考研考博-英語-北京電子科技職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京電子科技職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Tobereallyhappyandreallysafe,oneoughttohaveatleasttwoorthreehobbies,andtheymustallbereal.Itisnousestartinglateinlifetosay:“Iwilltakeaninterestinthisorthat.”Suchanattemptonlyaggravatesthestrainofmentaleffort.Amanmayacquiregreatknowledgeoftopicsunconnectedwithhisdailywork,andyethardlygetanybenefitorrelief.

Itisnousedoingwhatyoulike;youhavegottolikewhatyoudo.Broadlyspeaking,humanbeingsmaybedividedintothreeclasses:thosewhoaretoiledtodeath,thosewhoareworriedtodeath,andthosewhoareboredtodeath.Itisnouseofferingthemanuallaborer,tiredoutwithahardweek'ssweatandeffort,thechanceofplayingagameoffootballorbaseballonSaturdayafternoon.Itisnouseinvitingthepoliticianortheprofessionalorbusinessman,whohasbeenworkingorworryingaboutseriousthingsforsixdays,toworkorworrytriflingthingsattheweekend.

【答案】一個人，為了活的真正開心和踏實，至少要培養(yǎng)兩到三項興趣。而且必須是真正的興趣。到了晚年才說:“我對這感興趣，對那也感興趣”，已經(jīng)沒有什么必要了。這種愿望只能加劇精神緊張。一個人也許在其非工作領(lǐng)域也同樣是學富五車，但是，也很難從中得到什么益處或慰藉。

做你喜歡的事一般沒有什么用;要學會熱愛自己的職業(yè)。泛泛講來，人可以劃分為三類:勞累至死的人;憂慮至死的人;厭煩至死的人。讓一個體力勞動者在周末下午踢足球或打棒球來放松是毫無意義的，因為一周的辛勞已經(jīng)令他們精疲力竭了。讓那些為大事持續(xù)操勞或費心了六天的政界人士、專業(yè)人員或商界人士，在周日，繼續(xù)為雞毛蒜皮的小事勞神，這也同樣也是于事無補的。

2.單選題

ThecorporationIheadtookadeepbreathofcleanairlastweekandwentcoldturkey.Smokingonthejobinthehomeofficewasabsolutelyforbidden.Nowweprovideasmokefreeworkingenvironment.Why?

Anythingthatkills350,000Americanseachyeardeservesdecisiveaction,andallthebrawnycowpokesandtawny-hairedsirenscannotblowenoughadvertisingsmoketoobscurethefactthatoneoutofeverysevendeathsinthiscountryislinkedtosmoking.Thecostsrelatedtoitarealsosappingoureconomy.Onerecentreportestimatesthatsmokersutilizethehealth-caresystematleast50percentmorethannonsmokers;theywaste30minuteseachworkdayfumblingwithmatchesandlighters,suckingseductivepoisons.

Still,abancancreateseriouspersonnelproblems.Since25percentofouremployeessmoke,weareofferingthemon-the-jobsmoking-cessationclassesandcounseling.OurmedicalofficeprovidesNicorettes,asugarlesschewinggumformulatedtoeasethephysicalwithdrawalfromnicotine.Mostofour3,000home-office,employeessupportournewpolicy,smokersandnonsmokersalike,butthereisaquerulousminoritythataskswhyweare“discriminatingagainstsmokers.”Wearenot.Ourpolicyaffectsallemployees.Smokersarenotaprotectedclass.Nomatterwhattheirrace,color,religion,sexornationalorigin,theycannotsmokeatwork.

Wearenottryingtodictatepersonallifestyles.Weencourageouremployeestoquitsmokingaltogether,buttheycannotsmokeonthejob.Wesimplycannotaffordtheirhabit.Accordingtoacongressionalstudy,thecosttotheeconomyaverages$65billionannuallyinincreasedmedicalbills,prematuredeathandtimelostfromwork.Andasamajorparticipantinthefieldofhealth-carefinancing,wehaveanobligationtoprovethat,ifproperlyconceived,asmoke-freeworkingenvironmentisattainable.Thisisn’tacrusade.Thisisabusinessdecision.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

2.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeinferredfromthepassage?

3.Thepurposeofthisarticleis______.

4.Whichofthefollowingisnotusedbytheauthorasjustificationforregulatingtobaccosmokingonthejob?

問題1選項

A.Thesmokingemployees,onthewhole,feltuncomfortableaboutthecorporation’srulesthatpermittednosmokingintheworkplace.

B.Thebanoncigarettesmokingwasintroducedatthecompanygraduallyandconditionally.

C.Smokerswereconsideredaquerulousminorityatthemainofficeofthefirm.

D.Smokingwasbannedatthefirm’sheadquartersabruptlyandcompletely.

問題2選項

A.Cigaretteadvertisinggenerallymakesuseoftheappealofseductiveimages.

B.Cigaretteadvertisingtendstoremindpeopleoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandagoodlife.

C.Cigaretteadvertising,asarule,isdesignedtomisleadnonsmokers.

D.Mostcigaretteadvertisingistargetedatstrongandattractivemenandwomen.

問題3選項

A.tocriticizethehabitofcigarettesmokingasahealthhazard

B.toemphasizetheattainabilityofasmokefreeworkingenvironment

C.todefendthepracticeofcontrollingsmokingintheworkplace

D.topresentanargumentformakingsmokingasolelyjob-relatedissue

問題4選項

A.Theassumptionthatsmokers,duetotheirtime-consuminghabit,arenotasefficientatworkasnonsmokers.

B.Thenotionthattobaccosmokingseriouslycontaminatestheworkingenvironment.

C.Smoking-relatedhealthproblemsthatcauseprematuredeaths.

D.Thefactthatthenationaleconomyisweakenedbysmoking-relatedcosts.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章，下列哪一項是正確的？”。文章第一段指出ThecorporationIheadtookadeepbreathofcleanairlastweekandwentcoldturkey.Smokingonthejobinthehomeofficewasabsolutelyforbidden.（我負責的公司在上周深吸了一口新鮮空氣，然后就徹底戒掉了吸煙壞習慣。在家庭辦公室里工作，吸煙是完全禁止的。），根據(jù)wentcoldturkey（快速戒掉壞習慣）這個詞語，可以推斷出公司是突然禁止吸煙，故D項“公司總部突然全面禁止吸煙”正確，由此也可知B項“該公司逐步、有條件地實行了禁煙令”錯誤；根據(jù)第三段中的Mostofour3,000home-office,employeessupportournewpolicy,smokersandnonsmokersalike,butthereisaquerulousminoritythataskswhyweare“discriminatingagainstsmokers.”（在我們的3000名家庭辦公室員工中，大多數(shù)人支持我們的新政策，吸煙者和不吸煙者都是一樣的，但有少數(shù)人抱怨說，我們?yōu)槭裁匆捌缫曃鼰熣摺?。）可知，關(guān)于公司的禁煙令，包括吸煙者和不吸煙者在內(nèi)，大部分的員工是支持的，只有少數(shù)人有抱怨，這其中可能有吸煙者可能也有不吸煙者，因此A項“總的來說，吸煙的員工對公司規(guī)定不允許在工作場所吸煙感到不舒服”和C項“在公司的主要辦公室里，吸煙者被認為是少數(shù)愛發(fā)牢騷的人”錯誤。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“下列哪一項可以從文章中推斷出來？”。根據(jù)第二段中的Anythingthatkills350,000Americanseachyeardeservesdecisiveaction,andallthebrawnycowpokesandtawny-hairedsirenscannotblowenoughadvertisingsmoketoobscurethefactthatoneoutofeverysevendeathsinthiscountryislinkedtosmoking.（任何每年殺死35萬美國人的事情都應該采取果斷的行動，所有強壯的牛仔和黃褐色頭發(fā)的迷人的女人都不能充分地鼓吹香煙廣告，來掩蓋這個國家七分之一的死亡與吸煙有關(guān)的事實。）可以推斷，香煙廣告通常都是以誘人的形象來展示，故A項“香煙廣告通常利用誘人形象的吸引力”正確；B項“香煙廣告傾向于提醒人們吸煙和美好生活之間的關(guān)系”從文中推斷不出來；C項“一般來說，香煙廣告是為了誤導不吸煙的人”也不正確，香煙廣告既可能誘導不吸煙者也可能誤導吸煙者；D項“大多數(shù)香煙廣告的目標是強壯和有吸引力的男人和女人”顛倒了文章意思。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

3.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章的目的是什么？”。通讀全文可知，文章第一段通過公司突然禁煙的做法引出了無煙工作環(huán)境的觀點，第二段闡述了提供無煙工作環(huán)境的原因，即吸煙的一系列危害，接著第三段講到了公司為了實行禁令為員工做的一些努力和大多數(shù)員工對禁令的支持，然后最后一段總結(jié)，吸煙導致的增加的醫(yī)療費用、死亡和工作時間損失都會給經(jīng)濟造成一定的損失，所以提供無煙工作環(huán)境是一個商業(yè)的決策；綜合全文我們可以推斷出，這篇文章的目的是給“提供無煙工作環(huán)境”這一策略做辯護，C項“為在工作場所控制吸煙的做法辯護”符合題意；A項“批判吸煙的習慣對健康有害”和B項“強調(diào)無煙工作環(huán)境的可獲得性”都是文章的部分內(nèi)容，不足以概括全文；D項“提出一個關(guān)于讓吸煙成為僅僅是與工作相關(guān)的問題的論點”不符合文意。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“下列哪項不是作者用以作為管制工作期間吸煙的理由？”。由第二段最后兩句Thecostsrelatedtoitarealsosappingoureconomy.Onerecentreportestimatesthatsmokersutilizethehealth-caresystematleast50percentmorethannonsmokers;theywaste30minuteseachworkdayfumblingwithmatchesandlighters,suckingseductivepoisons.（與此相關(guān)的成本也在侵蝕我們的經(jīng)濟。最近的一份報告估計，吸煙者使用醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)的人數(shù)至少比不吸煙者多50%；他們每天要浪費30分鐘的時間摸索火柴和打火機，吸食誘人的毒藥。）以及最后一段中的倒數(shù)第二句Accordingtoacongressionalstudy,thecosttotheeconomyaverages$65billionannuallyinincreasedmedicalbills,prematuredeathandtimelostfromwork.（根據(jù)一項國會研究，每年因吸煙而增加的醫(yī)療費用、過早死亡和工作時間損失給經(jīng)濟造成的損失平均為650億美元）可知，A項“由于吸煙者耗時的習慣，所以在工作效率不如不吸煙者的假設”、C項“與吸煙有關(guān)的導致過早死亡的健康問題”和D項“與吸煙有關(guān)的成本削弱了國民經(jīng)濟的事實”都是禁止工作期間吸煙的理由；只有B項“吸煙嚴重污染工作環(huán)境的觀點”沒有提到。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

3.單選題

Youmustbeverycareful.Thework（

）precision.

問題1選項

A.retails

B.repels

C.retains

D.entails

【答案】D

【解析】形近詞辨析題。A選項retail“零售，詳述”；B選項repel“擊退，抵制”；C選項retain“保持，固定”；D選項entail“使需要，要求”。句意：你必須非常小心，這項工作對精確性要求極高。選項D符合句意。

4.單選題

Sallycontributedalottotheproject,butsheneveronceacceptedallthe（）forherself.

問題1選項

A.credit

B.attention

C.focus

D.award

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項credit“贊揚，贊許”，allthecredit意為“所有的功勞”；B選項attention“注意力”；C選項focus“焦點，重點”；D選項award“獎品，獎勵”。句意：莎莉為這項工程做出了很大的貢獻，但她從沒有將所有的功勞據(jù)為己有。由選項意思和句意可知，A選項符合句意。

5.單選題

Absolutelyoneofthefinestbuysonthemarket.Spacioushomewithlargelivingroom,separate15-footdiningroomwithcrystalchandelierandbuilt-inbuffet,paneledfamilyroomwithfireplace,hugekitchenwithlotsofcabinets,bigcheerybreakfastroom,2.5baths,4hugebedrooms(oneisseparateandcouldbeaplayroomorofferscompleteprivacywithseparateentranceforguests).Thereisacoveredpatioandlandscapedyard.Betterthannewwithdraperiesandnewaircompressor.$160,000.CallLaneHitcher(home)926-6043.

1.Whatroomintheaboveadvertisementisdescribedashavingseveralpossibleuses?

2.Whichroomisdescribedinthemostdetail?

3.Whatdetailisemphasizedinthedescriptionofmostrooms?

4.Onefeatureofthehousethatisnotmentionedis（

）.

5.The“buffet”mentionedinthedescriptionis（

）.

問題1選項

A.thediningroom

B.thefamilyroom

C.onebedroom

D.theplayroom

問題2選項

A.thelivingroom

B.thediningroom

C.thefamilyroom

D.thekitchen

問題3選項

A.cheerfulness

B.built-ins

C.typeofchandeliers

D.size

問題4選項

A.thedraperies

B.thewalk-inclosetinthebedroom

C.thelandscapedyard

D.panelinginthefamilyroom

問題5選項

A.alightfixture

B.alargemeal

C.abookcase

D.aservingtableforfood

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.事實細節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞room定位到文章第二句，句中詳細提到了許多功能房間，有一個例外，括號中提到“oneisseparateandcouldbeaplayroomorofferscompleteprivacywithseparateentranceforguests一個獨立的房間，可以是一個娛樂室或提供完全的私密空間”，而這個房間是4個大臥室中的一間。因此C選項正確。

2.事實細節(jié)題。本題需要找出描寫最詳細的房間，依然在第二句中觀察，只有餐廳使用了“separate單獨的”、“15-foot15英尺長”、“crystalchandelier水晶吊燈”和“built-inbuffet內(nèi)置餐臺”修飾，因此對于餐廳的描述最為詳細。B選項正確。

3.事實細節(jié)題。本題需要找出的是房間描述中最為強調(diào)的細節(jié)。A選項cheerfulness“高興”相關(guān)詞匯cheery僅出現(xiàn)在早餐室的描述中；B選項builts-ins“內(nèi)置設施”出現(xiàn)在廚房的描述中，在描述家庭活動室時使用了“paneledwithfireplace鑲嵌著壁爐”同樣也是內(nèi)置設施；C選項“typeofchandeliers吊燈類型”出現(xiàn)在對餐廳的描述中；D選項“size尺寸”只出現(xiàn)在對餐廳的描寫中。因此B選項正確。

4.判斷推理題。這所房子沒有提到的一個細節(jié)需要用排除法解決。A選項thedraperies“裝飾織物”出現(xiàn)在倒數(shù)第二句；C選項thelandscapedyard“帶景觀的源自”出現(xiàn)在倒數(shù)第三句；D選項panelinginthefamilyroom“家庭娛樂室的鑲板”出現(xiàn)在第二句中。因此B選項符合題意。

5.詞義推斷題。Buffet出現(xiàn)在對餐廳的描述中。A選項alightfixture“燈具；照明設備”；B選項alargemeal“一頓大餐”；C選項abookcase“一個書柜”；D選項aservingtableforfood“放置食物的餐桌”。待售房屋的餐廳中應該有的是餐桌，D選項正確。

6.單選題

Anargumentwas（

）becausetheydislikeeachothersomuch.

問題1選項

A.ridiculous

B.inevitable

C.excessive

D.conservative

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。ridiculous“荒唐的，荒謬的”；inevitable“不可避免的”；excessive“過量的”；conservative“保守的”。句意：由于他們彼此都很討厭對方,所以爭論就難以避免。根據(jù)上下文關(guān)系可知B項符合句意，答案B

7.單選題

Whencompaniesdobusinessoverseas,theycomeincontactwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Theseindividualsoftenspeakadifferentlanguageandhavetheirownparticularcustomandmanners.Thesedifferencescancreateproblems.

Forexample,inFrance,businessmeetingsbeginpromptlyatthedesignatedtimeandeveryoneisexpectedtobethere.Foreignbusinesspeoplewhoaretardyareoftenleftoutsidetocooltheirheelsasameansoflettingthemknowtheimportanceofpromptness.Unlessoneisawareofsuchexpectedbehaviorshemayendupinsultingthepeoplewithwhomhehopestoestablishtraderelations.

Asecondtraditionalproblemisthatofmonetaryconversions.Forexample,ifatransactionisconductedwithRussia,paymentmaybemadeinrubles.Ofcourse,thiscurrencyisoflittlevaluetotheAmericanfirm.Itis,therefore,necessarytoconverttheforeigncurrencytoAmericandollars.HowmucharetheseRussianrublesworthintermsofdollars?Thisconversionrateisdeterminedbyeverymarket,wherethecurrenciesofcountriesareboughtandsold.Thusthereisanestablishedrate,althoughitwilloftenfluctuatefromdaytoday.Forexample,therublemaybeworth0.75onMondayand0.72onTuesdaybecauseofanannouncedwheatshortageinRussia.Inaddition,thereisthedilemmaassociatedwithconvertingat0.72.Somefinancialinstitutionsmaybeunwillingtopaythisprice,feelingthattherublewillsinkmuchloweroverthenextweek.Asaresult,conversionmayfinallycomeat0.69.These“l(fā)osses”mustbeacceptedbythecompanyasoneofthecostsofdoingbusinessoverseas.

Athirduniqueproblemistradebarriers.Foronereasonoranother,allcountriesimposetradebarriersoncertaingoodscrossingtheirborders.Sometradebarriersaredirectlyrelatedtoexports.Forexample,theUnitedStatespermitsstrategicmilitarymaterialtobeshippedabroadonlyaftergovernmentpermissionhasbeenobtained.Mosttradebarriers,however,aredesignedtorestrictimport.Twoofthemostcommonimportbarriersarequotasandtariffs.

1.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe（

）.

2.InFrance,tardybusinesspeople

（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,conversionrates

（

）.

4.Theintendedaudienceofthispassageare

（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingislikelytobediscussedinthenextparagraph?

問題1選項

A.HowtoSucceedinInternationalTrade

B.MonetaiyConversion

C.TradeBarriers

D.UniqueProblemsinInternationalTrade

問題2選項

A.areofteninsulted

B.oftensufferfromcoldness

C.areoftenleftoutdoorswaiting

D.areoftenaskedtopolishtheirshoes

問題3選項

A.arealwaysnotchanging

B.aredeterminedbyfinancialinstitutions

C.areagreeduponbytwotradingcountries

D.varyfromdaytoday

問題4選項

A.professorsofeconomics

B.postgraduatestudentsofinternationaltrade

C.beginnersofbusiness

D.businesspeople

問題5選項

A.Exporttradebarriers.

B.Quotasandtariffs.

C.Reasonsforimposingtradingbarriers.

D.Measurestobreakdowntradebarriers.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。第一段先指出“當企業(yè)從事海外業(yè)務時通常都會接觸到來著不同文化的人”,后面分別從時間觀、貨幣兌換以及貿(mào)易壁壘三個方面舉例闡述并給出建議。故A項“如何在國際貿(mào)易中獲得成功”最適合做文章標題。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞tardybusinesspeople定位至第二段:Foreignbusinesspeoplewhoaretardyareoftenleftoutsidetocooltheirheelsasameansoflettingthemknowtheimportanceofpromptness(遲到的外貿(mào)業(yè)務人員通常會遭遇長吋間等候，這也是一種讓他們知道準吋的重要性的方法)。因此C項“通常需要在門外等候”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞conversionrates定位至第三段:Thisconversionrateisdeterminedbyeverymarket,wherethecurrenciesofcountriesareboughtandsold.Thusthereisanestablishedrate,althoughitwilloftenfluctuatefromdaytoday(匯率是由支持貨幣流通的市場情況決定的。因此，盡管匯率每天都會波動，但也會有一個既定的比率),故選C“每天都會變化”。

4.判斷推理題。文章主要討論的是海外貿(mào)易過程中可能遇到的因地區(qū)差異導致的問題,因此推測文章的目標受眾是“商業(yè)人士”。

5.判斷推理題。最后一段講到了國際貿(mào)易中的第三個問題-貿(mào)易壁壘,最后一句指出:Twoofthemostcommonimportbarriersarequotasandtariffs(兩種最主要的進口壁壘就是配額與關(guān)稅),因此推測下一段將討論“配額與關(guān)稅”。

8.單選題

TheEastandtheWestcanworktogetherfortheir（）benefitandprogress.

問題1選項

A.common

B.mutual

C.same

D.cooperative

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項common“普通的；一般的”，B選項mutual“共同的；相互的，彼此的”，C選項same“同樣的；一樣的”，D選項cooperative“合作的；合作社的”；原句：東西方可以為各自的（）利益和進步而共同努力。通過帶入A、B、C、D可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，句子想要表達的意思是：共同的利益，而mutual是最能體現(xiàn)這個含義的，它有各自為戰(zhàn)，卻又有共同之處的含義，因此B選項符合題意。

9.單選題

InPlato’sRepublicwefindadiscussionaboutmoralityandselfishness.Plato’sbrotherGlauconistryingtomakeSocratesgivesomegoodreasonsforwhyitisbettertobejustthantobeunjust.Glauconinsiststhatallpeoplebynaturelookafterthemselves,andwheneverwecangetawaywithsomething,wewilldoit,regardlessofhowunjustitmaybetoothers.Unfortunately,wemayreceivethesametreatmentfromothers,whichishighlyunpleasant,soforthesakeofpeaceandsecurityweagreetotreateachotherdecently—notbecausewewantto,butbecauseweareplayingitsafe.Moralityisjustaresultofourlookingoutforourselves.Ifwecangetawaywithsomething,itisournaturetomakethemostofit.

WhatGlauconissuggestinghereabouttheoriginofsocietyisafirstinWesternthought.Histheoryisanexampleofwhathasbecomeknownassocialcontracttheory,andthistypeoftheorybecameparticularlyinfluentialmuchlater,intheeighteenthcentury.Asocialcontracttheoryassumesthathumansusedtoliveinapre-socialsetting(withoutrules,regulations,orcooperation)andthen,forvariousreasons,gottogetherandagreedonsettingupasociety.Generally,socialcontracttheoriesassumethathumansdecidetobuildasocietywithrulesforthesakeofthecommongoodorforthesakeofself-protection.Thetheoryistodayknownaspsychologicalegoism.

ToGlaucon,decentpersonswilldo“unjust”thingsjustasquicklyasscoundrelsiftheyknowtheycangetawaywithitsincetheirhumannaturesareidentical.HereGlauconisactingasthedevil’sadvocateinordertomakeSocratesdefendjusticeassomethingthatisgoodinitself.Surelyweallcanremembereventsinourlivesthatshowthatwedon’talwaysactoutofself-interest.WemayrememberthatMotherTeresaandotherunselfishsoulshavespenttheirliveshelpingothers.Thepsychologicalegoistwouldcontendthattheymaynothavebeenawareoftheirtruemotives,butselfishitwas,somehow.Thesepeople,probably,wantedtogettoHeaven,toatoneforpastwrongdoing,ormaybetheyjustwantedtofeelwarminside.

Thistheory,cynicalasitmaysound,hasestablisheditselffirmlyinthemindsofmanymodernpeople.Somehow,thistheoryremovesthehalofromabovetheheadofeveryheroandeveryunselfishpersoninthehistoryofhumankind.Onereason,then,forthistheory’spopularityisitspresumedhonesty.Closelyrelatedtothenotionofhonestyisourmodernfascinationwithcynicism.Oftentimes,peoplearetrulyselfishanddevious,andthingsarenotwhattheyseem.However,thereisadifferencebetweenthiskindofprudentskepticismandauniversalcynicismthatbordersonparanoia.Suchradicalcynicismdoesn’tallowforthepossibilityoftheexistenceofgoodnessandkindness,andthisisoneoftheerrorspsychologicalegoistsareproneto.Psychologicalegoistsneversaythatwecan’thelpbeingselfishtothebone—theyjustsaythatthereissomehiddenselfishmotiveforwhateverwedothatwemaynotbeevenawareof.

1.WhatisthemainreasonformentreatingeachotherdecentlyaccordingtoGlaucon?

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthesocialcontracttheory?

3.HowwouldpsychologicalegoistsinterprettheexampleofMotherTeresa?

4.Whaterrorsarepsychologicalegoistslikelytomake?

問題1選項

A.Itisnotrightforonetobeunjusttootherpeople.

B.Itisbeneficialforpeopletoretainpeaceandsecurity.

C.Moralityandselflessnessarewhatweshouldpursue.

D.Wearepronetomakethemostofsomething.

問題2選項

A.Itiscontrarytopsychologicalegoists’beliefs.

B.Itrecordshumanlifeinaworldwithoutoperationandrules.

C.Itpresumesthatasocietywithrulesistoguaranteethebenefitsofall.

D.Itassumesthatpeoplearebynatureunselfish.

問題3選項

A.Shehelpsothersforthesakeofherself

B.Justiceisgoodinitselftothedevil’sadvocate.

C.Descentpersonswilldounjustthingsaswell.

D.Sheisatypicalpersonwithfeelingsofparanoia.

問題4選項

A.Theydonotjustifytheirtheoryfully.

B.Theyhavechangedpeople’sview.

C.Theyneverwarnpeopleoftheirunawareselfishness.

D.Theygototheextremeofdisbelievingpeople

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:1.根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第三句“forthesakeofpeaceandsecurity...weareplayingitsafe.”為了和平與安全,我們同意善待彼此——不是因為我們想這樣做,而是因為我們謹慎行事。也就是說人與人之間保持和平與安全是有益的。選項B符合原文。

2.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“socialcontracttheory”定位到原文第二段,根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二句“Generally,socialcontracttheories...forthesakeofself-protection.”一般來說,社會契約理論認為,人類決定建立一個有規(guī)則的社會是為了公共利益或自我保護。選項C符合原文。

3.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“MotherTeresa”定位到第三段最后三句,心理利己主義者認為他們可能沒有意識到自己的真實動機,但從某種程度上來說,他們是自私的。這些人可能是想上天堂,為過去的錯誤行為贖罪,或者他們只是想感受內(nèi)心的溫暖。選項A符合原文。

4.根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句“Suchradicalcynicism...psychologicalegoistsareproneto.”這種極端的犬儒主義不允許善良和善良存在的可能性,這是心理利己主義者容易犯的錯誤之一。也就是說他們很極端,容易懷疑他人,所以選項D正確。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

10.單選題

Uptothispointtherehasbeensolidevidencethatcertainpathologicalmentalstates,likedepression,arelinkedwithasignificantlyhigherriskofcardiovasculardeath,buttherelationshipbetweennormalpersonalitytraitslikesoptimismandhealthhavenotbeenasthoroughlystudied.Dr.Giltaycarefullycontrolledthebaselineriskfactorslikebloodpressure,cholesterol,smokingandalcoholconsumptioninhisstudy.Evenaftercontrollingfortheseconfoundingvariables,therewasstillasignificantexcessofmortalityinthepessimistscomparedwiththeoptimists.Andwhenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter—pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.

Whataboutthepossibilitythatsomeofthepessimisticsubjectsweresimplysufferingfromundiagnoseddepression?Afterall,depressionisastrongriskfactorforcardiovascularmortality.Dr.Giltayconcededthatthesubjectswerenotpsychiatricallyscreenedfordepressionoranyothermentaldisorder,sothisisapossibility.Buthesaiddepressionwasunlikelytoexplainthecorrelationbetweenpessimismandmortality.Perhaps,butweknowthatdepressionexists,too,onaspectrum.Mildchronicdepressivestateslikedysthymiacouldeasilymasqueradeaseverydaypessimism,sothisstudycannotruleoutmilddepressionasacontributortoexcessmortalityinthepessimisticsubjects.Still,assumingthatthesefindingsarereplicatedandoptimismdoesindeedconferasurvivaladvantage,howmechanismcouldexplainit?

Onepossibilityisthatoptimistsmaysimplycopebetterwithadversitythanpessimistsdoandengageinbehaviorsthataremorelikelytopromotehealth.Itiswellknown,forexample,thatoptimismisstronglyassociatedwithseekingsocialsupportandcopingbetterwithstress.Theremightevenbebiologicaldifferencesbetweenoptimisticandpessimisticpeoplethatgiveoptimistsanedge.Thisisnotsofar-fetchedifyouconsiderthatdepressionisassociatedwithalterationsinmanyneurotransmittersandhormones,whichcanadverselyaffectphysicalhealth.Atthispoint,pessimismintheabsenceofclinicaldepressionisnotconsideredadiseaseorariskfactorfordevelopingone.Butifthesedataarereplicated,perhapsitshouldbe.Ifthat’sthecase,thentrialsofoptimism-enhancingtreatments,includingpsychotherapiesandprobablyantidepressants,won’tbefarbehind.Afterall,thereisalreadypreliminaryevidencethatserotonin-enhancingantidepressantscanalternormalpersonalitytraitslikesociability,eveninpeoplewithoutdepression.

Butevenifpessimismcouldbe“treated”,wouldthatguaranteealongerlife?Judgingfromrecentresearchindepression,itmaybenoslam-dunk.Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.Twolargerandomizedtrialsinvolvingdepressedheart-attackpatientsfoundnosurvivalbenefitintreatingthemwitheithercognitivebehaviortherapyorserotonin-enhancingantidepressants,thoughtheirdepressiondidimprove.Intheend,pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.Ifpessimistsshouldworryaboutanything,though,itisthattheymayhaveanundiagnosed—andtreatable—depression.

21.Wecanconvincinglyinferfromthefirstparagraphthat___________.

22.Comparingpessimistswithoptimists,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

23.Theoptimism-enhancingtreatmentscan___________.

24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,wecanconcludethat___________.

25.Thepassagemainlywantstotellusthat___________.

問題1選項

A.normalpersonalityguaranteesgoodhealth

B.pessimismconstitutesafatalthreatforhealth

C.therelationshipbetweenpessimismanddeathisbeinginvestigated

D.pessimismresultsinmortality

問題2選項

A.Optimistshavebetterperceptionoftheirfuture.

B.Pessimistshavehighermorbidity.

C.Optimistsarelesslikelytosufferfromcardiovasculardisease.

D.Optimistsenjoylongerlivesthanpessimists.

問題3選項

A.helpdevelopnormalpersonality

B.helpdecreaseheartdisease

C.helpenhancethelifespan

D.helpcuretheclinicaldepression

問題4選項

A.depressioncouldbetreatable

B.doctorsareawareofthecausesfordepression

C.pessimistshavetoworryabouttheirshorterlifespan

D.treatingdepressioncancureheartdiseaseandotherfataldiseases

問題5選項

A.pessimismisverycommonamongurbancitizens

B.pessimistsaredoomedtoliveashorterlife

C.optimismguaranteesalongerandhealthierlife

D.pessimismishighlyriskyforourhealth

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】21.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第1段，第1句therelationshipbetweennormalpersonalitytraitslikesoptimismandhealthhavenotbeenasthoroughlystudied.（樂觀主義等正常人格特征與健康之間的關(guān)系還沒有得到徹底的研究。）由此判斷，正常的人格特征與健康之間的關(guān)系還有待研究，A選項“正常的人格確保了健康”過于肯定，排除；第3句Evenaftercontrollingfortheseconfoundingvariables,therewasstillasignificantexcessofmortalityinthepessimistscomparedwiththeoptimists.（即使在控制了這些混雜變量后，與樂觀主義者相比，悲觀主義者的死亡率仍然要高出很多。）由此判斷，導致死亡的因素有很多，比如前文的bloodpressure,cholesterol“血壓、血脂”等，而悲觀主義與死亡之間有很大的關(guān)系，B選項“悲觀主義是健康的一個致命威脅”與原文表述一致；D選項“悲觀導致了死亡”表述過于絕對，未考慮其他因素，排除；第1段最后一句Andwhenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter—pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.（當他考慮到受試者自己對健康的看法時，毫不奇怪，樂觀者的預見能力更好——悲觀者仍然有更高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。）由此判斷，該研究用悲觀者與樂觀者對比，不僅研究其死亡率的不同，而且研究其對自己健康水平的看法的不同，C選項“人們正在研究悲觀主義和死亡之間的關(guān)系”表述不夠準確。因此，本題最佳選項為B。

22.事實細節(jié)題。本題選擇表述不正確的一項。A選項“樂觀主義者對他們的未來的預見能力更好”，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第1段最后一句whenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter.（當他考慮到受試者自己對健康的看法時，毫不奇怪，樂觀者的預見能力更好。）由此判斷，樂觀者對未來健康狀況的預見能力更好，A選項與原文相符；B選項“悲觀者發(fā)病率更高”，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第1段最后一句pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.（悲觀者仍然有更高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。）B選項與原文表述一致；C選項“樂觀者不太可能患心血管疾病”，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第1段第1句therehasbeensolidevidencethatcertainpathologicalmentalstates,likedepression,arelinkedwithasignificantlyhigherriskofcardiovasculardeath.（有確鑿的證據(jù)表明，某些病理精神狀態(tài)，如抑郁癥，與心血管疾病死亡風險顯著升高有關(guān)。）由此判斷，心血管病與不好的精神狀態(tài)有關(guān)，樂觀者是好的心理狀態(tài)，他們患心血管病的可能性不大，C選項與原文表述相符；D選項“樂觀者比悲觀者的壽命更長”根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文倒數(shù)第2句Intheend,pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（最后，悲觀者有足夠多的煩惱，而不必擔心他們自己的性格會注定他們的生命短暫。）由此判斷，悲觀者的生命不一定短暫，此外原文沒有關(guān)于樂觀者與悲觀者壽命長短的比較，D選項的表述不正確。因此，本題最佳選項為D。

23.事實細節(jié)題。題干“樂觀療法可以……”可定位到原文第3段trialsofoptimism-enhancingtreatments,includingpsychotherapiesandprobablyantidepressants（樂觀療法的嘗試，包括心理療法，可能還有抗抑郁藥）。A選項“有助于發(fā)展正常的人格”，可定位到第3段最后一句thereisalreadypreliminaryevidencethatserotonin-enhancingantidepressantscanalternormalpersonalitytraits（初步證據(jù)表明，提高血清素的抗抑郁藥可以改變正常的人格特征），即樂觀療法可以幫助發(fā)展正常人格，A選項與原文相符；B選項“有助于減少心臟病”，可定位到原文第4段第2句Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.（通過治療抑郁癥來減少心臟病和降低死亡率的努力一直令人失望。）由此可知，治療抑郁癥并不能減少心臟病，心理療法是用來治療抑郁癥的，因此它也不能減少抑郁癥，B選項與原文不符；C選項“有助于延長壽命”，可定位到原文最后一段第1、2句Butevenifpessimismcouldbe“treated”,wouldthatguaranteealongerlife?Judgingfromrecentresearchindepression,