考研考博-英語-中國礦業(yè)大學（北京）考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中國礦業(yè)大學（北京）考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes;otherwiseyou______cold.

問題1選項

A.wouldn’thavecaught

B.wouldn’tcatch

C.can’tcatch

D.can’thavecaught

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。otherwise表示“否則，要不然”時，其后的句子應用虛擬語氣。由Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes可知此處是對過去的虛擬，故空格處用過去完成時。句意：你沒有多穿衣服，否則就不會感冒了。因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth;whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillionsmoreareoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases.Obesityisaworldwidephenomenon,affectingchildrenaswellasadultsandforcingallbutthepoorestcountriestodivertscarceresourcesawayfromfoodsecuritytotakecareofpeoplewithpreventableheartdiseaseanddiabetes.

Toreversetheobesityepidemic,wemustaddressfundamentalcauses.Overweightcomesfromconsumingmorefoodenergythanisexpendedinactivity.Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive.Marketeconomiesencouragethis.Theyturnpeoplewithexpendableincomeintoconsumersofaggressivelymarketedfoodsthatarehighinenergybutlowinnutritionalvalue,andofcars,televisionsets,andcomputersthatpromotesedentarybehavior.Gainingweightisgoodforbusiness.Foodisparticularlybigbusinessbecauseeveryoneeats.

Moreover,foodissooverproducedthatmanycountries,especiallytherichones,havefarmorethantheyneed—anotherirony.IntheUnitedStates,totakeanextremeexample,mostadults—ofallages,incomes,educationallevels,andcensuscategories—areoverweight.TheU.S.foodsupplyprovides3,800kilocaloriesperpersonperday,nearlytwiceasmuchasrequiredbymanyadults.Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompeteforsalesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaignsdirectedtowardschildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.Indeed,itisdifficulttothinkofanymajorindustrythatmightbenefitifpeopleatelessfood;certainlynottheagriculture,foodproduct,grocery,restaurant,diet,ordrugindustries.Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployarmiesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibitovereating.

1.Thegreatironyof21stcenturyglobalpublichealthrefersto（）.

2.Toaddressthefundamentalcauseoftheobesityepidemic,accordingtothepassage,is（）.

3.Aswecanlearnfromthepassage,thesecondironyrefersto（）.

4.Asaresultofthethirdirony,people（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeexcludedbasedonthepassage?

問題1選項

A.thecauseofobesityanditscounteractivemeasures

B.theinsufficientandsuperfluousconsumptionoffood

C.thescarcenaturalresourceandthenegligenceoffoodsecurity

D.theconsumptionoffoodandtheincreasedriskofdiet-relateddiseases

問題2選項

A.toimprovepoliticalandeconomicmanagement

B.tocopewiththeenergyimbalanceissue

C.tocombatdiet-relatedchronicdiseases

D.toincreaseinvestmentinglobalhealth

問題3選項

A.affluenceandobesity

B.foodenergyandnutritionalvalue

C.foodbusinessandeconomicprosperity

D.diseasesofcivilizationandpathologyofinactivity

問題4選項

A.consume3800kilocaloriesonadailybasis

B.complainaboutfoodoverproduction

C.havetoraisetheirfoodexpenses

D.aredriventowardsweightgain

問題5選項

A.Theeconomicdimension.

B.Thepoliticaldimension.

C.Thehumanedimension.

D.Thedietarydimension.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由題干關鍵詞定位到文章第一段“Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth;whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillionsmoreareoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases”,這是21世紀全球公共衛(wèi)生的一個巨大諷刺；雖然由于經濟不平等、政治腐敗或戰(zhàn)爭，數以億計的人缺乏足夠的食物，但還有數以億計的人體重過重，已增加了患與飲食有關的慢性疾病的風險。因此D選項符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由題干關鍵詞定位到文章第二段“Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity”,這種失衡的原因同樣具有諷刺意味：繁榮程度的提高，最后一段“Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployarmiesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibitovereating”，當人們吃得更多的時候，所有國家都繁榮昌盛，所有國家都雇傭成群的說客來阻止政府采取任何措施抑制過度飲食。由此可知，要解決肥胖的流行，要從經濟和政治方面進行管理。因此A選項符合題意。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由題干關鍵詞定位到文章第二段“Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive”,這種失衡的原因同樣具有諷刺意味：繁榮程度的提高。人們用額外的收入吃得更多，少做運動。由此可知，人們在變得富裕的同時，卻也有了肥胖癥同樣也是一種諷刺。因此A選項符合題意。

4.細節(jié)事實題。由題干關鍵詞定位到文章最后一段“Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompeteforsalesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaignsdirectedtowardschildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.”，過多的食物迫使公司通過廣告、健康宣傳、新產品、更大的份量和針對兒童的活動來競爭銷售。食品營銷促進體重增加。由此可知，人們在這種食品過剩的大環(huán)境中，被迫攝入過多的熱量，最后體重增加。因此D選項符合題意。

5.細節(jié)事實題。文中并未涉及到人文維度。因此C選項符合題意。

3.單選題

Acensor’sdutyistoensurethatnocontentis（）inpublicationsorfilms.

問題1選項

A.evil

B.obscure

C.obscene

D.opaque

【答案】C

【解析】句意:審查員的職責是確保出版物或電影中沒有淫穢內容。

考查形容詞辨析。evil邪惡的；不幸的；有害的；討厭的；obscure昏暗的；朦朧的；晦澀的；無名的；obscene淫穢的；猥褻的；opaque不透明的；不傳熱的；遲鈍的。因此C符合句意。

4.翻譯題

“Bah!Humbug”,wasScrooge’sopinionofcharitablegivingandeventodaysomeeconomistsreckoncharitygoesagainsteconomicrationality.36.Itisoftenallegedthataltruismisinconsistentwitheconomicrationality,whichassumesthatpeoplebehaveselfishly.Certainly,mucheconomicanalysisisconcernedwithhowindividualsbehave,andhomoeconomicus(economicman)isusuallyassumedtoactinhisorherself-interest.

37.Someeconomicmodelsassumethatself-interestedindividualsbehavealtruisticallybecausetheygetsomebenefit,orutility,fromdoingso.Forinstance,itmaymakethemfeelbetteraboutthemselves,orbeausefulinsurancepolicyagainstsocialunrest.Othereconomicmodelsrelaxthetraditionalassumptionoffullyrationalbehaviorbysimplyassumingthatpeoplesometimesbehavealtruistically,evenifthismaybeagainsttheirself-interest.ThePeaceCorpsisanexample,forpeopleoftengiveuppotentiallylucrativestartstotheircareersorinterruptthemtodogoodworkoverseas.PeoplewhoworkforthePeaceCorpsdosobecausetheywanttoandtokeepthePeaceCorpsdynamicwithfreshideas.38.Sociologistswouldarguethatthereisanaturalinclinationofhumanbeingstoengagethemselvesinhelpingothers,asanaturalinstincttopreservethespecies.Thuspublicdutyisasurvivalact.

Thequestionthenisraisedregardingpoliticalparticipation,whetheritcanbeclassifiedasanactofeconomicrationalityorofaltruism.39.Publicdutymaynotnecessarilymeanduty,althoughitmayincludethatconstantandactivepracticalparticipationinthedetailsofpoliticswithoutwhich,uponthepartofthemostintelligentcitizens,theconductofpublicaffairsfallsunderthecontrolofselfishandignorantorcraftyandvenalmen.Politicsoftenrequiresserviceincommittees,careandtroubleandexpenseofmanykinds,patientenduranceofrebuffs,chagrins,ridicules,disappointments,anddefeats.40.Allthesedutiesandservices,whenselfishlyandmeanlyperformed,stigmatizeamanasamerepolitician,butwhenperformedwithhonestyandvigilance,theybecomegradualbuildingblocks,stonebystoneandlayerbylayer,ofanationofself-restrainedliberty.

【答案】36.經濟學家聲稱，利他主義與經濟理性背道而馳，因為后者假定人們行為自私。

37.一些經濟模型假設，利己主義者之所以表現(xiàn)出利他行為，是因為他們從中獲得了一些利益或效用。例如，讓他們自我感覺更好，或者有效防止社會動蕩。

38.社會學家認為人類有一種幫助別人的自然傾向，這是保護同類的自然本能。因此，公共義務是一種生存行為。

39.雖然公共義務有時包括持續(xù)和積極參與政治事務，但是公共義務不一定意味著義務。

40.如果帶著私心和惡意履行責任和提供服務，那就玷污了這份職業(yè)，徒留政客的名聲。但是如果帶著真誠與嚴謹，這些行為就會一點一滴、層層遞進地建構自我約束下的自由國家。

5.填空題

Actingissuchanovercrowdedprofessionthattheonlyadvicethatshouldbegiventoayoungpersonthinkingofgoingonthestageis"Don't!"Butitisuselesstotrytodiscouragesomeone（1）feelsthathemustact,althoughthechancesofhisbecomingfamousare（2）.Thenormalwaytobeginistogotoadramaschool.Usuallyonlystudentswhoshowpromiseand（3）areaccepted,andthecourselaststwoyears.Thentheyoung（4）oractresstakesupworkwithaplaycompany,usuallyasassistantstagemanager.Thismeans（5）everythingthatthereistodointhetheatre:paintingscenery,lookingafterthefurniture,takingcareoftheclothes,andevenactinginverysmallparts.Itisvery（6）workindeed,thehoursarelongandthesalaryistiny.Butyoungactorswiththestageintheirbloodare（7）,waitingforthechanceofworkingwithabettercompany,orperhapsinfilmsortelevision.

Ofcourse,somepeoplehaveunusualchances,whichleadto（8）andsuccess（9）thislonganddulltraining.ConniePratt,forexample,wasjustanordinarygirlworkinginabicyclefactory.Afilmproducerhappenedto（10）sightofheronemorningwaitingatabusstop,ashe（11）pastinhisbigcar.Hetoldthebusdrivertostop,andhegotouttospeaktothegirl.Heaskedher（12）shewouldliketogotothefilmcompanytodoatest,andatfirstshethoughthewasjoking.Thenshegotangryandsaidshewouldcallthepolice.Ittooktheproducer（13）minutestotellConniethathewasserious.Thenanappointmentwasmadeforhertogotothecompanythenextday.Thetestwassuccessful.Theygavehersomenecessarylessonsandwithinafewweeksshewasplayingtheleading（14）inafilm,whichmadeherwell-knownovernight（15）thecountry.Ofcourse,shewasgivenadramaticname,whichisnowworldfamous.Butchanceslikethishappenonceinabluemoon!

【答案】1.who

2.small

3.talent

4.actor

5.doing

6.hard

7.happy

8.fame

9.without

10.catch

11.drove

12.if

13.twenty

14.part

15.throughout

【解析】1.后文“feelsthathemustact”為someone的后置定語，此處缺關系代詞，故選“who”。

2.整句話的含義為：試圖阻止那些自認為他必須演戲的人是沒用的，盡管成名的機會…“Although”表轉折關系，由此可推斷“成名機會很小”符合邏輯，故選“small”。

3.“and”表并列，故此處應選擇與“promise希望”同類名詞，選項中“talent天賦”符合要求。

4.“or或者”表并列，故此處應選擇與“actress女演員”的同類名詞，故選“actor男演員”。

5.“meandoingsth.意味著做某事”，故此處選“doing”。

6.前文提到作為舞臺監(jiān)督助理需要承擔的一系列工作，以及后文提到工作時間長，薪水少，可知“這份工作很辛苦”，故選“hard辛苦的”。

7.“But但是”表轉折，此處填入的詞應與前文“辛苦的工作”形成反差，“happy”符合邏輯，整句話的含義為：但是這些將演戲融入自己血液的年輕人是快樂的，他們在等待機會去一個更好的公司或者出演電影電視。故選“happy”。

8.“and”表并列，此處應選擇與“success成功”同類名詞，故選“fame名氣”。

9.前文提到“有些人因獲得不尋常的機會而成名”和后文普通女孩ConniePratt的例子可知她“沒有經過漫長且枯燥的訓練”，故選“without沒有”。

10.“catchsightofsb.看見某人”為固定短語，故選“catch”。

11.后文提到“inhisbigcar在他的大車中”，可推測此處應選擇與“車子”相關的詞，“drivepast”即“駕車駛過”，符合原文，本句描述過去發(fā)生的事件，故選drive的過去式“drove”。

12.根據語境及整句話含義“他問她（ConniePratt）…想去電影公司做測試，開始ConniePratt覺得他在開玩笑…”推斷此處選“if是否”。

13.由下文“minutes分鐘”可知這里需要選擇一個描述時間的量詞，故選數詞“twenty”。

14.“playtheleadingpart擔任主角”為固定短語，“part”此處為“角色”的意思。

15.“throughoutthecountry全國”為固定短語，故選“throughout遍及”。

6.單選題

Manisrealizingthattheoceansare（）controllingfactorsintheweather.

問題1選項

A.arelevant

B.aninfluential

C.aninseparable

D.aprincipal

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項relevant“相關的；切題的；中肯的”；B選項influential“有影響力的；有勢力的”；C選項inseparable“不可分割的；不能分離的”；D選項principal“主要的；資本的；n.校長；資本”。句意：人類正意識到，海洋是天氣的……的控制因素。七分海洋，三分大陸。根據常理可知應是影響天氣的主要因素。故選D。

7.單選題

Theaddictivenatureofonlinegamblinghasforcedmany______garnerstoseektreatment.

問題1選項

A.sedative

B.fortified

C.compulsive

D.impulsive

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項sedative“鎮(zhèn)靜劑”；B選項fortified“（在物質或精神上）加強”；C選項compulsive“欲罷不能的”；D選項impulsive“易沖動的”。句意：在線賭博成癮的基本特征迫使許多______的賭徒尋求治療。這里的賭徒對賭博上癮，不能控制自己停下賭博，C選項compulsive“欲罷不能的”形容他們符合題意。因此C選項正確。

8.填空題

IranintoWangTaoandLiSan（1）thetradefairinMunbaiinFebruary.I（2）seenthemsince2007（3）ofthemliketheirnewjobs,but（4）wantstostayinShenzhenmuchlonger.

【答案】1.at

2.Haven’t

3.Both

4.neither

【解析】1.語法題。此處應該用介詞at。Atthetradefair在交易會上。

2.

語法題。此處有提示詞since,所以此處表示

“自從2007年來,就沒見過他們了”,因此用現(xiàn)在完成時的否定haven’t

done。

3.語義題。此處填both(兩者都…)符合句意。

4.語義題。Neither表示“都不”。

9.翻譯題

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.1.With（thegapbetween）thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.2.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpense.Offeringupsuchatheoryduringatimeofhightensionbetweenscientificandreligiousmindswasbrandedasheresy,andanysuchhereticsthatcontinuedtospreadtheseliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.GalileowasexcommunicatedbytheChurchandimprisonedforlifeforhisastronomicalobservationsandhissupportoftheheliocentricprinciple.

3.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtostrong-armthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists,moreexplanationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmade,andataratethatthepeople-includingtheChurch-couldnolongerignore.Itwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewkindofphilosophyfoundedinreasonwasborn.

TheChurch'slong-standingdogmawaslosingthegreatbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.ThisveryfactembodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEuropeduringmostofthe17thcentury.4.Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld.TheRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera-theAgeofReason.

The17thand18thcenturiesweretimesofradicalchangeandcuriosity.Scientificmethod,reductionismandthequestioningofChurchidealswastobeencouraged,aswereideasofliberty,toleranceandprogress.5.SuchactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase'sapereaude'or'daretoknow',afterImmanuelKantuseditinhisessayAnAnswertotheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?Itwasthepurposeandresponsibilityofgreatmindstogoforthandseekoutthetruth,whichtheybelievedtobefoundedinknowledge.

【答案】1.【參考譯文】由于文藝復興時期教會的教義和思維方式之間的差距被消除，中世紀和現(xiàn)代時期之間的差距得以彌合，導致了新的和未開發(fā)的知識領域。

2.【參考譯文】每個啟示出現(xiàn)之前，當時的許多思想家都采用更為古老的思維方式，包括地心說的觀點，該觀點認為地球是我們宇宙的中心。

3.【參考譯文】盡管教堂做出許多嘗試去壓制新一代的邏輯學家和理性主義者，但是更多對于宇宙是如何運作的探索正在以人們難以忽視的速度進行著。

4.【參考譯文】正當很多人致力于嘗試把推理和科學哲理融入到世界時，文藝復興結束了，而此時一個新的時代到來了。

5.【參考譯文】這些探索知識并且理解已知信息的行為可以用拉丁文“sapereaude”或英文“daretoknow”描述。

10.單選題

Youshouldn'tdodamagetothisgrassland.It'snotyourpersonalbelongings.It（）thestategovernment.

問題1選項

A.belongsto

B.isbelongedto

C.belongedto

D.isbelongingto

【答案】A

【解析】句意:你不應該破壞這片草地。這不是你的私人物品。它屬于州政府。

語法題?？疾闀r態(tài)。此句應該用一般現(xiàn)在時，belongto表示“屬于”。因此A正確。

11.單選題

Wehadnowaytomeasuretheexactdistancewehadtraveled,butwethoughtitwas（）tenmiles.

問題1選項

A.apparently

B.appraisably

C.appropriately

D.approximately

【答案】D

【解析】句意:我們無法精確測量我們所走的距離，但我們認為大約是十英里。

考查副詞辨析。apparently明顯地；appraisably可評估地；appropriately合適地;approximately近似地。根據前半句句意“我們無法精確測量我們所走的距離”以及“十英里”可知D符合句意。

12.單選題

Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto（）furtherresearch.

問題1選項

A.stimulate

B.originate

C.renovate

D.endorse

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項stimulate“刺激；鼓舞；激發(fā)”；B選項originate“引起；創(chuàng)作”；C選項renovate“更新；修復；革新；刷新”；D選項endorse“背書；贊同”。句意：科學理論的一個重要特性是它激發(fā)進一步研究的能力。根據句意，A選項正確。

13.單選題

Thephonehasrungsooftentodaythatitisbecomea/an（

）.

問題1選項

A.interruption

B.frustration

C.distress

D.nuisance

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析題。A選項interruption“中斷，干擾”；B選項frustration“挫折”；C選項distress“危難，不幸”；D選項nuisance“麻煩事”。句意：今天電話響了很多次，真煩人。選項D符合句意。

14.單選題

Mrs.Blackfindsthatherpianohasalwayshadthemagicpoweroftakingherawayfromthegrimrealitiesofdailylifeand（

）hertofairylandofherownonceshestartedtoplay.

問題1選項

A.transforming

B.transporting

C.transplanting

D.transcending

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。transform“改變，使……變形”；transport“運輸；流放;使狂喜"；transplant“移植；移栽；使移居”；transcend“勝過，超越”。句意：布萊克太太發(fā)現(xiàn)只要她一彈鋼琴，自己就會被這架有魔法的鋼琴從現(xiàn)實世界帶入到自己的仙境。選項B符合題意。

15.單選題

Incalculatingthedailycalorierequirementsforanindividual,variationsinbodysize,physicalactivityandageshouldbe（）.

問題1選項

A.broughtintopractice

B.takenintoaccount

C.thrownlighton

D.lookeddownupon

【答案】B

【解析】bringintopractice實行；takeintoaccount考慮；throwlighton照亮，闡明，使……顯得清楚；lookdownupon看不起。句意：在計算個人每日所需熱量時，應考慮到體型、體力活動和年齡的變化。選項B符合句意。

16.單選題

Ihopethatwecanagreetotakeanunifiedapproachtodealingwiththeoppositiontoourprojectproposal.Weneedtocoordinateourefforts.

問題1選項

A.hopethatwecanagree

B.takeanunified

C.todealing

D.efforts

E.沒有錯誤

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。B項去掉冠詞an。takeunifiedapproach采取一致的手段。

17.單選題

—Iwillbewaitingforyouathome.

—______Iwerebusyandcouldn’tcome?

問題1選項

A.Whatif

B.Whatwhen

C.Howif

D.Howwhen

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A項whatif“假使……將會怎么樣”，B項whatwhen沒有這個用法，C項howif一般都會分開使用，即how…if…表示“如果……將會怎么樣”，D項howwhen也沒有這個用法。根據句子情景可知，A項符合語境。句意：我在家等你。如果我很忙不能來怎么辦？因此，該題選擇A項正確。

18.單選題

Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”,andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.D.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fighting,andsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.

Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,oforevenofearth'sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomesinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderofhardnessandseethesocialsciencesasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitanditsrecord-keepingistrivialascomparedwiththerichrecordsofthesocialsystems,oreventhelimitedrecordsofbiologicalsystems.Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatweseedistantthingsastheywerelongago,arelimitedintheextreme.

Eveninregardtosuchacloseneighborasthemoon,whichwehaveactuallyvisited,theoriesaboutitsoriginandhistoryareextremelydifferent,contradictory,andhardtochooseamong.Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandhighlyinsecure.

1.Theauthorbelievesthatourknowledgeofsocialsystemsismoresecurethanthatofphysicalsystemsbecause______.

2.Thechancesofthephysicalsciencesbeingsubjecttogreatchangesarethebiggestbecause______.

3.Weknowlessabouttheastronomicaluniversethanwedoaboutanysocialsystembecause______.

問題1選項

A.therecordsofsocialsystemsaremorereliable

B.itisbasedonafairlyrepresentativequantityofdata

C.newdiscoveriesarelesslikelytooccurinsocialsciences

D.itisnotbasedonpersonalexperience

問題2選項

A.newinformationisconstantlycomingin

B.ourknowledgeofthephysicalworldisinaccurate

C.thedirectionoftheirdevelopmentisdifficulttopredict

D.contradictorytheorieskeepemergingallthetime

問題3選項

A.theoriesofitsoriginandhistoryarevaried

B.ourknowledgeofitishighlyinsecure

C.onlyaverysmallsampleofithasbeenobserved

D.fewscientistsareinvolvedinthestudyofastronomy

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。文章第一段提到盡管我們對社會制度的認識在許多方面不準確，但也不太可能被新的發(fā)現(xiàn)徹底推翻（Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries），由此可知選項A“關于社會制度的記錄更為可靠”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。文章第二段第一句話提到我們對于天文宇宙（屬于自然科學）甚至地球地質歷史的圖像形象都很容易發(fā)生受到革命性的變化，因為會不斷有新的數據和理論出現(xiàn)來推翻之前的理論（Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,oforevenofearth'sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomesinandnewtheoriesareworkedout），由此可知自然科學之所以不斷變化是因為時刻有不同的理論出現(xiàn)，選項D符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章第二段倒數第一句話提到人類對于天文宇宙的記錄是非常有限的（Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatweseedistantthingsastheywerelongago,arelimitedintheextreme），所以人們對天文宇宙的了解很少。選項D符合題意。

19.不定項選擇題

Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecoverysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,wherehighratesofheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,however,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceeruptivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspontaneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.

Asaresultofrecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichinvolvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebeingdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDR’sartificialstimulationwillberequiredtocreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycirculationofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.

TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludedcrustalrockthatishotterthan150°C,isatdepthslessthantenkilometersandcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughwellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasible,prevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslydeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100°Cmaybeusefulforspaceheating(heatingofspacesespeciallyforhumancomfortbyanymeans(asfuel,electricity,orsolarradiation)withtheheatereitherwithinthespaceorexternaltoit);however,forproducingelectricity,temperaturesgreaterthan200°Caredesirable.

Thegeothermalgradient,whichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachadesiredtemperature,isamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermalresources.Temperaturegradientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattrappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.(Therearemanyareas,however,forwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsexist.)

IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.Ifweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2percentisrecoverable,wefindatotalofallthecoalremainingintheUnitedStates.Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeper,hotter,morecostlywellsandshallower,cooler,lessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproduct,electricityand/orheat.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.

2.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearina________.

3.Accordingthepassage,anaveragegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthcanbeusedto________.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheavailabilityoftemperature-depthrecordsforanyspecificareaintheUnitedStatesdependsprimarilyonthe________.

問題1選項

A.warntheusersofcoalandoilthatHDR’sarenotaneconomicallyfeasiblealternative

B.alertreaderstotheexistenceofHDR’sasanavailableenergysource

C.encouragetheuseofnewtechniquesfortherecoveryofenergyfromundergroundhotwaterandsteam

D.documentthechallengesthathavebeensurmountedintheefforttorecoverenergyfromHDR

問題2選項

A.technicaljournalarticleconcernedwiththerecoverabilityofnewlyidentifiedenergysources

B.petrologicalresearchreportfocusedonthehistoryoftemperature-depthrecordsintheUnitedStates

C.consumerreportdescribingtheextentandaccessibilityofremainingcoalresources

D.congressionalreporturgingtheconservationofoilandnaturalgasreservesintheUnitedStates

問題3選項

A.providecomparisonsbetweenhotwaterandHDRenergysourcesintheUnitedStates

B.balancetheeconomicsofHDRenergyretrievalagainstthatofundergroundhotwaterorsteamrecoverysystems.

C.revisetheestimatesontheextentofremainingcoalresourcesintheUnitedStates

D.estimatethetotalHDRresourcebaseintheUnitedStates

問題4選項

A.historyofsuccessfulhotwaterorsteamrecoveryeffortsinthatarea

B.possibilitythatHDR’smaybefoundinthatarea

C.failureofinhabitantstoconserveoilorgasreservesinthatarea

D.existenceofpreviousattemptstoobtainoilorgasinthatarea

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。A選項“提醒那些使用煤炭或者石油的人熱干石不是很經濟的替代品”；B選項“提醒讀者熱干石是一個可用的能源”；C選項“鼓勵使用新技術，從地下熱水和蒸汽中回收能量”；D選項“記錄在從HDR中回收能源的努力中已經克服的挑戰(zhàn)”。根據題干定位到第一段第一句Theenergycontain