考研考博-英語(yǔ)-廣東女子職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-廣東女子職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Therecentfindingofachangedgeneinobesemice.

B.Abreakthroughinunderstandinggenemodification.

C.Anewlydiscoveredwayforpeopletoloseweight.

D.Theself-repairingabilityofageneinobesemice.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itrendersanorganismunabletofightdiseases.

B.Itpreventsthemice’sfattytissuesfromgrowing.

C.Ithelpsorganismsadapttoenvironmentalchanges.

D.Itrendersmiceunabletosensewhentostopeating.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Humanbeingshavemoreobesitygenesthanmostmicedo.

B.Halfofaperson’stotalweightvariationcanbecontrolled.

C.Peoplearebornwithatendencytohaveacertainweight.

D.Thefunctionoftheobesitygenesisyettobeexplored.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theworseningofnaturalenvironment.

B.Theabundantprovisionofrichfoods.

C.Theacceleratedpaceofpresent-daylife.

D.Theadverseimpactofthefoodindustry.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】PassageTwo

[12]Publicinterestwasarousedbythelatestdiscoveryofachangedgeneinobesemice.ThenewswasmadeknownbyRockefellerUniversitygeneticistJeffreyFriedman.Theresearchersbelievethisgeneinfluencesdevelopmentofahormonethattellsorganismhowfatorfullitis.[13]Thosewiththechangedgenemaynotsensewhentheyhaveeatenenoughoriftheyhavesufficientfattytissue,andthuscan’ttellwhentostopeating.

Theresearchersalsoreportedfindingagenenearlyidenticaltothemouseobesitygeneinhumans.Theoperationofthisgeneinhumanshasnotyetbeendemonstrated,however.[14]Still,professionalslikeUniversityofVermontpsychologistEstherRothblumreactedenthusiastically,“Thisresearchindicatesthatpeoplereallyarebornwithatendencytohaveacertainweight,justastheyaretohaveaparticularskincolororheight.”

Actually,behavioralgeneticistsbelievethatlessthanhalfofthetotalweightvariationisprogrammedinthegenes,whileheightisalmostentirelygeneticallydetermined.Whateverrolegenesplay,Americansaregettingfatter.AsurveybytheCenterforDiseaseControlfoundthatobesityhasincreasedgreatlyoverthelast10years.[15]SuchrapidchangeunderlinestheroleofenvironmentalfactorsliketheabundanceofrichfoodsinAmericans’overeating.TheCenterforDiseaseControlhasalsofoundthatteensarefarlessphysicallyactivethantheywereevenadecadeago.

Acceptingthatweightispredeterminedcanrelieveguiltforoverweightpeople.Butpeople’sbeliefthattheycannotcontroltheirweightcanitselfcontributetoobesity.

12.Whatdoesthespeakersayhasarousedpublicinterest?

【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)什么事引起了公眾的興趣。錄音一開(kāi)頭便指出，最近在肥鼠身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了變異基因，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)引起了公眾的興趣，A選項(xiàng)“最近在肥鼠身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了變異基因”是錄音原文的復(fù)現(xiàn)，因此正確。B選項(xiàng)“在理解基因改造方面實(shí)現(xiàn)突破”；C選項(xiàng)“人們減肥的新方法”和D選項(xiàng)“肥鼠身上某種基因的自我修復(fù)能力”在錄音中沒(méi)有信息提及，均可排除。

13.Whatdowelearnaboutthechangedgene?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)的是關(guān)于變異基因的相關(guān)信息。錄音指出，那些攜帶變異基因的老鼠在過(guò)量進(jìn)食時(shí)，自身卻渾然不覺(jué)，因此不知道什么時(shí)候應(yīng)該停止進(jìn)食，D選項(xiàng)“它使老鼠無(wú)法感覺(jué)到何時(shí)停止進(jìn)食”與錄音原文表述一致，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“它使生物體無(wú)法抵抗疾病”和C選項(xiàng)“它幫助生物體適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化”在錄音中沒(méi)有信息提及；B選項(xiàng)“它阻止老鼠身上脂肪組織的生長(zhǎng)”，錄音中提及那些攜帶變異基因的老鼠無(wú)法感知自身是否有足夠的脂肪組織，因此B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。

14.WhatdoesUniversityofVermontpsychologistEstherRothblumsay?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)佛蒙特大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家EstherRothblum說(shuō)了什么？錄音說(shuō)到了EstherRothblum的觀點(diǎn)：該研究表明，人天生就有一定的體重傾向，就像膚色和身高一樣。C選項(xiàng)“人天生就有某種體重的傾向”與原文表述一致，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“人的肥胖基因比老鼠的多”，錄音中并沒(méi)有將二者進(jìn)行比較，因此可排除；B選項(xiàng)“有一半的影響體重的變量是可控的”，錄音中只是提及：影響體重的變量中，不到一半由基因決定。至于其他的變量可控不可控并沒(méi)有指明，該選項(xiàng)屬于推斷過(guò)度；D選項(xiàng)“肥胖基因的功能尚待探索”，這并不是EstherRothblum的觀點(diǎn)，因此可排除。

15.WhataccountsforAmericans’obesityaccordingtoasurveybytheCenterforDiseaseControl?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)根據(jù)疾病控制中心的調(diào)查，美國(guó)人肥胖的原因是什么。錄音提到，過(guò)去十年美國(guó)肥胖的人越來(lái)越多，這一急劇增長(zhǎng)的變化彰顯了一些“環(huán)境因素”的影響，例如，豐富的食物。B選項(xiàng)中的abundantprovisionofrichfoods是錄音中abundanceofrichfoods的同義替換，因此B選項(xiàng)“豐富食物的充足供應(yīng)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“自然環(huán)境的惡化”主要是利用錄音中的environmentalfactors作干擾，實(shí)際上錄音中說(shuō)的是社會(huì)環(huán)境而不是自然環(huán)境，因此A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)今生活節(jié)奏的加快”和D選項(xiàng)“食品業(yè)的不利影響”在錄音中均未提及，因此排除。

2.單選題

Avilesmellhungintheair.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.burnt

B.unpleasant

C.sweet

D.fruity

【答案】B

【解析】句意：空氣中彌漫著一股難聞的氣味。vile意為邪惡的，骯臟的。選項(xiàng)B更符合句意所表達(dá)的意思。

3.單選題

Itrainedheavily,and（）afloodcamedestroyingeverythinginthevalley.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.consequently

B.yet

C.subsequently

D.thus

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。consequently“因此，結(jié)果”；yet“但是”；subsequently“隨后，后來(lái)”；thus“因此，從而”。句意：雨下得很大，______洪水摧毀了山谷中的一切。空格處后是大雨造成的結(jié)果，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.單選題

Thisstudyinvolvesmonitoringthesleep（）of100mentallyhealthypeopleaged45to80.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.orders

B.rules

C.patterns

D.characters

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)orders“順序；命令”；B選項(xiàng)rules“規(guī)則”；C選項(xiàng)patterns“模式”；D選項(xiàng)characters“特征”。句意：這項(xiàng)研究包括監(jiān)測(cè)100名45歲至80歲精神健康的人的睡眠（）。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，睡眠和characters“特征”搭配比較合理。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Shegetsalongverywellwitheveryone,sosheisthemost（

）memberofourfamily.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.rusty

B.impetuous

C.congenial

D.imperious

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。rusty意為“生銹的，腐蝕的”；impetuous意為“魯莽的，沖動(dòng)的，輕率的”；congenial意為“意氣相投的，情趣相投的，合得來(lái)的”；imperious意為“專橫的，蠻橫的，盛氣凌人的”。由前面的Shegetsalongverywellwitheveryone（她和大家相處得很好）可知她是個(gè)容易相處的人，因此選C。

句意：她和大家相處得很好，所以她是我們家最容易相處的人。

6.單選題

TheSpaceAge（

）inOctober1957whenthefirstartificialsatellitewaslaunchedbytheSovietUnion.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.initiated

B.originated

C.embarked

D.commenced

【答案】D

【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。initiate“開(kāi)始，發(fā)起，創(chuàng)始”;；originate“發(fā)源，來(lái)自”；embark“開(kāi)始”；commence“開(kāi)始”。句意：太空時(shí)代開(kāi)始于1957年10月，第一顆人造衛(wèi)星是由蘇聯(lián)發(fā)射升空的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

7.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

AsIhavesuggested,thenewbreedofinvestorshadbeenplayingwithinformationandturningitintomoney,anotherkindofinformation.However,theFederalReserveBankknewthatoncethegapbetweeninvestmentandproductionbecametoolarge,thesituationwouldresultincrisis.Nowthatithadhappened,onBlackMonday,whatwastobedone?(46)Theanswer,paradoxically,wastoinvestmoremoney—thatis,moreinformation—inthesystem.Evenattheriskoflosingthemoneyimmediately.Thiswouldshoreupthevaluemadefrominformationwithmoreinformation.Andinthisway,themarketwouldquicklyregainitscomposure.Therewas,ofcourse,nocauseforalarmonceinvestors’riskswerecoveredbythegovernment’srisk,thatis,bythewholeeconomyputtingitselfontheline.(47)Thatattitude,however,isboundtogenerateaseriesofotherfruitfulcrises,whichmayeventuallyteachusathingortwoabouttheshortcomingsofrepresentationalmoneyasamediumforsocialdevelopment.

Crisisisthemomentofchange,ofmetamorphosis:wecanimaginethatacaterpillarisindeepcrisisatthemomentitturnsintoabutterfly.Weallthinkthatthewordcrisismeanssomethingterrible,butitdoesn’t.Itmeanssomethingclever,peacefulandgood.CrisiscomesfromtheancientGreekwordkrino,whichmeans“toevaluate,judgeordecide.”Acrisisisatimeforjudgmentandanobjectofjudgment.(48)Thoughmanycrisesareoccasionedbytrulyunpredictableoccurrences,manymorearisefromthebreakdownofoldsystemsastheyareovertakenbythenew.TheBhopaldisasterinIndia,whichclaimedover4,000livesandinjuredmorethan400,000inaneruptionofitsdangerouschemicalMethylIsocyanate(MIC),mighthavebeenpredicted—ifnotaverted—bytrackingthesafetyrecordsofthelocalmanagementwhichactuallyprovedtobeappallinglynegligentandirresponsible.(49)Butarealbreakthroughwasthesuddendiscoveryofthenewcontextofpublicaccountabilityprovidedbyelectroniccommunications.Wehaveallbecomeourbrother’skeepersintheworldofinstantcommunications.Facingacrisis,manypeoplewastetheirtimewatchingtheoldordergodown,deploringtheirfateandregrettingtheworldthathasgoneby.(50)Butittakescriticaljudgmentincriticaltimestounderstandthattherealstoryiswhat’scoming.Thenthetaskofdecidingiseasyandfascinating.

【答案】【參考譯文】

46.矛盾的是，答案是向系統(tǒng)投資更多的錢，也就是更多的信息。即使冒著馬上失去金錢的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

47.然而，這種態(tài)度必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生一系列其他富有成效的危機(jī)，這些危機(jī)最終可能會(huì)給我們一些關(guān)于代表性貨幣作為社會(huì)發(fā)展媒介的缺點(diǎn)的教訓(xùn)。

48.盡管許多危機(jī)是由真正不可預(yù)測(cè)的事件引起的，但更多的是出現(xiàn)在舊體制的崩潰中，因?yàn)樗鼈儽恍麦w制所取代。

49.但真正的突破是由電子通信提供的公共問(wèn)責(zé)的新背景的突然發(fā)現(xiàn)。

50.但在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻需要有批判性的判斷力才能理解真實(shí)的故事是什么。那么做決定的任務(wù)就很簡(jiǎn)單，也很吸引人。

8.單選題

Packedlikesardinesintosweaty,claustrophobicsubwaycarriages,passengerscanbarelybreathe,________moveaboutfreely.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.aswellas

B.disregardfor

C.letalone

D.notmentioning

【答案】C

【解析】考查邏輯關(guān)系。aswellas“也”；disregardfor“忽視”；letalone“更不必說(shuō)，聽(tīng)任”；notmentioning“沒(méi)有提及”。句意：乘客們像沙丁魚(yú)一樣擠在充滿汗臭、幽閉恐怖的地鐵車廂里，幾乎無(wú)法呼吸，更無(wú)法自由活動(dòng)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.單選題

Stressfulenvironmentleadstounhealthybehaviorssuchaspooreatinghabits,which（

）,increasetheriskofhighbloodpressureandheartdisease.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.bychance

B.inturn

C.byfortune

D.incase

【答案】B

【解析】句意:有壓力的環(huán)境導(dǎo)致如不好的飲食習(xí)慣這樣的不健康的行為，依次增加高血壓和心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

短語(yǔ)辨析。Bychance偶然，意外;inturn輪流,依次;byfortune幸運(yùn);incase萬(wàn)一,假如.。故B符合句意。

10.單選題

Darkmatterintheuniverseis,believedbysomescientists,substancethatisnotreadilyobservablebecauseitdoesnotdirectlyrefractlightorenergy.Itsexistencecanonlybededucedbecauseoftheeffectthatithasonsurroundingmatter.Infact,somemembersofthescientificcommunityhavearguedthatdarkmatterdoesnotactuallyexist.Others,however,believeinitsexistence,inpartbecausethescientificcommunitydoesnothaveacompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.Ontheotherhand,somewouldarguethatitistheunderstandingofgravitationalsciencethatleadsmostscientiststobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatter,becausewithoutdarkmatter,therearemanycosmologicalphenomenathataredifficulttoexplain.

Forexample,darkmatterintheuniversemayhaveapeculiareffectontheMilkyWaygalaxy.Somescientistsbelievethattheinteractionbetweendarkmatterandothersmaller,nearbygalaxiesiscausingtheMilkyWaygalaxytotakeonawarpedprofile.Ithasbeenassertedthatnotonlydoesdarkmatterexist,itmayalsoberesponsiblefortheMilkyWay’sunusualshape.TheinteractionreferencedinvolvestwosmallergalaxiesneartheMilkyWay,calledMagllanicClouds,movingthroughanenormousamountofdarkmatter,which,ineffect,enhancesthegravitationalpullthatthetwoMagellanicCloudscouldhaveontheMilkyWayandothersurroundingbodies.Withouttheexistenceofthedarkmatter,theMagellanicCloudswouldnothavesufficientmasstohavesuchastrongeffectonthebendoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.

ThestrongestevidenceforthevalidityofthishypothesisrestsinNewtonianphysicsandthehypothesisthatanythingwithmasswillexertagravitationalpull.TheMilkyWayandothergalaxieswithpeculiarwarpedshapesarebeingmoldedbyagravitationalforce.However,thereisnothingreadilyobservablewithsufficientmassthatcouldcausesuchahighlevelofdistortionviagravitationalpullinthevicinityoftheMilkyWay,Therefore,somethingthatisnoteasilyobservedmustbeexertingthenecessaryforcetocreatethewarpedshapeofthegalaxy.

AaronRomanowskyandseveralcolleagueshavequestionedtheeffectthatdarkmattermighthaveongalaxies.Theypointtotheexistenceofseveralellipticalgalaxiessurroundedbyverylittledarkmatterasevidencethatdarkmatterisnot,infact,thecauseofthewarpedgalaxies.Whiletheydonotclaimthattheirfindingsshouldbeinterpretedtoconcludethatdarkmatterdoesnotexist,theyapparentlybelievethattheresultsoftheirstudiescastdoubtonsomeoftheconventionaltheoriesofgalaxyformationandmanipulation.

SeveralmodelsconstructedbyresearchersfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,however,pointtotheideathatdarkmatteristhemostlikelyexplanationforthedistortedshapeoftheMilkyWayandothergalaxies.Usingcomputermodels,theyhavemappedthelikelyinteractionsbetweencertaingalaxiesandthesurroundingdarkmatter,andthosemodelshaveshownnotonlythepossibilitythatdarkmatterisresponsibleforthewarpedshapeoftheMilkyWay,butthattherelationshipbetweenthedarkmatterandtheMagllanicCloudsisdynamic;themovementofthecloudsthroughthedarkmatterseemstocreateawakethatenhancestheirgravitationalinfluenceontheMilkyWay.

1.Thepassagestatesthatsomemembersofthescientificcommunityarereluctanttobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatterbecause______.

2.Whatdoesthepassageofferasevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatter?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisAaronRomanowsky’stheoryregardingdarkmatter?

4.Thelastparagraphsupportsthegeneralhypothesisprovidedearlierinthepassagethat______.

5.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdarkmatter?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thereisabsolutelynoevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatter

B.nooneunderstandshowtoapplygravitationalscience

C.darkmattercannotbedirectlyobserved

D.darkmatterhaslittleeffectonsurroundingmatter

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Acompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.

B.TheenormousmassofMagellanicClouds.

C.TheshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.

D.Aphotographtakenwiththeaidofarefractingtelescope.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itcannotbeconclusivelyproventhatdarkmatteraffectstheshapeandformationofgalaxies.

B.Thediscoveryofcertaingalaxiesdisprovesthetheorythatdarkmatterexistsintheuniverse.

C.Computermodelssuggestthatdarkmatterisresponsibleforwarpedgalaxies.

D.Darkmatterhasnoeffectatallontheshapeofgalaxy.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theeffectofMagllanicCloudsongalaxiesisenhancedbydarkmatter

B.computermodelsarenecessaryforanunderstandingofgravitationalscience

C.darkmatterhaslittletonoeffectontheformationofcertaincosmologicalphenomena

D.theshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxycanbededucedbyobservingthemattersurroundingit

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itsexistencehasbeenconclusivelyprovenbycomputermodels.

B.Itsexistenceisinferredbysomeresearchersbasedonobservationsofcosmologicalbodiescomposedofordinarymatter.

C.Ifitdoesnotexist,theuniverseislargelyempty.

D.Itspresenceisreadilyobservabletoresearcherswhocompletelyunderstandhowtoapplygravitationalscience.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Thepassagestatesthatsomemembersofthescientificcommunityarereluctanttobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatterbecause______.1.這篇文章指出，一些科學(xué)團(tuán)體的成員不愿意相信暗物質(zhì)的存在，因?yàn)開(kāi)_____。

A.thereisabsolutelynoevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatterA.完全沒(méi)有證據(jù)證明暗物質(zhì)的存在

B.nooneunderstandshowtoapplygravitationalscienceB.沒(méi)有人知道如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)

C.darkmattercannotbedirectlyobservedC.不能直接觀測(cè)到暗物質(zhì)

D.darkmatterhaslittleeffectonsurroundingmatterD.暗物質(zhì)對(duì)周圍的物質(zhì)幾乎沒(méi)有影響

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段最后三句“事實(shí)上，科學(xué)界的一些成員認(rèn)為暗物質(zhì)實(shí)際上并不存在。然而，另一些人相信它的存在，部分原因是科學(xué)界對(duì)引力科學(xué)沒(méi)有一個(gè)完整的理解。另一方面，一些人會(huì)認(rèn)為，正是對(duì)引力科學(xué)的理解使大多數(shù)科學(xué)家相信暗物質(zhì)的存在，因?yàn)闆](méi)有暗物質(zhì)，就有許多難以解釋的宇宙現(xiàn)象?！庇纱丝芍?，一些人相信暗物質(zhì)，部分原因是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)界對(duì)引力科學(xué)還沒(méi)有一個(gè)完整的理解，所以只能用暗物質(zhì)來(lái)解釋宇宙現(xiàn)象，那么可以推斷，一些科學(xué)團(tuán)體的成員不愿意相信暗物質(zhì)的存在是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)界對(duì)引力科學(xué)沒(méi)有完整的理解，不知道如何運(yùn)用引力科學(xué)。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有人知道如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“完全沒(méi)有證據(jù)證明暗物質(zhì)的存在”與原文中“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)銀河星系的形成造成影響”這一說(shuō)法不符，屬于反向干擾；

C項(xiàng)“不能直接觀測(cè)到暗物質(zhì)”并不是科學(xué)家不相信暗物質(zhì)存在的原因，屬于出處錯(cuò)位；

D項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)周圍的物質(zhì)幾乎沒(méi)有影響”根據(jù)第一段第二句“只能根據(jù)它對(duì)周圍物質(zhì)的影響來(lái)推斷暗物質(zhì)的存在”可知，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Whatdoesthepassageofferasevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatter?2.這篇文章為暗物質(zhì)的存在提供了什么證據(jù)？

A.Acompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.A.對(duì)引力科學(xué)的完全理解。

B.TheenormousmassofMagellanicClouds.B.麥哲倫星云的巨大質(zhì)量。

C.TheshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.C.銀河系的形狀。

D.Aphotographtakenwiththeaidofarefractingtelescope.D.用折射望遠(yuǎn)鏡拍攝的照片。

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】文章第二段和第三段對(duì)暗物質(zhì)的存在提供了論據(jù)，根據(jù)第二段最后一句“如果沒(méi)有暗物質(zhì)的存在，麥哲倫星云就不會(huì)有足夠的質(zhì)量對(duì)銀河系的彎曲產(chǎn)生如此強(qiáng)烈的影響”以及第三段的內(nèi)容“這一假設(shè)的最有力證據(jù)來(lái)自牛頓物理學(xué)和任何有質(zhì)量的物體都會(huì)產(chǎn)生引力的假設(shè)。銀河系和其他具有奇特扭曲形狀的星系正在被引力塑造。然而，在銀河系附近并沒(méi)有足夠大質(zhì)量的物體能夠通過(guò)引力引起如此高程度的扭曲。因此，一定是一些不容易觀測(cè)到的物體施加了必要的力，才造成了星系的扭曲形狀。”，從中我們可知，銀河系和其他具有奇特扭曲形狀的星系正在被引力塑造，但是在銀河系附近沒(méi)有足夠大質(zhì)量的物體，所以可以推斷，暗物質(zhì)的存在的依據(jù)就是銀河系的形狀。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)“銀河系的形狀”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“對(duì)引力科學(xué)的完全理解”，文章第一段就指出人們對(duì)引力科學(xué)沒(méi)有完全的了解，所以該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“麥哲倫星云的巨大質(zhì)量”和D項(xiàng)“用折射望遠(yuǎn)鏡拍攝的照片”沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。

3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisAaronRomanowsky’stheoryregardingdarkmatter?3.根據(jù)這篇文章，亞倫˙羅曼諾斯基關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)的理論是什么？

A.Itcannotbeconclusivelyproventhatdarkmatteraffectstheshapeandformationofgalaxies.A.暗物質(zhì)會(huì)影響星系的形狀和形成，這一點(diǎn)還無(wú)法得到確鑿的證明。

B.Thediscoveryofcertaingalaxiesdisprovesthetheorythatdarkmatterexistsintheuniverse.B.某些星系的發(fā)現(xiàn)證明宇宙中存在暗物質(zhì)的理論是錯(cuò)誤的。

C.Computermodelssuggestthatdarkmatterisresponsibleforwarpedgalaxies.C.計(jì)算機(jī)模型表明暗物質(zhì)是扭曲星系的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>

D.Darkmatterhasnoeffectatallontheshapeofgalaxy.D.暗物質(zhì)對(duì)星系的形狀沒(méi)有任何影響。

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至文章第四段，根據(jù)最后兩句的內(nèi)容“他們指出，存在著幾個(gè)橢圓星系，周圍幾乎沒(méi)有暗物質(zhì)，這證明了暗物質(zhì)并不是導(dǎo)致星系變形的原因。雖然他們沒(méi)有聲稱他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)該被解釋為暗物質(zhì)不存在，但他們顯然相信，他們的研究結(jié)果對(duì)一些星系形成和操縱的傳統(tǒng)理論提出了質(zhì)疑?！笨芍瑏唫?羅曼諾斯基關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)的觀點(diǎn)就是，星系變形的原因并不是由于暗物質(zhì)。因此，D項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)星系的形狀沒(méi)有任何影響”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)會(huì)影響星系的形狀和形成，這一點(diǎn)還無(wú)法得到確鑿的證明”和C項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)模型表明暗物質(zhì)是扭曲星系的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住备鶕?jù)解題思路可知，這兩項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“某些星系的發(fā)現(xiàn)證明宇宙中存在暗物質(zhì)的理論是錯(cuò)誤的”，文中提到“他們沒(méi)有聲稱他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)該被解釋為暗物質(zhì)不存在”，所以他的理論并不是推翻暗物質(zhì)的存在，該項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推斷。

4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.Thelastparagraphsupportsthegeneralhypothesisprovidedearlierinthepassagethat______.4.最后一段支持了文章前面提出的假設(shè)，即______。

A.theeffectofMagllanicCloudsongalaxiesisenhancedbydarkmatterA.暗物質(zhì)增強(qiáng)了麥哲倫星云對(duì)星系的影響

B.computermodelsarenecessaryforanunderstandingofgravitationalscienceB.計(jì)算機(jī)模型對(duì)于理解引力科學(xué)是必要的

C.darkmatterhaslittletonoeffectontheformationofcertaincosmologicalphenomenaC.暗物質(zhì)對(duì)某些宇宙現(xiàn)象的形成幾乎沒(méi)有影響

D.theshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxycanbededucedbyobservingthemattersurroundingitD.銀河系的形狀可以通過(guò)觀察它周圍的物質(zhì)推斷出來(lái)

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。

【解題思路】定位至最后一段第二句中的“他們已經(jīng)繪制了某些星系和周圍暗物質(zhì)之間可能的相互作用，這些模型不僅顯示了暗物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致銀河系扭曲形狀的可能性，而且還顯示了暗物質(zhì)和麥哲倫星云之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系”可知，這一段與前文提到的“暗物質(zhì)影響銀河系的形狀”的假設(shè)一致。因此，D項(xiàng)“銀河系的形狀可以通過(guò)觀察它周圍的物質(zhì)推斷出來(lái)”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)增強(qiáng)了麥哲倫星云對(duì)星系的影響”是暗物質(zhì)影響銀河系的形狀的假設(shè)的內(nèi)容，該項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全；

B項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)模型對(duì)于理解引力科學(xué)是必要的”在文章前文并沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有；

C項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)某些宇宙現(xiàn)象的形成幾乎沒(méi)有影響”根據(jù)解題思路可知，該項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文。

5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

5.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdarkmatter?5.這篇文章支持下面關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)的哪一種說(shuō)法？

A.Itsexistencehasbeenconclusivelyprovenbycomputermodels.A.它的存在已經(jīng)被計(jì)算機(jī)模型證實(shí)。

B.Itsexistenceisinferredbysomeresearchersbasedonobservationsofcosmologicalbodiescomposedofordinarymatter.B.它的存在是由一些研究人員根據(jù)對(duì)由普通物質(zhì)組成的宇宙天體的觀察推斷出來(lái)的。

C.Ifitdoesnotexist,theuniverseislargelyempty.C.如果它不存在，宇宙基本上是空的。

D.Itspresenceisreadilyobservabletoresearcherswhocompletelyunderstandhowtoapplygravitationalscience.D.對(duì)于完全了解如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)的研究人員來(lái)說(shuō)，它的存在是很容易觀察到的。

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】文章第二段對(duì)于暗物質(zhì)存在所做的假設(shè)就是它能改變銀河系的形狀，該段描述了暗物質(zhì)是如何影響銀河系附近的麥哲倫星云，并增強(qiáng)了兩個(gè)麥哲倫星云對(duì)銀河系和其他周圍天體的引力，從而使銀河系的形狀發(fā)生改變，所以B項(xiàng)“它的存在是由一些研究人員根據(jù)對(duì)由普通物質(zhì)組成的宇宙天體的觀察推斷出來(lái)的”最能支持關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)存在的說(shuō)法。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“它的存在已經(jīng)被計(jì)算機(jī)模型證實(shí)”，根據(jù)最后一段第二句中的“這些模型不僅顯示了暗物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致銀河系扭曲形狀的可能性，而且還顯示了暗物質(zhì)和麥哲倫云之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系”，可知，文章并沒(méi)有證實(shí)暗物質(zhì)的存在，只是顯示暗物質(zhì)存在的可能性，該項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推斷；

C項(xiàng)“如果它不存在，宇宙基本上是空的”文中未提及，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D項(xiàng)“對(duì)于完全了解如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)的研究人員來(lái)說(shuō)，它的存在是很容易觀察到的”與第一段第一句提到的“宇宙中的暗物質(zhì)被一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為是不易觀察到的物質(zhì)，因?yàn)樗荒苤苯诱凵涔饣蚰芰俊毕嗝埽瑢儆诜聪蚋蓴_。

11.單選題

Thetravelagencyhasafullprogramof（）,iftouristswishtovisitlocalplacesofinterest.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.expeditions

B.excursions

C.explorations

D.propositions

【答案】B

【解析】句意:如果游客想游覽當(dāng)?shù)氐拿麆俟袍E，旅行社有一套完整的短途旅行計(jì)劃。

考查名詞辨析。expedition遠(yuǎn)征，探險(xiǎn);excursion遠(yuǎn)足，短程旅行;exploration探測(cè)；proposition命題，提議。根據(jù)“當(dāng)?shù)氐拿麆俟袍E”可知四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，B項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Scientificevidencefromdifferent_______demonstratesthatinmosthumansthelefthemisphereofthebraincontrolslanguage.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.scopes

B.ranges

C.disciplines

D.arrays

【答案】C

【解析】scopes范圍,領(lǐng)域;ranges范圍,區(qū)間;disciplines學(xué)科;arrays陣列,數(shù)組。句意：來(lái)自不同學(xué)科的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明,大多數(shù)人的大腦左半球控制著語(yǔ)言功能。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

13.單選題

Thecolorandsmellofwaterintheserivers（）itselfhowseriousthepollutionisbutmanypeoplearestillignoringhefact.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.illustrates

B.demonstrates

C.manifests

D.exemplifies

【答案】C

【解析】近義詞辨析題。manifestoneself"顯現(xiàn),顯露";illustrate"說(shuō)明,闡明";demonstrate"舉行示威游行（或集會(huì)）;說(shuō)明";exemplify"例示，舉例證明"。句意：這些河水的顏色和氣味表明了污染的嚴(yán)重性，但是許多人仍然忽視了這個(gè)事實(shí)。選項(xiàng)C更恰當(dāng)。

14.單選題

InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.

Inthosetimes,rulershadonlyalimitedabilitytoraisetaxes.Theycouldneitherforcetheirsubjectstofightnorpaythemtodoso.Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.

Onesuchdevicewasaruleassertingthattheprisonerhadtoassesshisownvalue.Thiscompelledtheprisonertoestablishavaluewithoutmuchdistortion;indicatingtoolowavaluewouldincreasethecaptive’schancesofbeingkilled,whileindicatingtoohighavaluewouldeitherrushhimfinanciallyorcreateaprohibitivelyexpensiveransomthatwouldalsoresultindeath.

Asecondmeansofreducingcostswasthepracticeofreleasingaprisoneronhiswordofhonor.Thisprocedurewasadvantageoustobothpartiessincethecaptorwasrelievedoftheexpenseofkeepingtheprisonerwhilethecaptivehadfreedomofmovement.Thecaptoralsobenefitedfinanciallybyhavinghiscaptiveraisetheransomhimself.This“parole”wasaviablepracticesincethereleasedprisonerriskedrecaptureorretaliationagainsthisfamily.Moreover,inmedievalsociety,breakingone’swordhadseriousconsequences.When,forexample,KingFrancoisIbrokehiswordtotheEmperorCharlesVin1525,hisreputationsufferedimmensely.

Afindmethodofreducingcostswastheuseofspecializedinstitutionstoestablishcontactbetweenthetwoparties.Twotypesofinstitutionsemerged:professionaldealerswhoactedasbrokers,andmembersofreligiousorderswhoactedasneutralintermediaries.Dealersadvancedmoneyfortheransomandchargedinterestontheloan.TwoofthereligiousordersthatbecameintermediariesweretheMercedariansandtheTrinitarians,whobetweenthemarrangedtheransomofnearlyonemillionprisoners.

61.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

62.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatamedievalsoldier______.

63.Intheauthor’sopinion,asoldier’sdecisiontospareanadversary’slifebelinkedhistoricallyto______.

64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprocessofarrangingransomsduringmedievaltimeswas______.

65.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.discusstheeconomicbasisofthemedievalpracticeofexchangingprisonersforransom

B.examinethehistoryofthetreatmentofprisonersofwar

C.emphasizetheimportanceofawarrior’swordofhonorduringtheMiddleAges

D.explorethreewaysofreducingthecostsofransom

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.hadfeweconomicoptionsandchosetofightbecauseitwastheonlywayto

B.wassimilartoa20th-centuryterroristinthatheoperatedonabasicallyindependentlevelandwasmotivatedsolelybyeconomicincentives

C.waslesslikelytokillcapturedmembersofopposingarmiesthanwasasoldieroftheRomanEmpire

D.wasmotivatedtospareprisonerslivesbyhumanitarianratherthaneconomicideals

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theeconomicrelationshipofthewarringstates

B.theeconomicgainfromtakinganenemyprisonerratherthankillinghimincombat

C.thecasewithwhichasoldiercouldcaptureandsubsequentlyimprisonhisenemy

D.technologicaladvancesinweaponry

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.morelucrativeformedievalsoldiersandkingsthanthewinningofspoils

B.aproceduresocostlythatitwasnoteconomicallyworthwhileforthecaptors

C.futileforthecaptivesincelieriskedrecaptureevenafterhisransomwaspaid

D.apotentialsourceofincomeforothersasidefromthecaptorsoftheprisoners

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Anassertionismade,brieflyexplained,andthenseveralexamplesthatrefutetheassertionaregiven.

B.Ahistoricalanalysisismadeofaphenomenonandsupportingdetailsareoffered.

C.Ahypothesisisoffered,carefullyqualified,andthensupportingdataisanalyzed.

D.Agenerallyacceptedhistoricalviewpointispresentedinordertointroducediscussionofitsstrengthsandlimitations.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】61.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“文章的主要目的是……”。文章第一段提到InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.（在羅馬時(shí)代，被打敗的敵人通常會(huì)因?yàn)槊胺噶肆_馬皇帝而被當(dāng)作罪犯處死。然而，在中世紀(jì)，贖回或遣返囚犯以換取金錢的做法變得普遍起來(lái)。盡管有些人認(rèn)為這一習(xí)俗是邁向更人道社會(huì)的一步，但其背后的主要原因是經(jīng)濟(jì)而非人道主義。），接著全篇都是在描述中世紀(jì)拿戰(zhàn)俘換取金錢這一行為，可知文章的主要目的是討論中世紀(jì)統(tǒng)治者拿戰(zhàn)俘換取金錢這一行為的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)，故A項(xiàng)“討論中世紀(jì)交換囚犯換取贖金的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“研究戰(zhàn)俘待遇的歷史”和C項(xiàng)“在中世紀(jì)強(qiáng)調(diào)戰(zhàn)士的榮譽(yù)承諾的重要性”，都只是在文章中有稍微提到，比較片面；D項(xiàng)“探索三種降低贖金成本的方法”，根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)兩句Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.（雖然收集贖金顯然帶來(lái)了經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，但關(guān)押和安排交換囚犯是有代價(jià)的。因此，制定了若干程序以減少交易成本。），由此可知，降低交易成本只是統(tǒng)治者為了能夠獲得最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，是討論統(tǒng)治者拿戰(zhàn)俘換取金錢這一行為的一部分內(nèi)容，D項(xiàng)概括不夠全面。故該題選A。

62.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章可以推斷中世紀(jì)的士兵……”。根據(jù)第二段第四句Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.（在中世紀(jì)，每個(gè)士兵參加戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)是對(duì)戰(zhàn)利品的期望）可知中世紀(jì)士兵是為了獲得戰(zhàn)利品而去戰(zhàn)斗，因?yàn)橹惺兰o(jì)戰(zhàn)俘可以換贖金，所以一般不會(huì)像羅馬時(shí)期一樣殺死戰(zhàn)俘，故C項(xiàng)“他比羅馬帝國(guó)的士兵更不可能殺死被敵軍俘虜?shù)氖勘狈项}意；A項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有什么經(jīng)濟(jì)選擇，所以選擇戰(zhàn)斗，因?yàn)檫@是唯一的辦法”，第二段第三句提到Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.（以貨物和贖金形式提供物質(zhì)補(bǔ)償?shù)某兄Z是誘使戰(zhàn)斗人員參加戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的唯一辦法）可知，讓士兵參加戰(zhàn)斗的唯一辦法是承諾以貨物和贖金形式提供物質(zhì)補(bǔ)償，所以A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“類似于20世紀(jì)的恐怖分子，他基本上是獨(dú)立運(yùn)作的，只受經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)使”，全文作者沒(méi)有將中世紀(jì)的士兵與現(xiàn)代的恐怖主義作比較，故不選B；D項(xiàng)“是出于人道主義而不是經(jīng)濟(jì)理想來(lái)拯救囚犯的生命”，釋放戰(zhàn)俘是為了獲得贖金，而不是人道主義，所以D項(xiàng)也不選。故該題選C。

63.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“在作者看來(lái)，一名士兵決定寬恕敵人的生命歷史上是與……有關(guān)”。根據(jù)第一段的第二句話Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.（然而，在中世紀(jì)，贖回或遣返囚犯以換取金錢的做法變得普遍起來(lái)），我們可以知道戰(zhàn)士不殺死戰(zhàn)俘的原因是為了贖金；這是個(gè)人經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)力驅(qū)使，所以B項(xiàng)“在戰(zhàn)斗中俘虜敵人而不是殺死他所獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“戰(zhàn)國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系”，文章沒(méi)有提到羅馬帝國(guó)和戰(zhàn)國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系；C項(xiàng)“一名士兵可以捕獲并監(jiān)禁他的敵人的情況”這不是士兵會(huì)寬恕敵人的生命的原因，最終是為了獲得贖金；D項(xiàng)“武器裝備技術(shù)進(jìn)步”文章也未提到；故該題選B。

64.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出中世紀(jì)安排贖金的過(guò)程是……”。根據(jù)第二段第四句IntheMiddleAges,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofs