考研考博-英語-北京科技職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京科技職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Inthe19th-century,thereusedtobeamodelofhowtobeagoodperson.Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou.Yourjob,ascaptainofyoursoul,istoerectdamstokeepthesepassionsincheck.Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness,lust,greed,druguseandtheothersins.

Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion.Youusuallycan’tchangeyourbehaviorbysimplyresolvingtodosomething.Knowingwhattodoisnotthesameasbeingabletodoit.Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence.It’smorelikeamuscle,whichtireseasily.Moreover,you’reasocialbeing.Ifeverybodyaroundyouisovereating,you’llprobablydoso,too.

The19th-centurycharactermodelwasbasedonanunderstandingoffreewill.Today,weknowthatfreewillisbounded.Peoplecanchangetheirlives,butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings,evenwithinourselves,arebeyondourdirectcontrol.Muchofourbehaviour,forexample,isguidedbyunconscioushabits.ResearchersatDukeUniversitycalculatedthatmorethan40percentoftheactionswetakearegovernedbyhabit,notactualdecisions.Researchershavealsocometounderstandthestructureofhabits—cue,routine,reward.

Youcanchangeyourownpersonalhabits.Ifyouleaverunningshortsontheflooratnight,that’llbeacuetogorunninginthemorning.Don’ttrytoignoreyourafternoonsnackcraving.Everytimeyoufeelthecueforasnack,insertanotherroutine.Takeawalk.

Theirresearchthusimpliesadifferentcharactermodel,whichissupposedtomanipulatetheneuralnetworksinside.

Tobeaneffectiveperson,underthismodel,youaresupposedtocoollyexamineyourownunconscioushabits,andthehabitsofthoseunderyourcare.Youaresupposedtodevisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines.Everyrelationshipbecomeslightlymanipulative,includingyourrelationshipwithyourself.You’retryingtoarousecertainresponsesbyimplantingcertaincues.

Thisisabitdisturbing,becausetheimportanthabitualneuralnetworksarenotformedbymereroutine,norcantheybereversedbyclevercues.Theyareburnedinbyemotionandstrengthenedbystrongyearnings,liketheyearningsforadmirationandrighteousness.

Ifyouthinkyoucanchangeyourlifeinacleverway,thewayanadvertisercangetyoutobuyanairfreshener,you’reprobablywrong.AstheVictoriansunderstood,ifyouwanttochangeyourlife,don’tjustlookforaclevercue.Committosomelargerglobalbelief.

21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?

22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.

23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?

24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.

25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Passion.

B.Determination.

C.Capability.

D.Action.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetime

B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundless

C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefully

D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrol

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.

B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.

C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.

D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponses

B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabits

C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcues

D.techniquestosupplementoldroutines

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfully

B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviour

C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchange

D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdo

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】21.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?21.以下哪一項(xiàng)是19世紀(jì)性格模范的關(guān)鍵因素？

A.Passion.A.激情，熱情

B.Determination.B.決心

C.Capability.C.能力

D.Action.D.行動

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞the19th-centurycharactermodel定位第一段倒數(shù)第二句“作為靈魂的船長，你的工作就是建立水壩來控制這些激情（keepthesepassionsincheck）”，以及最后一句“你的工作就是對懶惰、欲望、貪婪、吸毒和其他罪惡說不（sayno）”，可知，在19世紀(jì)，最首要的性格模范就是“決心”，B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)屬于出處錯位，性格模范的關(guān)鍵因素就是決心控制激情；

C、D選項(xiàng)在該處沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

22.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.22.19世紀(jì)的性格模范被認(rèn)為是行不通的，原因是______。

A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetimeA.它在大多數(shù)時候都沒有令人滿意地發(fā)揮作用

B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundlessB.將自由意志比作大壩是毫無根據(jù)的

C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefullyC.人們應(yīng)該仔細(xì)考慮自己想做什么

D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrolD.還有許多其他因素超出了一個人的控制

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位第三段第二句“今天，我們知道自由意志是有限的”，以及第三句“人們可以改變自己的生活，但有序的改變并不簡單，因?yàn)楹芏嗍虑椋╩anythings），甚至是我們自身的事情，都超出了我們的直接控制（beyondourdirectcontrol）”，可知，因?yàn)楹芏嘁蛩囟汲隽酥苯拥目刂?，所以難以有序的改變生活，D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)定位第二段第四句“你的意志力不像水壩，不能阻擋任性的洪流”，可知，文中并沒有提到將自由意志比作大壩是groundless，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

C選項(xiàng)表述與原文不符，屬于曲解原文。

23.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?23.杜克大學(xué)的這項(xiàng)研究的主要意義是什么？

A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.A.習(xí)慣是一個人行為的關(guān)鍵。

B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.B.一個人的行為很難改變。

C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.C.習(xí)慣和意志力都很重要。

D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.D.習(xí)慣有一個未知的結(jié)構(gòu)。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息DukeUniversity定位第三段第四句“例如，我們的許多行為都是由潛意識習(xí)慣引導(dǎo)的（guidedbyunconscioushabits）”，以及第五句“杜克大學(xué)的研究人員計(jì)算出，超過40%的行為是由習(xí)慣決定的（governedbyhabit），而不是實(shí)際的決定”，可知，很多的行為都是習(xí)慣導(dǎo)致的，A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾，杜克大學(xué)的研究就是“大部分行為由習(xí)慣決定”，所以該項(xiàng)中的willpower不符合原文；

D選項(xiàng)在第三段最后一句有提到，“習(xí)慣的結(jié)構(gòu)是：線索、例行公事和獎勵”，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

24.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.24.根據(jù)新的性格模范，個人行為可以通過______改變。

A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponsesA.通過暗示來操縱習(xí)慣性的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)

B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabitsB.通過暗示停止所有之前無意識的習(xí)慣

C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcuesC.通過技巧來設(shè)計(jì)不同的身體暗示

D.techniquestosupplementoldroutinesD.通過技巧來補(bǔ)充舊的習(xí)慣

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位第六段第二句“你應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)策略來改變暗示和慣例（devisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines）”，可知，新的性格典范是通過設(shè)計(jì)策略提供暗示改變自己的行為習(xí)慣，所以C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)定位第五段“因此，他們的研究暗示了一種不同的性格典范，該典范被認(rèn)為可以操縱內(nèi)部的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)（manipulatetheneuralnetworksinside）”，可知A項(xiàng)中的neuralresponses和neuralnetworks并不相符，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

B選項(xiàng)中的stop和原文中的alter并不相符，屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)中的supplement和原文中的alter并不相符，也屬于曲解原文。

25.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.25.從文章中我們得知，新的性格典范______。

A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfullyA.已經(jīng)成功地改變了行為

B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviourB.更好地處理行為的情感方面

C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchangeC.強(qiáng)調(diào)習(xí)慣改變的神經(jīng)和心理方面

D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdoD.可以給人的生活帶來改變，就像廣告商做的那樣

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】定位倒數(shù)第二段，第一句“這有點(diǎn)令人不安，因?yàn)橹匾牧?xí)慣性神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅僅是由慣例形成的（notformedbymereroutine），也不可能由聰明的暗示逆轉(zhuǎn)”，以及第二句“它們被情感所燃燒（burnedinbyemotion），被強(qiáng)烈的渴望所強(qiáng)化（strengthenedbystrongyearnings），就像對贊美和正義的渴望一樣”，可知，新的性格典范重視習(xí)慣改變的神經(jīng)和心理的方面，C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)文中并沒有提到成功改變了行為，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)也沒有提到，屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)定位到最后一段第一句“如果你認(rèn)為你可以用一種聰明的方式改變你的生活，就像廣告商讓你買空氣清新劑那樣，你可能錯了”，可知，該項(xiàng)與原文相反，屬于反向干擾。

2.單選題

Thegovernmentisseekingto（

）itselffromthelatestfinancialcrisis.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.detach

B.extract

C.derive

D.ease

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。detach“使擺脫；派遣；使超然”；extract"提??；提煉；摘錄”；derive“源于；得自；獲得”；ease“減輕；使安心”。句意：政府正在尋求方法擺脫最近的金融危機(jī)。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.單選題

Iamcautiously（）thatanewgovernmentwillbeconcernedandawareabouttheenvironment.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.optimistic

B.hostile

C.cynical

D.doubtful

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。optimistic“樂觀的”；hostile“敵對的”；cynical“憤世嫉俗的”；doubtful“可疑的”。句意：對于新政府是否會關(guān)注環(huán)境問題，我持謹(jǐn)慎的______態(tài)度。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息cautiously可知選項(xiàng)A符合題意，“樂觀態(tài)度”。

4.單選題

Thelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepricesofvegetablesnolonger（）accordingtotheweather.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.evaluated

B.converted

C.fluctuated

D.modified

【答案】C

【解析】evaluated評估，估價；converted轉(zhuǎn)變，改變；fluctuated波動；modified修改。句意：當(dāng)?shù)厝税l(fā)現(xiàn)蔬菜的價格不再隨天氣而波動，感到非常高興和驚訝。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

5.單選題

Ifshe（

）herefforts,shewillsucceed

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.goeson

B.retains

C.holdsinto

D.maintains

【答案】D

【解析】近義詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)goon“繼續(xù)”；B選項(xiàng)retain“保持”；C選項(xiàng)holdinto搭配不當(dāng)；D選項(xiàng)maintain“持續(xù)，保持”。句意：如果她持續(xù)努力，她會成功的。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是持續(xù)性，所以選項(xiàng)D更符合語境。

6.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫學(xué)家)MarkLaudenslagerattheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists’suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成條件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderre-exposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.

1.Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto________.

3.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder’sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat________.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’swasthat________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wasaltered

B.wasstrengthened

C.wasweakened

D.wasnotaffected

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

B.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

C.becomeabnormallysuspicious

D.turnofftheelectricity

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itledtostomachpains

B.theydislikeditstaste

C.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

D.itaffectedtheirimmunesystems

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

B.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin

C.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

D.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemexperiment.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：勞登斯拉格的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，那些能夠切斷電源的老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)……。A選項(xiàng)“被改動”；B選項(xiàng)“被加強(qiáng)”；C選項(xiàng)“被削弱”；D選項(xiàng)“不受影響”.根據(jù)題干定位到第一段“勞登斯拉格發(fā)現(xiàn)，無助的大鼠的免疫反應(yīng)低于正常水平，而那些能夠切斷電源的大鼠則沒有（butnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity）?！庇纱丝芍鸢高xD。

第2題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)文章，那些無助的經(jīng)歷會導(dǎo)致老鼠……。A選項(xiàng)“在可控的情況下被動地表現(xiàn)”；B選項(xiàng)“努力控制不愉快的刺激”；C選項(xiàng)“變得異常多疑”；D選項(xiàng)“斷電”。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第三段話Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.“但是，如果動物面對它們無法控制的情況，它們以后在面對它們可以控制的情況時就會表現(xiàn)得被動?！彼赃@里答案選A。

第3題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：為什么在安德爾的實(shí)驗(yàn)里老師會躲避糖精。A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樘蔷珪?dǎo)致肚子痛”；B選項(xiàng)“他們不喜歡這個味道”；C選項(xiàng)“他們把糖精和肚子痛聯(lián)系起來了”；D選項(xiàng)“糖精影響了他們的免疫系統(tǒng)”。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段第二、三句In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned（使形成條件反射）micetoavoidsaccharin（糖精）bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.（1975年心理學(xué)家羅伯特?阿德在羅切斯特大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院通過同時喂食造成胃不舒服的系統(tǒng)使老鼠形成躲避糖精的條件反射。老鼠將糖精與胃痛聯(lián)系起來，很快就學(xué)會了避開這種甜味劑。）由此可知并不是糖精讓人不舒服，是科學(xué)家有意讓老鼠認(rèn)為吃了糖精就會造成肚子不舒服，所以答案選C。

第4題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：這段話告訴我們，在阿德實(shí)驗(yàn)里，老鼠死亡的最可能的原因是……。A選項(xiàng)“他們的免疫系統(tǒng)被思維改變了”；B選項(xiàng)“他們的心理被糖精削弱了”；C選項(xiàng)“他們在之前的條件反射中攝入了太多的甜味劑”；D選項(xiàng)“甜味劑對他們有害”。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段第一句Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.（關(guān)于大腦如何改變免疫反應(yīng)的一個最令人吃驚的例子是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的）和最后一段第四，五句Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderre-exposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem（為了消除這種對甜味劑的厭惡，阿德再次讓這些老鼠接觸糖精，但這次沒有藥物，他驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些在早期條件作用中攝入了最高量甜味劑的老鼠死亡了。他只能推測，他已經(jīng)成功地對老鼠進(jìn)行了條件反射，現(xiàn)在單用糖精就可以削弱它們的免疫系統(tǒng)，足以殺死它們。）從這三句可以看出答案選A。

7.單選題

Thechildrencouldnot（

）laughingatthesightofthemonkeyssittingcross-leggedwithacigaretteinhismouth.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.preventfrom

B.refrainfrom

C.leaveoff

D.holdonto

【答案】B

【解析】句意:看見猴子嘴刁香煙盤腿而坐的時候，孩子們?nèi)滩蛔《夹α恕?/p>

考查短語辨析。preventfrom防止,阻止,預(yù)防;refrainfrom忍住,抑制;leaveoff停止,中斷;holdonto保持住,抓住不放。因此B符合句意。

8.翻譯題

TheentryoftheAnglo-SaxonpeoplesintoBritain,andtheircenturies-longsuccessfulstruggletoestablishGermanickingdomsthere,isamongthemostfamousventuresoftheAgeofMigrations,butlikeotherhistoricaleventsofthetimeitisobscureinmuchofitsdetail:theidentityandplaceoforiginofthepeoplestakingpart,theneedsanddesiresthatmovedthemtoentry"andconquest,thelinesofinvasion,thedurationofnativeresistance,thehistoricityoftheBritishArthur（亞瑟王）.

【答案】盎格魯薩克遜民族進(jìn)入英國，并經(jīng)過幾百年的斗爭，最終在那里建立起日耳曼王國，那是移民時代最為著名的冒險故事。但是和其他同時期的歷史事件一樣，這些事跡的很多細(xì)節(jié)模糊不清：如參與遷移民族的發(fā)源地以及他們的身份，他們處于什么樣的需求和愿望進(jìn)入并征服大不列顛，入侵的路線，當(dāng)?shù)厝说挚沟臅r間持續(xù)了多久，以及亞瑟王傳說的真實(shí)性。

9.單選題

TheUnitedStatesisconfrontedbymanyeconomicproblems—forexample,inflation,unemployment,pollution,poverty,decliningproductivity,andrapidlyincreasingenergycost.Inrecentyears,Americanshavebecomeincreasinglyawareofthefundamentaleconomicproblemfacinghumanity;scarceresourceswithwhichtomeettheneedsofevergrowingnumbersofpeople.Forallpracticalpurposes,humanwantsmayberegardedaslimitless.Scarcityhasalwaysbeenofmajorconcerntoeconomists.

Agivenquantityofresourcesusedtomeetoneneedcannotsimultaneouslybeusedtomeetanother.Achoicemustbemade:Whichneedwillprevail?Whatwillbeproduced?Fillingoneurgentneedoftenmeanssacrificingtheopportunitytosatisfyanother.Hence,theveryimportanteconomicconceptofopportunitycostarises.Everytimeoneisforcedbyscarcitytomakeachoice,oneisincurring（承受）opportunitycosts.Thesecostsaremeasuredintermsofforgone（放棄的）alternatives.

Howarethese,difficultchoicesofprioritiesandforgoneopportunitiesarrivedatinasociety?Theanswertothisquestionisthesubjectmatterofmicroeconomic,orthestudyofresourceallocationamongindividualsectorsadgroupswithintheeconomicsystem.Microeconomics,analysisdealswiththeprinciplesandguidelinesthathelpdeterminewhatandhowmuchisproduced,themethodofproductionused,andthedivisionoftheresultingoutput（asincome）amongthemembersofthesociety.Thecombinedeffectofalltheseindividualdecisionsprovidestheanswertothemacroeconomicquestionsofwhetherthereisfullemployment,whetherpricesingeneralarerising,andwhethertheeconomyasawholeisgrowing.

Itisimportanttounderstandfromtheverystorythateconomicsisregardinggovernmenteconomicpolicymaking,policymakers（usuallyelectedofficials）causethegovernmenttointervene（ornottointervene）intheeconomyaccordingtocertainpolitical,social,oreconomicgoalswithwhicheconomistsmayormaynotagree.Theeconomist’srolethenistopointoutthefulleconomiceffectsofsuchactionssothatpolicydecisionscanbemademoreintelligently.

1.Thefundamentalproblemofeconomicsis,inshort,（）.

2.Opportunitycost（）.

3.Evengovernmentpolicymeasureshave“opportunitycosts”whichmeans（）.

4.Thecausesofgeneralunemploymentandinflationaretopicsstudiedin（）.

5.Economicanalysisofapolicyproposalusuallydoesnotallow（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.toomanypoorpeople

B.findingjobsforall

C.thescarcityofresourcesrelativetowants

D.constantlyrisingprices

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ismeasuredbyhowmuchofonecommodityyouhavetoforgoinordertogetsomestatedamountofanothercommodity

B.measureshowmanydifferentopportunitiesyouhavetospendyourmoney

C.measuresopportunitiesintermsoftheirrelativeprices

D.isalwaysthesameasmoneycost

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.highertaxeswillbenecessary

B.movingtowardonepolicygoalmayrequiremovingawayfromanotherpolicygoal

C.governmentactionisusuallyinefficient

D.governmentactionprovidesnewopportunities

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.resourceallocation

B.macroeconomics

C.opportunitycast

D.productionpossibilities

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.estimationofthecostsoftheproposal

B.determinationofwhetheraparticularpolicymeasurewillcontributetoitsstatedgoal

C.considerationofthesideeffectsofthepolicy

D.a“scientific"choicebetweenalternativegoal

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第一段“Inrecentyears,Americanshavebecomeincreasinglyawareofthefundamentaleconomicproblemfacinghumanity;scarceresourceswithwhichtomeettheneedsofevergrowingnumbersofpeople.近年來，美國人越來越意識到人類面臨的根本經(jīng)濟(jì)問題——用來滿足日益增長的人口所需求的資源很稀缺?？芍?jīng)濟(jì)的根本問題是資源稀缺。故C項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。由第二段“Hence,theveryimportanteconomicconceptofopportunitycostarises.Everytimeoneisforcedbyscarcitytomakeachoice,oneisincurringopportunitycosts.Thesecostsaremeasuredintermsofforgonealternatives.因此，機(jī)會成本這一非常重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)概念應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。每一次，當(dāng)一個人因?yàn)橄∪倍黄茸龀鲞x擇時，他就會付出機(jī)會成本。這些成本是用放棄的替代品來衡量的?！笨芍獧C(jī)會成本是指放棄一些替代品來衡量的。故A項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。題干意為“甚至政府的政策措施也存在機(jī)會成本”意味著什么？這道題主要考查對機(jī)會成本的理解，上一題已經(jīng)得知機(jī)會成本表示放棄一些替代品?？v觀四個選項(xiàng)，只有B項(xiàng)“朝著一個政策目標(biāo)前進(jìn)可能需要遠(yuǎn)離另一個政策目標(biāo)”符合機(jī)會成本的含義。故B項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第三段Thecombinedeffectofalltheseindividualdecisionsprovidestheanswertothemacroeconomicquestionsofwhetherthereisfullemployment,whetherpricesingeneralarerising,andwhethertheeconomyasawholeisgrowing.所有這些個人決策的綜合效應(yīng)為宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)問題提供了答案，這些問題包括:是否存在充分就業(yè)，總體物價是否在上漲，以及整體經(jīng)濟(jì)是否在增長?？芍I(yè)，通貨膨脹是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的研究范疇。故B項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。由最后一段Theeconomist’srolethenistopointoutthefulleconomiceffectsofsuchactionssothatpolicydecisionscanbemademoreintelligently.因此，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的作用是指出這些行動的全部經(jīng)濟(jì)影響，以便更明智地作出決策?？芍?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家只是指出政策可能帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響，最終做決策的人是政策制定者。故D項(xiàng)不是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家要做的事。ABC三項(xiàng)都是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家該做的事。

10.單選題

Althoughnotaneconomisthimself,Dr.Smithhaslongbeenaseverecriticofthegovernment’s—（

）policies.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.economical

B.economic

C.economy

D.economics

【答案】B

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)economical“經(jīng)濟(jì)的，實(shí)惠的，節(jié)儉的”；B選項(xiàng)economic“經(jīng)濟(jì)上的，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的，有利可圖的”；C選項(xiàng)economy“經(jīng)濟(jì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)情況”；D選項(xiàng)economics“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”?？崭裉帪樾稳菰~作定語修飾名詞policies，B選項(xiàng)符合邏輯搭配。句意：史密斯博士本人雖然不是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，但長期以來一直嚴(yán)厲批評政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。

11.翻譯題

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ThehealthprofilesofmanyracialandethnicminoritiesreflectthesocialinequalityevidentintheUnitedStates.(46)ThepooreconomicandenvironmentalconditionsofgroupssuchasAfricanAmericans,Hispanics,andNativeAmericansaremanifestedinhighmorbidityandmortalityratesforthesegroups.Itistruethatsomeafflictions,suchassingle-cellanemiaamongBlacks,haveacleargenericbasis.Butinmostinstances,environmentalfactorscontributetothedifferentialratesofdiseaseanddeath.

Inmanyrespects,themortalityratesforAfricanAmericansaredistressing.ComparedwithWhites,Blackshavehigherdeathratesfromheartdisease,pneumonia,diabetes,andcancer.ThedeathratefromstrokeistwiceashighamongAfricanAmericans.(47)SuchepidemiologicalfindingsreflectinpartthefactthatahighproportionofBlacksarefoundamongthenation’slowerclass.AccordingtotheNationalCenterofHealthStatistics,Whitescanexpecttolive77.7years.Incontrast,lifeexpectancyforBlacksis72.3years(Arias2004).

Asnotedearlier,infantmortalityisregardedasaprimaryindicatorofhealthcare.ThereisasignificantgapintheUnitedStatesbetweentheinfantmortalityratesofAfricanAmericansandWhites.Generally,therateofinfantdeathismorethantwiceashighamongBlacks.AfricanAmericansaccountfor15percentofalllivebirthsinthenationbut29percentofinfantdeaths.PertoRicansandNativeAmericanshavemortalityratesthatarelowerthanAfricanAmericans’buthigherthanWhites’(MacDormanetal.2005).

Themedicalestablishmentisnotexemptfromracism.(48)Unfortunately,themediaoftenfocusonobviousformsofracism,suchashatecrimes,whileoverlookingmoreinsidiousformsinsocialinstitutionslikethemedicalestablishment.Onereviewofmorethan100studiesconductedoverthelastdecadeconcludedthatminoritiesreceiveinferiorcareevenwhentheyareinsured.(49)Despitehavingaccesstocare,Blacks,Latinos,andAmericanIndiansaretreatedunequallyasaresultofracialprejudiceanddifferencesintheequalityofvarioushealthcareplans.Furthermore,nationalclinicalstudieshaveshownthatevenallowingfordifferencesinincomeandinsurancecoverage,racialandethnicminoritiesarelesslikelythanothergroupstoreceivebothstandardhealthcareandlife-savingtreatmentforconditionssuchasHIVinfection(CaesarandWilliams2002;Smedleyetal.2002;Steyerbergetal.2005).

Drawingontheconflictperspective,sociologistHowardWaitzkin(1986)suggeststhatracialtensionsalsocontributetothemedicalproblemsofBlacks.Inhisview,thestressthatresultsfromracialprejudiceanddiscriminationhelpstoexplainthehigherratesofhypertensionfoundamongAfricanAmericans(andHispanics)comparedtoWhites.(50)Hypertension—twiceascommoninBlacksasinWhites—isbelievedtobeacriticalfactorinBlacks’highmortalityratesfromheartdisease,kidneydisease,andstroke(MorehouseMedicalTreatmentandEffectivenessCenter1999).

SomeMexicanAmericansandmanyotherLatinosadheretoculturalbeliefsthatmakethemlesslikelytousetheestablishedmedicalsystem.TheymayinterprettheirillnessaccordingtotraditionalLatinofolkmedicine,orcuranderismo—aformofholistichealthcareandhealing.

【答案】【參考譯文】

46.非洲裔、西班牙裔和美洲土著等群體的經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境條件惡劣表現(xiàn)在這些群體有很高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。

47.這樣的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果在一定程度上反映了這樣一個事實(shí)，即在美國的底層人群中，黑人比例較高。

48.不幸的是，媒體往往關(guān)注的是明顯的種族主義形式，如仇恨犯罪，而忽視了社會機(jī)構(gòu)中存在的更隱蔽的形式，如醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)。

49.盡管有醫(yī)療保障，黑人、拉丁裔和美洲印第安人在不同的醫(yī)療保險計(jì)劃的平等程度上受到種族歧視和差異的影響。

50.黑人的高血壓發(fā)病率是白人的兩倍，這被認(rèn)為是黑人患心臟病、腎病和中風(fēng)高死亡率的關(guān)鍵因素。

12.單選題

Ifyoukeepgettingwrongnumbers,yourphonecouldbe（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deficient

B.deceptive

C.defective

D.ineffective

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)deficient“不足的；有缺陷的；不充分的”，尤指數(shù)量不足；B選項(xiàng)deceptive“欺詐的；迷惑的；虛偽的”；C選項(xiàng)defective“有缺陷的；不完美的”，尤指質(zhì)量不佳；D選項(xiàng)ineffective“失效的，不起作用的，無效的”。句意：如果你總是打錯電話，你的電話可能是無效的。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

AProfessorstoodbeforehisphilosophyclassandhadsomeitemsinfrontofhim.Whentheclassbegan,wordlessly,hepickedupaverylargeandemptymayonnaisejarandproceededtofillitwithgolfballs.Hethenaskedthestudentsifthejarwasfull.Theyagreedthatitwas.

SotheProfessorthenpickedupaboxofpebblesandpouredthemintothejar.Heshookthejarlightly.Thepebblesrolledintotheopenareasbetweenthegolfballs.Hethenaskedthestudentsagainifthejarwasfull.Theyagreeditwas.

TheProfessornextpickedupaboxofsandandpoureditintothejar.Ofcourse,thesandfilledupeverythingelse.Heaskedoncemoreifthejarwasfull.Thestudentsrespondedwithaunanimous"Yes".

TheProfessorthenproducedtwocansofbeerfromunderthetableandpouredtheentirecontentsintothejar,effectivelyfillingtheemptyspacebetweenthesand.Thestudentslaughed.

“Now,”saidtheProfessor,asthelaughtersubsided,“Iwantyoutorecognizethatthisjarrepresentsyourlife.”

Thegolfballsaretheimportantthings—yourfamily,yourchildren,yourhealth,yourfriends,yourfavoritepassions―thingsthatifeverythingelsewaslostandonlytheyremained,yourlifewouldstillbefull.

Thepebblesaretheotherthingsthatmatterlikeyourjob,yourhouse,yourcar.Thesandiseverythingelse—thesmallstuff."

“Ifyouputthesandintothejarfirst”,hecontinued,"thereisnoroomforthepebblesorthegolfballs.Thesamegoesforlife.Ifyouspendallyourtimeandenergyonthesmallstuff,youwillneverhaveroomforthethingsthatareimportanttoyou.Payattentiontothethingsthatarecriticaltoyourhappiness.Playwithyourchildren.Taketimetogetmedicalcheckups.Takeyourpartnerouttodinner.Playanother18.Therewillalwaysbetimetocleanthehouse,andfixthedisposal.Takecareofthegolfballsfirst,thethingsthatreallymatter.Setyourpriorities.Therestisjustsand."

Whenhehadfinished,therewasaprofoundsilence.Thenoneofthestudentsraisedherhandandwithapuzzledexpression,inquiredwhatwasthebeerrepresented.

TheProfessorsmiled."I’mgladyouasked.Itjustgoestoshowyouthatnomatterhowfullyourlifemayseem,there'salwaysroomforacoupleofbeers."

Lesson:Whenthingsinyourlifeseemalmosttoomuchtohandle,when24hoursinadayarenotenough,rememberthemayonnaisejar...andthebeer.

1.Theprofessorillustratedhispointby（）

.

2.Whentheprofessorpouredthebeerintothejar,thestudentsmostprobablywouldnot（）.

3.Theauthortendstocomparehousecleaningto（

）.

4.Theprofessoremployedthebeertosignify（）.

5.Bywritingthestory,theauthorintendstobe（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.analogy

B.exemplifying

C.punning

D.personification

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.finditunexpected

B.beamazedbyhim

C.appreciatehiswisdom

D.understandhisintension

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thegolfballs

B.thepebbles

C.thesand

D.thebeer

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.trickstomakelifemorebeautiful

B.relaxationnomatterhowfulllifeis

C.thingsthatareunnecessaryfor