考研考博-英語-中國(guó)石油大學(xué)（北京）考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中國(guó)石油大學(xué)（北京）考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

（）moreimportant,notonlythelostcitieswererecovered,butthenewcitieswerebuilt.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thatis

B.Itis

C.Because

D.Whatis

【答案】D

【解析】句意：更重要的是,不僅找回了丟失的城市,而且建造了新的城市。

2.單選題

Althoughthemaincharactersinthefictionaresotruetolife,theyarecertainly（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.imagining

B.imaginative

C.imaginable

D.imaginary

【答案】D

【解析】句意:盡管這部小說中的主要人物如此貼近生活，但是他們確實(shí)是虛構(gòu)的。

考查形容詞辨析。imagining(imagine的現(xiàn)在分詞)猜想，臆斷；imaginative虛構(gòu)的，富于想象的，有創(chuàng)造力的;imaginable可能的，可想象的；imaginary虛構(gòu)的，想象的。根據(jù)句意“盡管這部小說中的主要人物如此貼近生活”可知D符合句意。

3.單選題

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedasslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

25.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?

26.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.

27.Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.

28.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.

29.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.

30.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Philosophyofmathematics

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.

C.TheVerificationofFacts.

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods

B.thatitwasanactofGod

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.findout

B.confirm

C.announce

D.makesure

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.aninductivescience

B.inneedofsimpleverification

C.adeductivescience

D.basedonfactandtheory

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.ametaphor

B.aparadox

C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods

D.apun

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:B

【解析】25.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?最能表達(dá)這篇文章觀點(diǎn)的題目是？

A.Philosophyofmathematics.A.數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.B.科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展

C.TheVerificationofFacts.C.事實(shí)的核實(shí)

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.D.科學(xué)探究的方法

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】

1）分析文章行文結(jié)構(gòu)：本文的結(jié)構(gòu)大致為“提出問題——對(duì)已有的解釋進(jìn)行分析”。

第一段提到“現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)家感興趣的問題，為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)，在希臘文明達(dá)到頂峰時(shí)第一次快速發(fā)展（theirfirstrapiddevelopment）之后，兩千年來發(fā)展緩慢（slowlyfortwothousandyears），以及為什么在接下來的二百年中，自然科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的發(fā)展（sovastlyexceeds）大大超過了以前所知道的一切”；

第二段否定了解釋1——“古人在科學(xué)研究中主要采用演繹法（deduction），而現(xiàn)代人則采用歸納法（induction），這種解釋過于狹隘（toonarrow），經(jīng)仔細(xì)考察，無法充分（fails）清楚地指出古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)學(xué)說和研究之間明顯的對(duì)比”；

第三段否定了解釋2——“沒有使用或充分使用這些局部方法中的任何一種，在觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)的藝術(shù)和資源上的缺陷，在觀察中粗心，忽視相關(guān)事實(shí)，訴諸于實(shí)驗(yàn)和觀察”；

第四段否定了解釋3——古人試圖通過將“事實(shí)”與“理論”或“事實(shí)”與“觀念”對(duì)立來解釋這一現(xiàn)象；

第五段肯定了第四段中將“事實(shí)”與“理論”進(jìn)行區(qū)分的可取之處，即這種區(qū)分包含了真正方法的一個(gè)重要特征。

2）提煉復(fù)現(xiàn)詞：methods“方法”。

綜上所述，D選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)探究的方法”最適合做本文的標(biāo)題。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)”，本文并未提及，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)的最新發(fā)展”，只是在開頭第一段引入問題時(shí)被提到，屬于背景信息，并不能概括全文，不適合做本文標(biāo)題，屬于本末倒置；

C選項(xiàng)“事實(shí)的核實(shí)”，只是本文第四、五段的內(nèi)容，并不能概括全文，不適合做本文標(biāo)題，屬于本末倒置。

26【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.作者認(rèn)為，古希臘和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)發(fā)展的一個(gè)可能原因是____。

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiodsA.這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的相似之處

B.thatitwasanactofGodB.是上帝的杰作

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethodC.他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethodD.由于演繹法的衰落

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimes可定位到本文第1段最后一句，該句說到“或者，我們是否應(yīng)該把這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)歸因于所謂的歷史偶然性——?dú)w因于環(huán)境中結(jié)合的影響？這種影響，除非以指導(dǎo)我們的上帝的全能和智慧（theomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence）來解釋，否則是無法解釋的?！庇纱丝芍?，作者認(rèn)為上帝是一個(gè)可能的原因?！癎od”是“aguidingProvidence”的同義替換。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的相似之處”，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“他們都試圖發(fā)展歸納法”，原文雖然提到了歸納法，但并沒有說這兩個(gè)時(shí)期都試圖發(fā)展歸納法，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“由于演繹法的衰落”，原文雖然提到了演繹法，但并沒有說演繹法的衰落，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

27.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.第三段中劃線的單詞“ascertain”的意思可能是____。

A.findoutA.發(fā)現(xiàn)

B.confirmB.證實(shí)

C.announceC.宣布

D.makesureD.確保

【考查點(diǎn)】詞匯推測(cè)題。

【解題思路】

句中前后信息銜接：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thethirdparagraph定位到原文第3段。本段第1句破折號(hào)后ascertain所在部分的句意是“無論是古代還是現(xiàn)代，這些都是導(dǎo)致不能____真理/真相的錯(cuò)誤?！?/p>

2）上下文語義銜接：由第一題的解析可得，本文的主題是“科學(xué)研究的方法”，第3段第1句破折號(hào)前的句子是展開介紹在科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中犯的錯(cuò)誤，那么此處的truth指的應(yīng)該是科學(xué)真理，由此可知，ascertain是搭配“真理”的動(dòng)詞，“宣布真理”和“確保真理”不能搭配，由此可排除C、D選項(xiàng)；

3）分析詞匯本身：ascertain中certain是“確實(shí)，確信”的意思，因此B選項(xiàng)“證實(shí)”更符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均不符合原文。

28.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.“事實(shí)”和“理論”的區(qū)別____。

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmationA.是后者需要證實(shí)

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformerB.在于前者的簡(jiǎn)單性

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeksC.是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethodD.幫助我們理解演繹法

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”定位到原文最后一段。該段最后兩句提到“如果一個(gè)理論是正確的，它就具有事實(shí)的所有特征，只是它的證實(shí)（exceptthatitsverification）只能通過間接的、遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的手段。”“將理論轉(zhuǎn)化為事實(shí)就是增加了簡(jiǎn)單的驗(yàn)證（addsimpleverification），從而使理論獲得了事實(shí)的全部特征。”由此可知，理論得到驗(yàn)證之后就會(huì)變成真理，因此，A選項(xiàng)“是后者需要證實(shí)”就是“事實(shí)”和“理論”的區(qū)別。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“在于前者的簡(jiǎn)單性”，可定位到原文最后一段第2句，該句說“事實(shí)是簡(jiǎn)單的命題”，原文雖然提到了“事實(shí)”很簡(jiǎn)單，但并沒有說這是兩者之間的區(qū)別，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘科學(xué)家的區(qū)別”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“幫助我們理解演繹法”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

29.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.據(jù)作者介紹，數(shù)學(xué)是____。

A.aninductivescienceA.歸納科學(xué)

B.inneedofsimpleverificationB.需要簡(jiǎn)單的驗(yàn)證

C.adeductivescienceC.演繹科學(xué)

D.basedonfactandtheoryD.以事實(shí)和理論為基礎(chǔ)

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】原文并未直接介紹數(shù)學(xué)是什么科學(xué)，只在首段引入話題時(shí)提到了數(shù)學(xué)。根據(jù)原文第一段第1句“為什么歸納和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)（theinductiveandmathematicalsciences），在希臘文明達(dá)到頂峰時(shí)第一次快速發(fā)展之后，兩千年來發(fā)展緩慢”，由此可知，數(shù)學(xué)是一種科學(xué)，根據(jù)作者將歸納科學(xué)（inductivescience）與數(shù)學(xué)（mathematicalscience）并列可推斷，作者認(rèn)為兩者非同類的科學(xué)，“歸納和演繹”是相對(duì)的兩種科學(xué)方法分類，因此，作者認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)是一種演繹科學(xué)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“歸納科學(xué)”，根據(jù)【解題思路】可排除該選項(xiàng)；

B選項(xiàng)“需要簡(jiǎn)單的驗(yàn)證”，可定位到原文最后一段最后一句，該句提到“理論變成事實(shí)需要簡(jiǎn)單的驗(yàn)證（Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification）”，由此可知，該選項(xiàng)表述的是一種科學(xué)方法，不是對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的介紹，屬于偷換概念；

D選項(xiàng)“以事實(shí)和理論為基礎(chǔ)”，原文在最后兩段提到了“事實(shí)和理論”，但并未涉及數(shù)學(xué)，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

30.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.“理論就是事實(shí)”這句話可以叫作____。

A.ametaphorA.比喻（暗喻）

B.aparadoxB.悖論

C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethodsC.對(duì)歸納和演繹方法的贊美

D.apunD.雙關(guān)

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Theories和facts定位到原文最后兩段。倒數(shù)第2段第2句提到“事實(shí)和理論不是完全對(duì)立的（theantithesisisnotcomplete）”，后一句又說“事實(shí)和理論不是協(xié)調(diào)的類別（notcoordinatespecies）”由此可知，事實(shí)和理論不是完全對(duì)立又不是完全統(tǒng)一的。第4段最后一句說到“如果理論是正確的（Theories,iftrue），那么它就是一類特定的事實(shí)（aparticularclassoffacts）”，由此可知，正確的理論是事實(shí)，錯(cuò)誤的理論不是事實(shí)。因此題干中“理論就是事實(shí)”的表述是B選項(xiàng)“悖論”。（注：悖論是“如果其中一部分是正確的，那么另一部分就不可能是正確的”的陳述。）

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均沒有依據(jù)，屬于無中生有。

4.寫作題

Directions:Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.UsethespaceprovidedonyourAnswerSheetII.

TOPICManypeoplejudgethevalueofthingsbytheirpracticalityorusefulness.Whatisyouropiniononthistopic?Supportyourargumentwithreasonsorexamples.

【答案】【參考范文】

Peopletendtojudgethevalueofthingsbytheirpracticalityorusefulness.AlthoughIunderstandwhypeopledoso,Istillholdthatthevalueofthingsshouldnotbejudgedonlybytheirpracticalityorusefulness.

Tostartwith,thevalueofthingscannotbejudgedbyanyone-dimensionalstandard.Athingmayhavedifferentvaluesintheeyesofdifferentpeople.Judgingthevalueofthingsbytheirpracticalityorusefulnessisjustonedimensionbutnotnecessarilythebestdimension.Fromamundaneoutlook,practicalthingsmaybringpeoplemorebenefitsandrewards.Lookingfromahistoricalperspective,wecouldfindtheoriginofsuchautilitarianoutlookinsomehardtimes.Duringthosehistoricalperiodswhenascarcityoffoodwasaubiquitousphenomenon,survivalwasoftheutmostpriority,andjudgingthevalueofthingsfromtheirusefulnesscouldensurehumanbeing’ssurvivaltoamaximumextent.Afterall,therewaslittlechanceforpeopletowastetheirpreciousresourcesonuselessthings.

However,asthelivingstandardisrisinghigherandhigherinmodernsociety,nowadayspeoplearemuchlessworriedabouttheadequacyoflivingsubstancesthantheywereinthebygoneages.Atthistime,howtojudgethevalueofthingshasbecomeamultidimensionalchoice.Someindividualsbegintocherishspiritualoraestheticvalueofthings.Newgenerationsareoftenpursuingdifferentkindsofvalueinapostmodernsociety,andthepracticalityisnolongerthesinglestandardtomeasurethevalueofthings.

Furthermore,theaestheticvalueofthingsisalsoadimensionwhichdeservesourattention.Fewofuscouldresistthetemptationofabeautifulfreshflower,aswellasthehealingpowerofanunforgettablemelody,andthecolorfulglamourofanexquisitepainting.Theremaybelittlepracticaluseinartorartisticobjects,buttheydohaveavalueintheeyesofanappreciatingadmirer.Althoughthespiritualvalueofathinglooksintangible,itcouldreallyexertaprofoundinfluenceonpeople.Forinstance,gazingattheworldfamouspainting“Sunflower”onthewall,wecouldfeelVincentvanGogh’sburningvitalityandgetinspiredwhenweareinagloomymood.ListeningtoMozart’smusicdohelpusrelaxinapleasantmood.

Therefore,therearemanywayswecanemploytomeasurethevalueofthings.Itisone-sidedtojudgethevalueofthingsonlybytheirpracticalityorusefulness.

5.單選題

Someone’sfutureblursandgoesblankasanticipation（）nothingness.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.smashesinto

B.squeezesinto

C.fadesinto

D.jamsinto

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)smashinto表示“猛撞在……”；B選項(xiàng)squeezeinto表示“擠入；硬塞進(jìn)……”；C選項(xiàng)fadeinto表示“漸漸融入于……，逐漸變成……”；D選項(xiàng)jaminto表示“擠進(jìn)”。根據(jù)Someone’sfutureblursandgoesblank（個(gè)人的未來變得渺茫，成為空白）可知，期望應(yīng)當(dāng)是逐漸變成虛無，故C項(xiàng)fadeinto符合語境。句意：當(dāng)期望逐漸變得虛無，個(gè)人的未來也會(huì)變得渺茫，成為空白。

6.單選題

Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.

Theresearchersstudiedthebehavioroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-cooperativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodandservices”thanmales.

SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent.

Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.

Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

1.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby______.

2.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,paragraph1)impliesthat______.

3.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare______.

4.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys______.

5.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.posingacontrast

B.justifyinganassumption

C.makingacomparison

D.explainingaphenomenon

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackingrivals

B.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkey’snature

C.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother

D.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget

B.attentivetoresearchers’instructions

C.niceinbothappearanceandtemperament

D.moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.prefergrapestocucumbers

B.canbetaughttoexchangethings

C.willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated

D.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.

B.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.

C.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.

D.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyintheworld.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“開篇作者是通過什么方法切入主題？”。首段舉出人們對(duì)加薪不等的事情會(huì)氣憤，說這種行為是“人類化的”(alltoohuman)，但現(xiàn)在有研究表明這種行為也是“猴子化的”(alltoomonkey)行為。這里對(duì)這種行為的兩種可能的屬性進(jìn)行類比以引出全文的主題；B項(xiàng)“證實(shí)一種假設(shè)”，原文提出的假定原本是人與猴不一樣，所以該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“解釋一種現(xiàn)象”，這個(gè)說法不能夠?qū)㈤_頭和主題的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系結(jié)合起來。另外根據(jù)第二段第二行l(wèi)iketheirfemalehumancounterparts（就像女性人類一樣）可知，這是比較的相同點(diǎn)；A項(xiàng)“指出對(duì)比”和C項(xiàng)“做出對(duì)照”看起來都是對(duì)的，但是A項(xiàng)里面的contrast是指不同處的比較，comparison是指相同處的比較，因此該題C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“第一段最后一行的句子itisalltoomoney暗示什么？”。先找到alltoohuman的是什么行為，根據(jù)第二句Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.（然而，如果你得知一位同事的工資比你高，你自己的快樂就會(huì)消失）和第三句Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.（事實(shí)上，如果他以懶散著稱，你甚至可能會(huì)感到憤怒）可以推斷出，人類對(duì)不公平的待遇會(huì)憤怒；最后一句提到有研究表明猴子也有這種行為，稱為alltoomonkey；因此alltoomonkey暗示對(duì)不公平的憎恨猴子也會(huì)。A項(xiàng)“猴子也會(huì)被懶散的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手激怒”，文中只是提到人會(huì)被懶散的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手激怒，沒有說動(dòng)物也會(huì)被懶散的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手激怒，所以不選；C項(xiàng)“猴子和人一樣，也會(huì)彼此嫉妒”是干擾項(xiàng)，文中的主題是告訴大家猴子和人一樣對(duì)不公平也會(huì)憤怒；D項(xiàng)“除了猴子沒有動(dòng)物能夠培養(yǎng)出這樣的感情”，文中沒有提到其他動(dòng)物，所以不選。因此該題只有B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“選擇雌性卷尾猴作為研究對(duì)象，很可能是因?yàn)樗鼈兇_實(shí)是……？”。第二段最后一句提到liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.（和人類女性一樣，它們往往比男性更關(guān)注“商品和服務(wù)”的價(jià)值），可知雌性猴子比雄性猴子更會(huì)權(quán)衡。B項(xiàng)“注意研究員的指示”，沒提到，所以不選；C項(xiàng)“漂亮且性情溫和”，第二段確實(shí)提到了雌性猴子可愛且性情溫和，但是這不是它們會(huì)被作為研究對(duì)象的原因，是因?yàn)樗鼈兒腿祟惻砸粯訉?duì)價(jià)值的權(quán)衡才是研究的原因；D項(xiàng)“比雄性伙伴更大方”也未提及。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“Brosnan博士和deWaal博士最終在他們的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，猴子……”。最后一段第三句Suchcooperationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.（只有當(dāng)每只動(dòng)物都覺得沒有被欺騙時(shí)，這種合作才有可能穩(wěn)定下來）可知，如果感覺受到欺騙，猴子之間的合作就被打破了。A項(xiàng)“相比黃瓜更喜歡葡萄”和B項(xiàng)“被教會(huì)交換東西”都是實(shí)驗(yàn)中采取的一些行動(dòng)，不是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果，所以不選；D項(xiàng)“當(dāng)被分開時(shí)會(huì)不高興”，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是斷章取義，因此錯(cuò)誤。所以，本題正確答案是C選項(xiàng)。

5.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“從最后一段我們可以推斷出什么？”。A選項(xiàng)“猴子可以通過訓(xùn)練來發(fā)展社交情緒”，看最后一段第一句Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions（研究認(rèn)為，卷尾猴和人類一樣，也會(huì)受到社會(huì)情緒的引導(dǎo)）可知，社會(huì)情緒是受引導(dǎo)而不是訓(xùn)練，A項(xiàng)不選；C項(xiàng)“動(dòng)物通常像人一樣公開表達(dá)自己的感情”，看最后一段第三行Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.（義憤填膺的情緒，似乎并不是人類獨(dú)有的），這里文中描述的是憤怒的情緒，開頭也是以不公平待遇的憤怒開篇，C選項(xiàng)有點(diǎn)過度解讀，所以不選；D項(xiàng)“猴子之間的合作只有在野外才能保持穩(wěn)定”，文中是說不受到欺騙才會(huì)穩(wěn)定，D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“人類的憤慨起源于一個(gè)不確定的來源”，根據(jù)最后一句whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshas35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.（這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上獨(dú)立進(jìn)化而來的，還是來自于3500萬年前該物種的共同祖先，至今仍是一個(gè)未解之謎），可知人類的這種憤慨起源于不確定的因素，因此B項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Basedonaccumulatedsocialresearch,therenowcanbelittledoubtthatsuccessfulandwelladjustedchildreninmodernsocietiesaremostlikelytocomefromtwo-parentfamiliesconsistingofthebiologicalfatherandmother.Alternativefamilyformswhichareattempted,suchassingle-parentandstepfamilies,havebeendemonstratedtobeinferiorinchildoutcomes.Therecentmovementawayfromthetwo-natural-parentfamilyhasledtoconsiderablesocialmalaiseamongtheyoung,nottomentionsocialdecayingeneral.

Itcanbearguedthatchildwell-beingwouldbeenhancediffamilieslivedamongcare-givingrelativesandinsupportivecommunities,butthishasbecomeanever-diminishingsituation.Historically,asubstantialstrippingdownhasoccurredofboththeextendedfamilyandthecohesiveneighborhood,andthistrendisprobablyirreversible.Thestatehastriedtofillthevacuum,burwithoutmuchsuccess.Thetwo-parentnuclearfamilythereforemaybemoreimportanttodayforchildren,andforsocietyingeneral,thaneverbeforeinhistory.

Constitutingoneofthegreatestdilemmasfacedbymodernsocieties,however,isthefactthatnuclearfamiliesthemselvesarebreakingapartdramaticallyhighrates.Thechancesinsomesocietiesarenowlessthan50to50,thanksmainlytodivorceandbirths,hatachildwilllivecontinuouslytoadulthoodwithbothnaturalparents.Thisisdespitethefactthat,unlikeintimespast,parentsnowalmostlivetoseetheirchildrenreachmaturity.

Onefundamentalreasonforthehighbreak-uprateisthatthenatureofmarriagehaschanged.Notsolongagomarriagewasaneconomicbondofmutualdependency,asocialbondheavilyupheldbyextendedfamilies.Today,marriageisnoneofthese.Theeconomicbondhasbecomedisplacedbyaffluence,byfemaleeconomicpursuit,andbystatesupport;extendedfamilypressuresonmarriageshaveallbutvanished;andmodernsocietieshavebecomeincreasinglyunconcernedwithreligions.Marriagehasbecomeapurelyindividualpursuit,animpliedandnotveryenforceablecontractbetweentwopeople;arelationshipdesignedtosatisfybasicneedsforintimacy,dependencyandsex.Whentheseneedschange,orwhenapresumptivelybetterpartnerisdiscovered,marriagesareeasilydissolved.Moreover,moreoftheeverydayneeds,traditionallymetbymarriage,canbemetinotherdays,suchasthroughthemarketplace.

Withitssurroundingandsupportingsocialstructurescollapsing,cantherebeanyhopethatthenuclearfamilycanberevived?Yesthebasisforhopeliesinthefundamentalbiologicalandpsychologicalmakeupofhumankind.Iftheevolutionarybiologistsarecorrect,humanbeingsareapair-bodingspecies.

1.Whichofthefollowingfamilyformsmaybeidealforachild'swell-being?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthetrendofmodernfamiliestoday?

3.Thehighbreak-uprateoftwoparentnuclearfamiliescanbeattributedto（）.

4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtherevivalofnuclearfamilyis（）.

5.Theword"affluence"(Paragraph4)isinsimilarmeaningto（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Extendedfamily

B.Single-parentfamily

C.Stepfamily

D.Nuclearfamily

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Easily-dissolvedpartnership.

B.Ever-diminishingcohesiveneighborhood.

C.Decreasingnumberofextendedfamilies.

D.Husbandandwifeheldinpassiveobedience.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.socialdecayingeneral

B.custompressure

C.collapseoftheeconomicbondofmarriage

D.thecompletelydifferentnatureofmarriage

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.negative

B.optimistic

C.hopeless

D.mournful

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.wealth

B.health

C.culturalrefinement

D.modernconveniences

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:Thetwo-parentnuclearfamilythereforemaybemoreimportanttodayforchildren,andforsocietyingeneral,thaneverbeforeinhistory(因此，雙親核心家庭在今天對(duì)兒童和整個(gè)社會(huì)可能比歷史上任何時(shí)候都更加重要)。由此可知，如今對(duì)孩子成長(zhǎng)最理想的家庭模式是two-parentnuclearfamily(雙親核心家庭)。故選D。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。A:容易破裂的婚姻。B:不斷疏遠(yuǎn)的鄰里關(guān)系。C:大家庭數(shù)量減少。D:處于被動(dòng)服從地位的丈夫和妻子。第二段指出:Historically,asubstantialstrippingdownhasoccurredofboththeextendedfamilyandthecohesiveneighborhood,andthistrendisprobablyirreversible(從歷史角度看，大家庭數(shù)量大幅縮水，緊密的鄰里關(guān)系也變得更加疏遠(yuǎn)，而且這種發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的)。因此B跟C項(xiàng)屬于現(xiàn)代家庭的趨勢(shì)。第四段指出:Whentheseneedschange,orwhenapresumptivelybetterpartnerisdiscovered,marriagesareeasilydissolved(當(dāng)這些需求發(fā)生改變，或者當(dāng)一位看似更加合適的伴侶出現(xiàn)后婚姻就會(huì)很容易破裂)。因此A項(xiàng)也是現(xiàn)代家庭的趨勢(shì)。只有D項(xiàng)未在文中體現(xiàn)，本題選D。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位至第四段:Onefundamentalreasonforthehighbreak-uprateisthatthenatureofmarriagehaschanged(高離婚率的一個(gè)根本原因是婚姻的本質(zhì)發(fā)生了改變)。因此D項(xiàng)“婚姻本質(zhì)發(fā)生改變”正確。

第4題:觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。最后一段指出:Yesthebasisforhopeliesinthefundamentalbiologicalandpsychologicalmakeupofhumankind(是的——希望的基礎(chǔ)在于人類基本的生理和心理構(gòu)成)。由此可見，作者對(duì)于核心家庭的復(fù)興的態(tài)度是積極樂觀的。

第5題:詞義題。根據(jù)題干定位至第四段:Theeconomicbondhasbecomedisplacedbyaffluence,byfemaleeconomicpursuit,andbystatesupport（女性對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的追求及政府的支持已取締了這一經(jīng)濟(jì)紐帶)。由此可知，affluence表示與“經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況”相關(guān)的意思。因此A項(xiàng)“財(cái)富”正確。

8.單選題

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?

TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudeoilhaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.

Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephoneusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,itsoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oilimportingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshiftedhavebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.

Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%.

1.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis____.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif____.

3.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries____.

4.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthepassagethat____.

5.From