The Impact of Sino-US Cultural Differences on Business Manner 英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文

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目TheCulturalDifferencesonBusinessManner專(zhuān)

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英語(yǔ)辦學(xué)形式：年姓學(xué)

級(jí)：級(jí)名：號(hào)：指導(dǎo)教師：教師單位：教學(xué)單位：完成日期：201010月Contents摘ⅠⅡIntroductionPartOne.Review1Ⅰ.toculture1DefinitionCulturaltheirrootsⅡ.tobusinessmanner3Definitionbusiness3Rootof4PartofSino-USculturalon4Ⅰ.knockingupanacquaintance4Personalspace5AddressingExchanging6Ⅱ.dining-tablemannerDrinkingWordsinbanquetsTablewareSeating9Ⅲ.modeof10IntegrationandsegmentationSpiraland10Ⅳ.valueconceptandindependenceModestyprivacyⅤ.1416Notes17BibliographyAcknowledgement中美化的差對(duì)商禮儀的響摘作為世界上兩大重要的國(guó)家和主要的貿(mào)易合作伙伴，如今中美兩國(guó)的商務(wù)活動(dòng)越來(lái)越頻繁。然而，當(dāng)兩國(guó)進(jìn)行貿(mào)易時(shí)，受文化差異的影響所產(chǎn)生的商務(wù)禮儀的不同是一個(gè)不可忽視的問(wèn)題。如果不了解對(duì)方國(guó)家的文化禮儀，兩國(guó)的商務(wù)進(jìn)程很可能會(huì)失敗。因此，掌握各國(guó)的商務(wù)禮儀知識(shí)是十分必要的，而且在進(jìn)行貿(mào)易活動(dòng)之前對(duì)這些差異進(jìn)行研究也是十分值得的。在本文中先對(duì)禮儀做出了定義和概念介紹其基本的觀點(diǎn)然后再進(jìn)行深入了解。但是本文的重心則從五個(gè)方面分析中美兩國(guó)商務(wù)禮儀的差異，包括首次見(jiàn)面時(shí)的禮儀，餐桌禮儀，由于時(shí)間、價(jià)值觀念不同看法，和思維方式的差異帶來(lái)的禮儀。本文的寫(xiě)作目的是幫助兩國(guó)的商人了解彼此禮儀的差異使他們能夠在商務(wù)進(jìn)程中做出體舉，并盡可能地取得成功。關(guān)詞

：文差異，商務(wù)禮儀，影響ITheofSino-USCulturalDifferencesonBusinessMannerAbstracttwoimportantcountriesinthemajortradepartners,activitiesChinaUSarebecomingHowever,thebusinessacrossthemannerwhichcausedbyculturaldifferencescannotTherefore,processofbusinesscaneasilybecauseofaofunderstandingatheofrespectivebusinessmanneranditisworthtimeinvestigatepriorstartingInthesis,basicconceptsreviewedgiveageneralandmoremakeadeeperofit.Butthethesisisthethetwofiveaspects,includingknockingupacquaintance,concept,conceptmodeTheofwritingispeoplebothandAmericathemannerdifferences,andtheycanbehaveproperlyinofbusinessdealsKeywordsdifferences,IIThedevelopmentoftechnologymakingworldsmaller.Therefore,amongcountriesisbecomingclosercloser,betweenAmerica.thedevelopmentofthemostisbusinessactivitiesbetweenthetwocountriesbecomingofthedifferentbackgrounds,values,religiousbeliefsduetoculturalthediffersfromeachother,whichleadsconflictsandfrictionsinbusiness.IntheknowwellinculturesbusinessmannerChinaAmerica.Infollowingculturaldifferencesandtheirinfluenceoneachcountry’smannerondifferentsystematicallyBesides,thetodifferencesmannerhowfortheinbothAmericathosedifferences.PartOne.LiteraturePresently,peoplehaverealizedimportanceofbusinessthusscholarsengageinstudyinginthisfield.studiestheimpactofSino-USreviewtheoffromaspectsculturemannerisindispensable.Ⅰ.Theoriesrelatedculture1.Definitionofculturearedefinitionsofclassicdefinitionwasputforward100Taylor,well-knownBritishanthropologist,1whodefinedcultureas“thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,law,custom,andanycapabilitiesacquiredbyasof①.”areotherdefinitionsfromperspectives,weconcernedwiththosewhichunderstandingofbetweencultureHofstede,expertonmanagementcross-culturaldifferences,definedcultureas“thecollectiveprogrammingtheminddistinguishesthemembersofonehumangroupfromanother…Culture,inthissense,includessystemsof，thebuildingblocksofculture.Fromthispointofview,weseethataofwhichbyagroupofBythoseincanjudgewhatisright,desirable.2.CulturaldifferencestheirItpeopleacrossnationshaveandbeliefs.“Membersofdifferentcultureslookdifferentlyattheworldaroundthem.SomethatphysicalworldisOthersbelievethatitisanSomebelieveeverythingthemispermanentotherssayitistransient.theforallpeople

②.”Forinstance,ageishighlyrespectedinYoungaretaughttorespectoldwhenarecontrary,encouragethosewhoarequalifiedandcompetentregardlessofagetheyoungdon'toldinsamewayasdo.cultureconsideredbewhereascultureisbycollective.WhydifferbetweentwoToshouldexploretherootsofAmericancultureandChineseone.“IntheUnited2States,itisestimatedthatofthepopulationisChristian.”ChristiansbelieveinwhoalmightyandCreatorofeverything,earth,theyconfidentlymuchimportancetoindividualism.WhileinChina,ConfucianismaphilosophicthoughtthathasnotonlyinChinabutalsointhewholeEastfor2,500“Confucianismbeconceivedinvolvingsixcore(a)moralcultivation,(b)ofinterpersonalfamilyrespectforand(e)ofconflictneedfor(f)conceptofAccordingtothisthought,individualismnegativemeanings.ItstressesonpeaceAllhaveshapedinfluenceofConfuciancanstillbeeverywhereinChina.Withsomanyculturaldifferences,eachcountry’sbusinessmannerdifferfromother.Ⅱ.Theoriesrelatedmanner1.DefinitionofbusinessmannerBeforediscussingthedefinitionofwetheword,manner.toakindofstandardizedinhuman’scontactscommunicationsmeansmorethanpoliteness.Hereisaofmannerasfollows:“meansformalrulesofpolitebehaviorinsocietyamongmembersofaprofession.”businesscanbenormsthatbeabidedbyintheiractivitiesInhebusinessasfollows:Businessmanneriscriteriaalongwithexpressionandbehaviors,indifferentsituationabidedbytwoorbywhichtheyexpresstheirrecognition,showtheirtoeachexchangeeachintoestablish3friendlyand2.RootandChina,asoforientalculture,areputationofthemannerInChina,istocourtesyceremony.AsearlyasinHandynasty,therewerethreegreatworks,called“threeli”,-li,Chou-liLi-ji,whichainfluenceChinesesociety.AmericahistoryismannerThemannerwasoriginatedFrench“”,whoseoriginalmeaninglaissezinnotinbutincommunitytheyabidebysomenormsregulations.Somannerbecamelaissez-passerofTherefore,manneras.That’swhyAmericansdon’tsomuchmannerChinesedo.PartTwo.ofculturaldifferencesbeliefs,arefromtoWithsuchculturalbetweenChinaAmerica,themannerofdifferentbeyondspecificdifferenceswilldiscussedfromfiveaspectsasfollows.Ⅰ.Onknockingacquaintance1.Greetingcanberoughlydividedintogreetings.itsayingsomething,greetthroughfacialexpressionorasor4shakingItismanneralloverworldthatgreeteachwhentheortheyusetoInAmerica,peopleeachotherassimpleas:“helloor“howareyou?”or“goodmorning”,“goodafternoon”accordingthetime.ThesearequitedifferentfromourChina’sgreetings.Takeanexample,anewAmericanteacherinChinawasridinginheaChineseTheChineseedhim:“haveyouhadyourdinner?OfcourseitisjustacommonChinesegreetingaroundmealtime.Buttheteacherandsaid:“I’mgoingto.Let’sgo.Butthestudenthadwalkaway,leavingword:“goodbye.”Theteacherfeltgreetingmightmean:“Ihaven’teither.Comeon.Let’sgotoeatsomethingtogether.”Thatistosay,ifwegreetAmericanslikethis,theywillconsiderwegivethemanTheothergreetingininaisthat:“Whereareyougoing?ThisisalsoanAmerican.putmuchemphasisittheir2.spacePersonalspacevariablefromperson,dependingonthegender,culturalthepeoplewithwhomcommunicating.China,withaspacethatofAmericans.thinkacanfriendshipbetweenpeople.Butwhenconversingwiththeoppositesex,thedistanceishaveconventionalonAccordingshouldabetweenmenwomen.3.Inactivities,sensibletoothers5toaInChina,oraddressing,completeisacceptable.titleimportant.titlesisofrinChina.Forexample,it’spropertoaddresssomeoneMr.Zhang,butit’sbettertoaddresshimasChiefZhangifheischiefofaChinesealwaysavoidcallingbytheirfirstnames,theyforuseoffirstnameafirstmeetingconsideredasanactdisrespect.Comparatively,AmericansTheybelievethatancasualaddressingdemonstratesfriendlinesssincerity.Theyfeeltofollowtheprescribedmannerinformalsituations.forAmericansalwayscallsomeonebyorfirstname,fortitlesstatus.thinkanactfriendshipgoodwill.inbetweenChinatheUnitedInChinesetraditionalculture,peopleconsiderthat’savirtuetorespecttheold.“Theold”standsforsomebodywhoisfullofknowledgeandexperience.SoinChina,peopleoftencallsomeone“old”toshowtheirrespect.ButinAmerica,ittotallydifferent.Americanculturespeakshighlytheyouthrathertheold.Inminds,youthsymboloffuture,hopeandallofaredecliningold.Relatively,theoldwhonotrespectedpeople.Therefore,Americanstrytoavoidsayingtheword“oldNomatteroryoung,theyliketocallsomeonehisorherdirectly.4.businesscardTheisincommunication,especiallyonIt’sprintedwiththepersonalname,company’sinformation,phonenumberandaddressitusedasanfromdifferent6differently.withatendtoitwithrespectPeopleofferandreceiveitwithbothlookingatitcarefullyfororfivethenitcautiouslyandrespectfully.Sometimescounterpart’sbusinessafterofferingsituationinAmericaisoftotallyanotherkind.Manymenbywayofcard.itChinesepolitelyoffertheircardbothAmericans,themayputitintopocketsatonceortossontothedeskimmediatelywithoutaglance.That’sAmericanisaninformalTheylikedointheinformalcasualthinktheisnottheyⅡ.Ondining-tablemannerofbusinessactivitiesonnotonlyinblandofficeenvironment,alsothesocialrestaurants,on.Theofwithcounterpartsisnotonlyadinner,butalsoaprolongationofSino-USculturaltherearealotdifferencesindining-tablebetweentwoTherefore,it’snecessarytoinordertospeakproperlywhiledining.1.DrinkingcultureisthepartofChineseculture.AsChineseatypicalcollectiveSomost.They’ttalkalotbusinessadinner,butdrinktoastestablishacloseHowmuchyoudrinkusuallymeanshowsincereare.TheChinesetoast“ganbei”literallymeans“emptyglass”.However,thetraditionofemptyingglasscan7beacceptedbyontypicalindividualisticofisnotasimportantthatinChina.valuetimeefficiencymostimportant.SoalwaysbusinessdiningAlthoughtheyalsoestablishrelationshipinatheydrinkbutalotbusiness.SomethatChinesewayofevenaofTherefore,fromtwonotfamiliarwiththeymaywellmakeorembarrassments.isajokebetweenChineseandAmericanbusinessAChinesejustupcontractwithanAndinvitedthoseforabanquetDuringthetobottomuptilleveryonedrunk,thoughAmericanssaidtheycouldn’tdrinkseveraltimes.ThenthextdaywhentheChinesewenttowheretheymeetforsecondroundofnegotiation,theycouldn’tfindtheAmericans.Afterwaitingalongtime,theycalledonerepresentativewhosaid:“we’reterriblysorrybutwe’rstillinthebed.Bywereallythefoodinbanquet,butwecanneveraffordtoomuchdrinktime,please.”2.Intaughtbefrommodestyconsideredavirtue.Chinesepeoplearepassionatehospitable.Whenancomeforalwaysprepareafulltableofdeliciousdishesbutstillsay:“I’msorry,butthereareonlyafewdishes.Pleasehelpyourself.”TheAmericanissurprised:“sincetherehavebeenmanydishes,whydoeshestillsayafew?”Duringthedinner,thehostpersuadesthe8guesttoeatmoretimes.Andlater,whentheyfinish,thehostwilladd“excuseme,thedinnerisnotnice.Conversely,theinAmericaiscompletelyAmericansarewiththeChinesemodestyTheyvaluehonorandseldomservealotofdishestheysomeonetoButtheyaresosatisfiedwiththattheysay:“thisismybestdishesIcanofferyou.Enjoyyourself.”ChinesearetoodirectHowever,ittheAmericanstyle.midofricanhostneveradddishtotheguest’splateatwillbeforeask:“wouldyoulikesomemore…?”3.TablewareTablewareisasmalldifferencebetweenthetwocountries’mannerand’seasytolearn.Inpeoplecutmeat,otherwithwhichisintherighthandforkininChina,foodriceflour-madealsouseaspoontodrinklikeAmericans4.SeatingSeatingisaveryimportantofdining-tablemanner,onSeatingisnotastheitself.itisawaytoexpressone’srespect,ortoshowone’spowerorstatus,ortodemonstratedifferentinmanyCultureeventhemannertheinseatingInChina,usuallyseatmostatthebesideInmostcases,usefordinner.sometimestheyusesquareandarrangeseatingonleftoforfacingtoexpressifaremen9thetrytothesextogether.forhavedifferentseatingarrangement.Theytalkwithpeoplethem,whichwillmakefeelasifwereontrial.Intheyuseasquarefordinnerseatattotheirhonor.ThedifferentthatAmericansoftenavoidseatingtwoortheyrespectwomenmoreⅢ.Onmodeofthedifferencesbetweeninenvironment,religion,customeachcountryhasitsmodeofthinkingcharacterizedbynationalfeatures.1.IntegrationsegmentationofoftheofthinkingbetweentheUnitedcomparisonofsegmentation.Chineseputemphasisonintegration.is,Chinesetendanalyzefromentirety.Althoughtheydividethingstheaspectsregardedanunity.ItisofthefeaturethatChineseoftendofromwholetofromgeneralForexample,inbusiness,theyputtheprincipleasfirstconsiderationandgetintotheforAmericans,bylinearindividualismsmallunity.Unlikeliketoawholethingupintoseveralpartsanalyzeitoneby2.SpirallinearChinesemodeWhencomingtoaprefertotalkitratherdirectly.Quitetheysayto10thetruthofideaevenitisaunderstandablesometimes.Especiallytheytoexpressdisagreement,tenditinanindirect,ambiguousandroundaboutway.Theysay“no”directlybutinanacceptablemanner.Fortheysay“we’rereallysorry,butwefindit’sverydifficulttoacceptyourtermsdueto”ortheyusesomeindirecthints,suchas“maybe“perhaps”,“inconvenient”and“Iwillconsiderit”,whichmaymean“impossible”inChineseculture.Therefore,it’shardforforeignersunderstandChinesepeopletheydon’texploreimplicativemeaning.otherhand,Americanofthinkinglinearone.Americanspreferdirectnessandbluntexpressions.Whatevertheysay,theydon’tliketotalkavagueandwaybecausetheythatwayofisgooddoingForexample,inbusinessask“franklyspeaking,whatisthebottomline?”andtheydon’tunderstandthetheyalsoalwayssaydirectly“donotbeataroundthebush”or“gettothepoint”.Furthermore,Americansareinclinedtosay“no”directly.TheyneverhidetheirdisagreementintheirdeepasChineseAllthoseinitevenWeseetheimportanceofdifferencefromflowingIthowanAmericansuccessfullydealswithhiscounterpartdifferentofAU.S.companyhadfromGermanbuyertosellinWhenfirstwasthereaThebuyernotwanttothatthethewouldnotbeacceptabletocustomer.Inapproachbetellthemanufacturerthatthewerethatproblemhadbefixed.However,in11suchdirectconfrontationwouldbeHeputindifficultsituation,inChinesecultureindirectexpressionimportantinresolvingifhedidhispartnerwouldbicycleshisbuyerwouldrejectthem.FinallymanagerwentChineseinspectedthebicycles,roundround.Therattled.assemblynotthefinishedproducts.theygotchancetoittheylookingeachAtthismomentabouttherattle,“Isthisrattlenormal?Doallthebikesrattle?DoyouthinktheGermanbuyerwillthinkthereissomethingwrongthebikeifrattles?”thenheleft.TheAmericanthathehaddrawnenoughoftheChinesemanufacturerstheyimmediatelyproblem.thenextofbikesInthiscase,hedidnpointtheproblemdirectly.IfhehemayirritateChinesethedealmaydown,thewithGermantheofmodeofthinkingthatthemanageracquires,hesolvesproblemsuccessfully.Ⅳ.Onconceptwithinfield.Allbeing’sthinking,experiences,behaviorsareonthebasisofvalueconcept.Whiledifferenthasdifferent1.independencementionedabove,Chinesecultureisculture,socollectivecomesfirst.isbycontributiontoAshouldbothforhimselfandothersandwholesocietywell.ofemphasizetheimportanceof12ofharmoniouswithdedicationasanothervirtue.Theyholdoffriendship,mutualconcernimportant.Soorewillingtohearothers’mattersandtotelltheirpersonalthingstoothers.Therefore,it’sunderstandablethatwhenpeoplefromotherdowithpeople,theypassionatehospitable.contrary,Americanisanindividualisticculture.Theyhavestrongsenseofself-central,independence.alwaysfirstforhimself.Theirlivingwayqualitytotallyontheirability.AnAmericanLarrywhostudiesculturalcommunication,said:“Inwesternculture,isItistheinitialandwhichmayeverythinginAmerica.”Therefore,inbusinessactivities,Ameraccustomedneitherhelpingnoraccepting’help.Becausehelpingothersinitiativelybethoughttodisparageacceptingtheirinability.2.ModestyandChinesehavequalityofface,honor,integrityfriendship.Intoownthisshouldacttoexternalexpectationrathertotheirwilldesires.InthispeopleseldomboasttheyregardaWhentheydenyEspeciallybusinessactivities,usuallyrefuseonanachievementbecauseachievementtheitisowingtoothershelp.ButinAmerica,it’sdifferent.Amevalueoncompetition,challengeandachievements.asasymbolofmentalsanity.Inbusinessactivities,theytrytothemofftake13theinitiativemakespeech,regardlessothers’opinion.Whentheygetanachievement,theytheirfeelingsofhonor.Andwhenevertheygottheywillacceptitconfidentlyareplyof“thankyou”andasmile.Theydon’tlikeChineseilityself-forinAmericanseyes,itnotonlydeniestheirownability,butalsotheothers’percipient.3.Inpeopleareinterdependent.Theymuchonfriendship.ToestablishlikethethingsthecounterpartForexample,alwaysevenattheirfirstmeeting,others’age,occupation,income,marriage,familyandsoon.personalprivacyvalues.Theyrespectthemselvesanddon’tallowotherstointerfereintheirownaffairs.ThereisasayinginAmericawhichcanthispoint:“Goflyyourkite.”O(jiān)ne’spersonalaffairsareapartofone’spersonalForexample,it’simpolitetoaskanAmerican’sincomebecausethatbelongstotheirprivacy.Americanconceptofpersonalprivacyisjustlikeanation’sterritory.Otherscan’tenteritwithoutⅤ.OntimeconceptTimeconceptfromdifferentcultures.TotimeButtosomealot.AccordingtoRichardLewis,afamousexpertoncross-culturalglobaltimecanbeintomulti-trackring-track.InbelongstotheofAccordingtothistimeisithasalotofhistory.Soliketolearnthehistorybackgroundoftheircounterparts’andestablishrapportwith14themactivities.AndbelievethataconsiderableamountofisworthinanatmosphereofcloseTheytalkingonsamerepeatedly.Therefore,theyspendtimetotoknowtheirInculture,timeconceptbelongstoInAmericansopinion,sincetimeisgone,theywillneverreturn.thinkhasnothingtodowithhistoryvaluepresentfuture.ToAmericanbusinesstimeismoney.Theyongettingaccomplishedquicklywithinlimitedtime.Theyliketomakeplans.Nomatterbigorsmall,shouldbehaveabeginningandanend.Timeisacommodityshouldn’tbewastedandeverydaytheyseemtoinatoofit.Businessmentodowntobusinessassoonasandtheywanttomakecontractevenatfirstmeeting.wayofinconsideredortooaggressivefeelwithpace.WeseethedifferencefromtheTwofromatextilecompanywentZhejianginChina.TheywantedbuysomefromatextilemachineryAfterlettersfaxes,cometothecontracts.wasfirstvisittheWhentheyMr.Li,theoftheChinesehimselfmetthemairport.hethemtoluxuriousthatarrangedthemahead.Thetwofeltcomfortableoptimisticaboutthedeal.TheythoughtitwasgoodThenexttheythearoundcity.Althoughthey15wereappreciatemanager’skindheart