后一句話(huà)“Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.”，中文翻譯為：最后，我們必須也著手處理這些事情，否則一種比恐龍活得長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)物將會(huì)在人類(lèi)的手中走向滅亡，從而讓我們的后代去想知道如此丑陋的生物如何得到如此多的關(guān)愛(ài)?？梢酝茰y(cè)出C選項(xiàng)“呼吁采取有效的措施來(lái)確保海龜?shù)纳妗闭_。

7.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Desertificationisthedegradationofonce-productivelandintounproductiveorpoorlyproductiveland.Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.

Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.Althoughdroughtdoesmakelandmorevulnerable,well-managedlandcansurvivedroughtsandrecover,eveninaridregions.Anothermistakenbeliefisthattheprocessoccursonlyalongtheedgesofdeserts.Infact,itmaytakeplaceinanyaridorsemiaridregion,especiallywherepoorlandmanagementispracticed.Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.

[A]Agricultureandovergrazingarethetwomajorsourcesofdesertification.[B]Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.[C]Grazingisespeciallydestructivetolandbecause,inadditiontodepletingcovervegetation,herdsofgrazingmammalsalsotramplethefineorganicparticlesofthetopsoil,leadingtosoilcompactionanderosion.[D]Ittakesabout500yearsfortheearthtobuildup3centimetersoftopsoil.However,cattleranchingandagriculturecandepleteasmuchas2to3centimetersoftopsoilevery25years—60to80timesfasterthanitcanbereplacedbynature.

Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.Thisusuallyoccursasaresultofimproperirrigationpractices.ThegreatMesopotamianempires—Sumer,AkkadandBabylon—werebuiltonthesurplusoftheenormouslyproductivesoiloftheancientTigris-Euphratesalluvialplain.Afternearlyathousandyearsofintensivecultivation,landqualitywasinevidentdecline.Inresponse,around2800BCtheSumeriansbegandiggingthehugeTigris-Euphratescanalsystemtoirrigatetheexhaustedsoil.Atemporarygainincropyieldwasachievedinthisway,butover-irrigationwastohaveseriousandunforeseenconsequences.Fromasearlyas2400BCwefindSumeriandocumentsreferringtosalinizationasasoilproblemisbelievedthatthefalloftheAkkadianEmpirearound2150BCmayhavebeenduetoacatastrophicfailureinlandproductivity;thesoilwasliterallyturnedintosalt.Eventoday,fourthousandyearslater,vasttractsofsalinizedlandbetweentheTigrisandEuphratesriversstillresemblerock-hardfieldsofsnow.

Soilerosionisanotherformofdesertification.Itisaself-reinforcingprocess;oncethecycleofdegradationbegins,conditionsaresetforcontinualdeterioration.Asthevegetativecoverbeginstodisappear,soilbecomesmorevulnerabletoraindropimpact.Waterrunsoffinsteadofsoakingintoprovidemoistureforplants.Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.Assoilqualitydeclinesandrunoffisincreased,floodsbecomemorefrequentandmoresevere.Floodingwashesawaytopsoil,thethin,rich,uppermostlayeroftheearth’ssoil,andleavesfinerunderlyingparticlesmorevulnerabletowinderosion.Topsoilcontainstheearth'sgreatestconcentrationoforganicmatterandmicroorganisms,andiswheremostoftheearth'sland-basedbiologicalactivityoccurs.Withoutthisfragilecoatofnutrient-ladenmaterial,plantlifecannotexist.AnextremecaseofitserosionisfoundintheSahel,atransitionalzonebetweentheSaharaDesertandthetropicalAfricanrainforests;hometosome56millionpeople.Overpopulationandovergrazinghaveopenedthehyper-aridlandtowinderosion,whichisstrippingawaytheprotectivemarginoftheSahel,andcausingthedeserttogrowatanalarmingrate.Between1950and1975,theSaharaDesertspread100kilometerssouthwardthroughtheSahel.

One-thirdoftheearth’slandareaof150millionsquarekilometersisalreadyclassifiedassemiarid,aridorhyper-arid.Itisestimatedthatisincreasingby215,000squarekilometersoflandrenderedunproductivebydesertificationeveryyear.InAmerica,salinizationaffectsover160,000squarekilometersoflandinwesternandmid-westernstates,andisworseningannually.Africaloses300to400milliontonsoftopsoilayearwiththespreadingofthedesert.Asabillionpeopleareaddedtotheworld’spopulationeverydecade,thereislessandlessarablelandtoprovidefoodforthem.Atthepresentrateofsoildeterioration,ecologistwarn,anotherquarteroftheearth’sproductivesoilwilldisappearwithinthenextcentury.

14.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutdesertification?

15.Theworddegradationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

16.Accordingtothepassage,manypeople’sunderstandingofdesertificationisincorrectbecause（）.

17.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

18.Accordingtothepassage,agriculturefurthersdesertificationthroughwhichofthefollowingactivities?

19.Paragraph4ofthepassageservesmainlytodowhichofthefollowing?

20.Thewordleachinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

21.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph6ofthepassagethat（）.

22.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itisafairlyrecentproblem.

B.Ancientsocietiesmanagedtheproblemwell.

C.Ithasahistoryaslongasthatofcivilization.

D.Itwasjustasseriousinthepastasitistoday.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.rejuvenation

B.deterioration

C.consumption

D.contribution

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theydonotthinkofitasaseriousproblem

B.theydonotseeitasbeingcausedbyhumanactivity

C.theythinkofitasaveryslowprocess

D.theyseeitasbeingreversible

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itistheareasthatexistbetweenthedesertsandthelandthatisusableforagriculturethataremostatriskbecausetheyaresusceptibletopoorlandmanagementmethodsfromhumanactivitywhichwillalwaysresultinthelossofsoil.

B.Mostofthevulnerableareasareintransitionfromdeserttoarableland;aprocessthatbecauseofhumanactivityandthedelicatenatureoftheseareas,alwaysleadstosoilloss.

C.Soillossinthetransitionalzonesisespeciallyseverewherehumanactivityisdamagingtheenvironmentthroughagriculturewhichiscausingthelossofsoil.

D.Humanactivityinthetransitionareasisvulnerablebecauseofthefragilenatureoftheseareasthatareneitherdesertnotarablelandbecausetheyhavesuffereddamagetothesoil.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Overfertilization.

B.Thestrippingawayofnativevegetation.

C.Irrigation.

D.Therepetitiveplantingofthesamecrops.

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.Proposeamethodfordealingwiththedesertificationproblem.

B.Showtheprogressofdesertificationdownthroughhistory.

C.Describethemaincauseofdesertificationinoneparticulararea.

D.Describeoneprocessthatleadstodesertification.

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.washing

B.depositing

C.concentrating

D.dispersing

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.newtechnologywillsolvetheproblemofdesertification

B.findingawaytostopdesertificationwillbecomeincreasinglyurgent

C.desertificationismoreofaproblemindevelopedcountries

D.desertificationiscausingstarvationinAfrica.

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:B

【解析】14.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.（自從近6000年前美索不達(dá)米亞出現(xiàn)了第一個(gè)偉大的城市——農(nóng)業(yè)中心以來(lái)，人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)土壤質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生了破壞性的影響，導(dǎo)致世界上幾乎所有地區(qū)逐漸沙漠化。），說(shuō)明沙漠化現(xiàn)象早在數(shù)千年前就已經(jīng)存在。因此C選項(xiàng)“它的歷史與文明的歷史一樣長(zhǎng)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“它是一個(gè)相當(dāng)新的問(wèn)題”，由原文可知，沙漠化是一個(gè)很古老的問(wèn)題，所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“古代社會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題處理得很好”，原文沒(méi)有提到古代社會(huì)對(duì)沙漠化的處理情況，所以B錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“它在過(guò)去和今天一樣嚴(yán)重”，原文沒(méi)有將當(dāng)時(shí)問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性和今天的狀況相比較，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

15.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“degradation”可以定位到文章第四段第一句Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.（鹽堿化是土地退化的一種類(lèi)型，涉及到土壤鹽分含量的增加。），說(shuō)明“degradation”在文中指的是“退化，下降”的意思。因此B選項(xiàng)“惡化”正確。A選項(xiàng)“恢復(fù)活力”，C選項(xiàng)“消耗”，D選項(xiàng)“貢獻(xiàn)”均不符合題意，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

16.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.（認(rèn)為沙漠化是干旱造成的是一種普遍的誤解。），說(shuō)明沙漠化現(xiàn)象是因?yàn)楦珊翟斐傻氖且环N錯(cuò)誤觀念，其實(shí)是和人類(lèi)的活動(dòng)有關(guān)的。因此B選項(xiàng)“他們不認(rèn)為它是由人類(lèi)活動(dòng)引起的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“他們不認(rèn)為它是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題”。C選項(xiàng)“他們認(rèn)為它是一個(gè)非常緩慢的過(guò)程”，D選項(xiàng)“他們認(rèn)為它是可逆的”在文中均沒(méi)有提及，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

17.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.（然而，最脆弱的是沙漠和耕地之間的過(guò)渡地帶；凡人類(lèi)活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致脆弱邊緣地區(qū)土地濫用的地方，土壤破壞是不可避免的。），說(shuō)明最容易受害的就是位于沙漠和已開(kāi)墾耕地之間的過(guò)渡地區(qū)，只要人類(lèi)活動(dòng)在這些脆弱的邊緣區(qū)域，過(guò)度濫用土地，那么土壤的破壞在所難免。因此A選項(xiàng)“存在于沙漠和可用于農(nóng)業(yè)的土地之間的地區(qū)才是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大的，因?yàn)樗鼈兒苋菀资艿饺祟?lèi)活動(dòng)的不良土地管理方法的影響，而這種影響總是會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤的流失?！闭_。B選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)脆弱地區(qū)正從沙漠向耕地過(guò)渡；由于人類(lèi)活動(dòng)和這些地區(qū)的脆弱性，這一過(guò)程總是導(dǎo)致土壤流失。”，原文說(shuō)的不是沙漠向耕地過(guò)渡的過(guò)程，所以B錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“過(guò)渡區(qū)的土壤流失尤為嚴(yán)重，人類(lèi)活動(dòng)正在通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)破壞環(huán)境，導(dǎo)致土壤流失?！?，原文沒(méi)有提到農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)，所以C錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“由于這些地區(qū)的脆弱性，它們既不是沙漠也不是耕地，因?yàn)樗鼈円呀?jīng)破壞了土壤，因此人類(lèi)在過(guò)渡地區(qū)的活動(dòng)是脆弱的?！?，原文說(shuō)的不是人類(lèi)活動(dòng)很脆弱，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

18.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第二句Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.（大規(guī)模的農(nóng)業(yè)需要大量的灌溉，這最終會(huì)耗盡土地的養(yǎng)分，并使礦物質(zhì)滲入表層土壤，從而破壞土地。），說(shuō)明灌溉會(huì)對(duì)土地造成不好的影響，加劇沙漠化。因此C選項(xiàng)“灌溉”正確。A選項(xiàng)“過(guò)度施肥”，B選項(xiàng)“剝?nèi)ケ镜刂脖弧?，D選項(xiàng)“重復(fù)種植相同的農(nóng)作物”在文中均沒(méi)有提及，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。

19.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段，第四段主要說(shuō)明土壤鹽堿化現(xiàn)象，但是并非針對(duì)某一特定區(qū)域。而鹽堿化現(xiàn)象也是造成沙漠化的原因。因此D選項(xiàng)“描述導(dǎo)致沙漠化的一個(gè)過(guò)程”正確。A選項(xiàng)“提出處理沙漠化問(wèn)題的方法”，B選項(xiàng)“展示歷史上沙漠化的進(jìn)展”，C選項(xiàng)“描述一個(gè)特定地區(qū)的沙漠化的主要原因”均不符合原文內(nèi)容，所以A，B，C錯(cuò)誤。

20.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)eaching”可以定位到文章第五段第五句Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.（這進(jìn)一步減少了植物覆蓋，因?yàn)橥寥乐械酿B(yǎng)分流失了。），說(shuō)明“l(fā)eaching”在文中指的是“養(yǎng)分流失”的意思。因此A選項(xiàng)“洗滌”正確。B選項(xiàng)“沉積”，C選項(xiàng)“濃縮”，D選項(xiàng)“分散”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

21.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第六段，第六段強(qiáng)凋了沙漠化現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)發(fā)展到何種程度，以及目前繼續(xù)惡化的速度，還預(yù)言了如果按照這樣的情況發(fā)展下去將會(huì)帶來(lái)的結(jié)果。說(shuō)明必須盡快找出解決問(wèn)題的方法，否則后果將不堪設(shè)想。因此B選項(xiàng)“找到阻止沙漠化的方法將變得越來(lái)越緊迫”正確。A選項(xiàng)“新技術(shù)將解決沙漠化的問(wèn)題”，C選項(xiàng)“沙漠化在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家是一個(gè)更大的問(wèn)題”，D選項(xiàng)“沙漠化在非洲造成了饑荒”在文中均沒(méi)有提及，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

22.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干中的句子Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.（每個(gè)都極大地促進(jìn)了這一進(jìn)程，但它們的影響方式卻截然不同。）是對(duì)造成沙漠化現(xiàn)象的兩種過(guò)程做出進(jìn)一步的詮釋?zhuān)珺處前文說(shuō)農(nóng)業(yè)和過(guò)度放牧是沙漠化的兩個(gè)主要來(lái)源，后文分別介紹了這兩種方式對(duì)沙漠化的影響。因此該句放在B處最合適。

8.單選題

Johnwouldhavepaid（）forthejackethadthesalesmaninsistedbecausehereallyloveditscolorandstyle.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.twiceasmuch

B.twotimesmore

C.muchastwice

D.asmuchtwice

【答案】A

【解析】考查倍數(shù)的表達(dá)。倍數(shù)+as+形容詞/副詞+as,

這里實(shí)際上省略了第二個(gè)as及其后面的內(nèi)容,

只有選項(xiàng)A為正確的倍數(shù)表達(dá)方式。

9.單選題

Thecountry’srailwaynetworkwasexpandingrapidlyandthemanufactureofsteelrailswasa________businessforSheffieldfirms.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.bulky

B.permanent

C.joint

D.lucrative

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.bulky龐大的，大塊頭的B.permanent永久的，永恒的

C.joint聯(lián)合的，共同的D.lucrative獲利多的，利潤(rùn)豐厚的

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】空格處作定語(yǔ)修飾下文的“business（業(yè)務(wù)）”，表示鐵軌的制造是一項(xiàng)什么樣的業(yè)務(wù)。and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，說(shuō)明對(duì)該業(yè)務(wù)的形容要和前半句“這個(gè)國(guó)家的鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)（railwaynetwork）正在迅速擴(kuò)張（expandingrapidly）”相對(duì)應(yīng)，鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)擴(kuò)張就意味著對(duì)鐵軌的需求量增大，制造鐵軌的業(yè)務(wù)就會(huì)有可觀的利潤(rùn)。lucrative指獲得大量利潤(rùn)或收入，因此D選項(xiàng)lucrative“獲利多的，利潤(rùn)豐厚的”最符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)bulky“龐大的，大塊頭的”形容物時(shí)指體積大，難以搬運(yùn)或儲(chǔ)存，形容人時(shí)指身材高大肥胖，不能和“business（業(yè)務(wù)）”進(jìn)行搭配；

B選項(xiàng)permanent“永久的，永恒的”指總是處于相同的狀態(tài)，可長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)下去，永久不變，不符合題干的語(yǔ)義邏輯；

C選項(xiàng)joint“聯(lián)合的，共同的”指由兩人或多人共同完成或涉及到兩者及以上的，題干只提到了“Sheffieldfirms（謝菲爾德的公司）”一方，沒(méi)有涉及兩者。

【句意】這個(gè)國(guó)家的鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)正在迅速擴(kuò)張，對(duì)謝菲爾德的公司來(lái)說(shuō)，鐵軌的制造是一項(xiàng)利潤(rùn)豐厚的業(yè)務(wù)。

10.單選題

Itbeganasjustanotherresearchproject,inthiscasetoexaminetheeffectsofvariousdrugsonpatientswithaseveremooddisorder.Usinganadvancedbrainscanningtechnology—theclumsilynamedecho-planarmagneticresonancespectroscopicimaging(磁共振光譜成像)procedure,orEP–MRSI—researchersatBoston’sMcLeanHospitalscannedthemedicatedandun-medicatedbrainsof30peoplewithbipolardisorderinordertodetectpossiblenewtreatmentsforthemorethan2millionAmericanadultswhosufferfromthedisease.

Butsomethingunexpectedhappened.Apatientwhohadbeensodepressedthatshecouldbarelyspeakbecameebullientafterthe45-minutebrainscan.Thenasecondpatient,whoseemedincapableofevenasmile,emergedactuallytellingjokes.Thenanotherandanother.Wasthissomecoincidence?AimeeParow,thetechnicianwhomadetheseobservationsdidn’tthinkso.Shementionedthepatients’strikingmoodshiftstoherbossandtogethertheycompletelyrefocusedthestudy:toseeiftheelectromagneticfieldsmightactuallyhaveacurativeeffectondepressivemood.

Asitturnsout,theydid.AsreportedlastmonthintheAmericanJournalofPsychiatry,23ofthe30peoplewhowerepartofthestudyreportedfeelingsignificantlylessdepressedafterthescan.Themostdramaticimprovementswereamongthosewhoweretakingnomedication.Theresearchersarecautious.SaysBruceCohen,McLean’spresidentandpsychiatristinchief:“Iwanttoemphasizethatwearenotsayingthisistheanswerbutthisisacompletelydifferentapproachintryingtohelpthebrainthananythingthatwasdonebefore.

It’sacompletelydifferentapproachbecauseofthewaythemagnetismisappliedtothebrain.Butit’sanexampleofnewresearchonanoldidea:thatthebrainisanelectromagneticorganandthatbraindisordersmightresultfromdisorderinmagneticfunction.Theideahashugeappealtopsychiatristsandpatientsalike,sinceformanypeoplethesideeffectsofpsychiatric(精神的)drugsarealmostasdifficulttomanageasthediseaseitself.And30percentofthenearly18.8millionpeoplewhosufferfromdepressiondonotrespondtoanyoftheantidepressantsavailablenow.Peoplewithotherseverementaldisordersmightbenefitaswell.Andwhilenoonefullyunderstandsexactlywhyorhowthebrainrespondsasitdoestoelectricalcurrentsandmagneticwaves,fascinatingnewresearchisofferingsomepossibleexplanations.

1.Thefirstparagraphdescribesaprojectaimedatfinding（）.

2.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutbipolardisorder?

3.Theword“ebullient”inParagraph2canbebestreplacedby（）.

4.Theresearchers’attitudetowardthenewfindingcanbedescribedas（）.

5.Thenewfindingissignificantbecauseitshowsthatelectromagneticfieldsmay（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.whohasbipolardisorder

B.whatimprovespeople’smoods

C.whethermagneticscanningisatreatment

D.howsomepatientsrespondtosomedrugs

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itmainlyaffectsmales.

B.Itmaycausedrugaddiction.

C.Itisamentalproblem.

D.Itishardtodetect.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.considerate

B.quiet

C.excited

D.sorrowful

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.confused

B.amused

C.careful

D.skeptical

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.treatmentaldisorders

B.causementaldisorders

C.increasetheeffectivenessofsomedrugs

D.reducetheeffectivenessofsomedrugs

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“第一段描述了一個(gè)旨在尋找……的項(xiàng)目”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第一段第一句Itbeganasjustanotherresearchproject,inthiscasetoexaminetheeffortsofvariousdrugsonpatientswithaseveremooddisorder.（它一開(kāi)始只是另一個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目，在這個(gè)案例中，研究各種藥物對(duì)嚴(yán)重情緒障礙患者的影響），由此可知D項(xiàng)“有些病人對(duì)某些藥物的反應(yīng)如何”符合。A項(xiàng)“誰(shuí)是雙相障礙患者”，內(nèi)容不符合題干；B項(xiàng)“什么改善了人們的情緒”