高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)：自然科技閱讀專題訓(xùn)練

11/11高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)：自然科技閱讀專題AAsnewyearapproaches,crowdsaroundtheworldmaybeexpectingfireworkstolightupthesky.Butthefireworkscouldfinallylosetheirappealwiththegrowinguseofdrones(無人機)forlightshows.OneobviousexamplewasdronelightshowintheopeningceremonyofTokyoOlympics.OllieHowitt,atechnicianatSkyMagic,whichused300dronestocreateadisplayforLondon’snewyearcelebration,saiddemandhadincreasedsubstantially.Sheaddedthatdroneswereincreasinglyabletoflyingreaterdensityandforlonger.Howittalsosaidtherewerebenefitsofdrones,“Theygiveoutnopollutants,they’rereusable,andthere’snofalloutorthatkindofthing.Sointhatsensetheyareaverysensiblechoice.”RobertNeff,thegeneralmanageratMerciaHarbor,alsosaidthedecisiontouseadronedisplayattheharborwasdowntoanumberoffactors,includingtheimpactoffireworksonanimals—fromwildlifetothepetsofboatowners.“They’veoftencommentedonhowmuchsufferingiscausedtotheirpetsbythefireworks,”hesaid.Butnoteveryoneagrees.HansRosling,aspokespersonfromtheBritishFireworksAssociationsaiddronescouldalsoposeenvironmentalproblems.“Suggestionsarethatdroneshavelessofanimpactontheenvironment,butwehaveconcernsaboutelectricaldemandanduseoflithium(鋰)batterieswhichareknownnottobeallthat‘green’,”hesaid.“Theimpactoffireworkuseontheenvironmenthasbeenshowntobeminorandveryshort-livedandrecentstudieshavesuggestedthatthereislikelytobemorepollutionfromacoupleofcarsdrivingtoaneventthancausedbyfireworksatanevent.”Andthereareissueswithdronelightdisplays,whichneedtoreceivespecificsafetyapprovalfromcertainauthorities.Somesuggesttheuseofdronesdoesn’tmeanshuttingofffireworks.Thebangsoffireworkscreateasoundfeelingthatishardtoreplace.Meanwhile,otherspreferthechancetotellstoriesintheskybyusingaseriesofimage.1.WhydoesthewritertalkabouttheTokyoOlympicsinPara1?A.Toattractreaders’attentiontotheOlympics.B.Toadvocatesettingofffireworksinthenewyear.C.Tointroducethepopularuseofdronesforlightshows.D.Tohighlightpeople’scelebrationofthisopeningceremony.2.WhatdidOllieHowittthinkofdronedisplays?A.Theybringenvironmentalproblems.B.Theycauselittlesufferingtothepets.C.Theyaddcolortothenewyearcelebration.D.Theyareeconomicalandenvironmentally-friendly.3.WhichofthefollowingdidHansRoslingagreewith?A.Fireworkdisplayslastshorterthandronedisplays.B.Thepollutionfromfireworksisn’tasmuchaspeoplethink.C.Droneshavelessimpactontheenvironmentthanfireworks.D.Peopleshouldabandonthedronedisplaysbecauseoflithiumbatteries.4.Whatarepeople’sattitudestowardsdronelightdisplays?A.Controversial. B.Favorable. C.Cautious. D.Neutral.BAlthoughtherearefilters(濾鏡)whichcanchangedigitalphotographstomakethemsimilartoapainting,obviousdifferencesstillexist.

Abrand-newpaintingAIhasbeenmadepublicrecently.Muchlikethepupilsoftheoldmasters,thenewAIstudiestheworksofgreatpainterslikeVermeerandVanGoghandlearnstoreproducetheirworks.

TheAI,named"PaintBot",isthecreationofateamofresearchersfromtheUniversityofMaryland,theBytedanceAILabandAdobeResearch.

PaintBotcannotonlyreproducetheworksofdifferentartistsbutcreatenewworksbasedonphotographsinthechosenpainter'scharacteristicstyle.

TotraintheAItoimitate(模仿)agivenartist'stechnique,theresearcherswouldpresentitwithbetween3and10referencepaintings.Witheachreferencepaintingitstudies,theAIgraduallylearnstorecognizethevariouscharacteristicsofthegivenartist'stechnique,includingthestroke(筆畫)colour,positionandsize—alongwiththeorderinwhicheachbrushstrokeshouldbemade.

PaintBotusesatechniqueknownasreinforcementlearning(強化學(xué)習(xí)).Duringthelearningprocess,theAIwouldpracticereproducingreferencepaintings,whichitwouldthencomparewiththeoriginalworktoseehowsimilarthetwowereandifitwasimprovingitsimitationoftheartist'sstyle.IttakesaroundsixhoursfortheAItolearntoimitateagivenpainter.

OncetheAIhasmasteredaparticularartist'stechnique,theresearcherscouldpresentitwithanewimagetoreproduceinthesamestyle.TheAIthenuseswhatithaslearnttoproduceanewpainting,puttingdowneachbrushstrokeoneatatime.

Afterbeingtrainedinagivenstyle,PaintBottakesonlyaroundfiveminutestoproduceeachofitsdigitalmasterpieces.

ThewaythatPaintBot'scompositionsarebuiltupfromthousandsofindividualbrushstrokesmakestheAI'sworksmorerealisticthanthoseonlinefilters.5.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutfiltersusedtochangedigitalphotos?A.Theydoamazingwork. B.Theyareoutofdate.C.Theyhavedifferentuses. D.Theyarenotgoodenough.6.WhatdoesPaintBotneedtodofirstbeforeimitatingacertainartist'spainting?A.Learntheartist'stechniques. B.Recognizethevalueofthepainting.C.Comparethepaintingwithotherworks. D.Understandtheartist'sfamilybackground.7.HowdoesPaintBotcreateworks?A.Itfollowsthegivenstyle. B.Itlearnsfromtheresearchers.C.Itjustimitatesthereferencepaintings. D.Itmixestechniquesofdifferentartists.8.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesPaintBot'spaintingsaccordingtotheauthor?A.Popular. B.Valuable. C.Advanced. D.Lifelike.CAnimalsperformtasksthattheirbodiesarewelldesignedfor.That’sbecausetheirintelligenceevolved(進化)withtheirphysicalformastheyinteractedwiththeenvironment.Artificialintelligenceissmartaswellbutitdoesn’thaveabody.AgrimGuptaofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagueswondered:Doeshavingbodiesmatterfortheevolutionofintelligence?Toanswerit,theycreatedavirtualrobotnamed“unimal”andstudiedhowhavingvirtualbodiesaffectedtheevolutionoftheunimals’intelligence.Unimalsareprettysimplewithballsforheadsandcylindersforarmsandlegs.Thetestenvironmentscameinthreevarieties:flatareas,areasfilledwithhills,stepsandbrokenstones,andareasthathadthecomplexitiesofthesecondsort,butwithaddedobjectsthatunimalsneedtomovetoatargetlocation.Atfirst,theunimalswereinrandomshapes,butwithidenticalsoftwarerunningthem.Ingroupsoffour,DrGuptaputthemthroughtestsofagility,stability,andabilitytocontrolobjects.Theneachgroup’swinnerwasallowedtogivebirthtoadaughterwithonemutation(變異),forexample,anextralegforstability.Thisdaughterwassenttoanewgrouptobetested.Theprocessrepeatedandthetestendedaftertengenerationsofevolution.Thediversityoftheunimals’shapesthatevolvedsurprisedtheteam.Somehadarmsaswellaslegswhileothershadonlylegs.Crucially,though,theresearchersfoundthemostsuccessfulunimals,whichevolvedinthetoughestenvironment,learnedtasksfasterandbetterthantheirancestors.ThisconsistswiththeBaldwineffect,whichsuggeststhatmindsevolvetomakebestuseofthemorphologies(形態(tài))ofthebodiestheyfindthemselvesin.It’sbelievedthattheresultwillprovideinsightsfordevelopingrobotsthatcanlearntoperformmultipletasksintherealworld.9.WhatdidAgrimGupta’steamstudy?A.Howanimalsperformtasks.B.Howunimalsarecreatedrandomly.C.Howanimalsinteractwiththeenvironment.D.HowhavingvirtualbodiesinfluencesAIevolution.10.Whatmakesthethirdtestenvironmentthetoughest?A.Stonestobepicked. B.Morestepstobecounted.C.Objectstobemoved. D.Higherhillstobeclimbed.11.What’sParagraph4mainlyabout?A.Thetestprocedure. B.Therunningsoftware.C.Theunimals’varieties. D.Thewinners’mutations.12.WhyistheBaldwineffectmentionedinParagraph5?A.Tocomparedifferentdiscoveries.B.Toexplaintheconceptofmorphology.C.TosupporttheresultofGupta’sstudy.D.Tointroduceanewwaytodeveloprobots.DResearcherssayanewelectricaldeviceplacedinthreeparalyzedpatientshashelpedthemwalkagain.Thelowerbodiesofthethreepatientswereleftparalyzedaftertheysufferedspinal(脊柱的)cordinjuries.Butadeviceimplantedinthespinalcordwasabletosendelectricalsignalstothemusclestopermitthemtostand,walkandexercise.Scientistshavediscoveredthatneurons—whichreceiveandsendsignalsformusclemovements—oftenstillworkininjuredpatientswithseriousspinalcordinjuries.However,pastresearchintospinalcordinjurieshascenteredonthestimulationofneurons.NowinthelatestexperimentledbyGregoireCourtineandJocelyneBlochoftheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyinLausanne,threeparalyzedmenwereimplantedanewelectricaldevicedesignedtocopyanactionofthebrain,inwhichitsendssignalstothespinalcordthatresultinmusclemovement.Whenthespinalcordreceivesthebrainsignals,itstimulatesacollectionofnervecellsthatcanactivatedifferentmuscles.Theresearchersreportedthatallthreepatientswhogotthespinalcordimplantswereabletotaketheirfirststepswithinanhourafterreceivingthem.Overthenextsixmonths,thepatientsregainedtheabilitytotakepartinmoreadvancedwalkingactivities,thestudyfound.Theywerealsoabletoridebicyclesandswimincommunitysettings.Unlikeotherattemptstohelpparalyzedpatientswalkbystimulatingnervesthroughthebackofthespine,Courtinesaidthathisteamredesignedthedevicessosignalswouldenterthespinefromthesides.Thismethodpermitsmoredirecttargetingandactivationofspinalcordareas,hesaid.Theteamthendevelopedartificialintelligence(AI)systemslinkedtothedevice.TheAIcontrolselectrodesonthedevicetosendsignalstostimulateindividualnervesthatcontrolmusclesneededforwalkingandotheractivities.However,becausethepatients’muscleswereweakfromnotbeingused,theyneededhelpwithsupportingtheirweight,theresearcherssaid.Italsotooksometimeforthemtolearntoworkwiththetechnology.Still,Blochsaid,“Themoretheytrain,themoretheystartliftingtheirmuscles,themorefluiditbecomes.”13.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?A.CourtineandBlochhavefoundthatneuronsinparalyzedpatientsstillwork.B.Thenewelectricaldevicecanimitatethebraintosendsignalstothespinalcord.C.Threeparalyzedmenrecoveredwiththehelpofanewelectricaldevice.D.Stimulatingtheneuronsisthefocusofthelatestresearchintospinalcordinjuries.14.Howdoesthenewdevicestimulatethespinalcordareasmoredirectly?A.Bystimulatingnervesthroughthebackofthespine.B.ByusingtheAIsystem.C.Bymakingsignalsenterthespinefromthesides.D.Bysendingthesignalstothebrain.15.WhichcanbestdescribeBloch’sideainthelastparagraph?A.Everygardenhasitsweeds. B.Putthecart(運貨馬車)beforethehorse.C.It'shardtopleaseall. D.Practicemakesperfect.16.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Toreporttheconsequenceofspinalcordinjuries.B.Tointroducethefindingsofarecentresearch.C.Tocomparearecentresearchwithotherpreviousresearches.D.Torecommendatreatmentforparalyzedpatients.ENowagroupofItalianshavecreatedtheworld’sfirstunderwatergardenforterrestrialplants.CalledNemo’sGarden,theprojectwaslaunchedbytheOceanReefGroupasameanstoexperimentwithfoodsupplydiversity,shouldclimaticchangesmakepartsofItalytoodrytofarm.Thelargeself-sustaining,totally-containedbiosphereswouldintheorybescalable,andperhapsinthefuturemightlookliketheunderwatercityfromStarWars:ThePhantomMenace.Thechallengeexistingingrowingplantsunderwater,giventhattheyarenormallyathomeinsoil,wasbutoneobstacleNemohashadtoovercome.Thesixair-filledgreenhousessufferedmajorstormdamageinOctober2019,andbeforetheycouldbefullyrepaired,COVID-19(新冠病毒)hadalltheresearchersshelteringinplace.Yettheteamnevergaveuphope,asEuronewsreports,andthemonthsofabandonmentdidnotharmthefacilityinanyway.June6thsawthegardenfully-operationalagain,includingtheirlivestreamwhereonecanwatchtheplantsgrow.Thebiospheres(生物圏),whichsiteightmetersunderthesurfaceoffthecoastofNoliinLiguria,usesolarenergyfortheirminimalelectricalneeds,andevaporatedseawatercondenses(凝結(jié))ontheglassoftheceilingwhichwaterstheplants.Adiverswimsunderandupintotheairpocketofthepodtoharvestwhat’sreadytoeat.Theprojectwebsitesaysthatincreasedpressurelikethatfoundundertheoceanisactuallybeneficialtothespeedatwhichplantscancomeup,thoughtheyadmitverylittleresearchhasbeenpublishedonthetopic—afterall,notsomanypeoplearecurrentlytryingtogrowstrawberriesunderwater.Theconditionscreateareallyintenseflavorinthevegetables,andalsoallowtheplants’environmenttobecompletelycontrolled,withnothingimpactingtheirlifedialthegrowersdon’twant.FornowNemo’sGardenisessentiallyaresearchlab,butiftheideawereexpanded,it’sexpectedtobeabletokeepfoodsecurityforthepeninsula,andtheworld.17.WhywasStarWars:ThePhantom,Menacementioned?A.Tostressitisknowntotheworld.B.Toproveithasbecomesapopulardestination.C.Toillustrateitisthefirstexistingunderwatercity.D.ToexplainNemo’sGardenhassimilaritieswiththeunderwatercity.18.WhatmightbethedifficultyingrowingunderwaterplantsaccordingtoParagraph2?A.COVID-19. B.Brokengreenhouses.C.Frequentstorms. D.Shortageofsoil.19.WhichwordcanbestdescribethegroupofItalianstakingupNemo’sGarden?A.Strong-willed. B.Self-confident.C.Open-minded. D.Well-paid.20.Whatistheeffectofincreasedstressonplants?A.Ithelpsthemsellwell. B.Itcontributestogoodtaste.C.Itpromotestheirgrowth. D.Itincreasesgrowingperiod.FIthasbeenknownforalongtimethatobesitytendstoruninfamilies,butitwasnotuntilabout20yearsagothatscientistsstartedtodiscoverthatchangesinspecificgenescanhaveverylargeimpactsonourweightevenfromearlychildhood.OneofthesegenesMC4Rmakesaproteinthatisproducedinthebrainwhereitsendssignalstoourappetitecenters,tellingthemhowmuchfatwehavestored—WhentheMC4Rgenedoesnotworkproperly,ourbrainsthinkwehavelowerfatstoresthanwedo,signalingthatwearestarvingandneedtoeat.Anewstudy,ledbyscientistsfromtheUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofBristol,hasfoundthataroundoneinevery340peoplemaycarryadisruptivemutation(變異)atMC4R.Peoplewhocarrythesemutationsweremorelikelytohaveagreaterweightfromearlychildhoodand,by18yearsofage,theywereonaverage17kgheavier,withthemajorityofthisexcessweightlikelytobefat.TheseresultswerefoundbystudyingtheMC4Rgeneinarandomsampleofaround6,000participantsborninBristol.Wheneveramutationwasfound,theresearcherswentontostudyitsfrequencyandeffectsinthelaboratory.Basedonthefrequencyofmutationsinthisstudy,itwasestimatedthataround200,000peopleintheUKcarryasubstantialamountofunexpectedfatbecauseofmutationsinMC4R.ProfessorStephenO’Rahilly,oneoftheresearchers,said,“Parentsofobesechildrenareoftenblamedforpoorparentingandnotallchildrenobtainappropriateprofessionalhelp.Ourfindingsshouldencourageamoresympatheticandreasonableapproachtooverweightchildrenandtheirfamilies—includinggeneticanalysisinallseriouslyobesechildren.”ThoughtheMC4Rgeneisastrikingexample,thisisonlyonegeneofmanythataffectourweight.“Inthelongerterm,knowledgeofthebrainpathwayscontrolledbyMC4Rshouldhelpinthedesignofdingthathelprestorepeopletoahealthyweight,”Stephenadded.21.WhatcanweknowaboutMC4Rgene?A.MC4Rgeneaffectspeople’sappetitenegatively.B.ThemutationofMC4Rgenestimulatespeople’sdesiretoeat.C.MC4Ristheonlygenethatcontributestopeople’soverweightproblem.D.ScientistsdiscoveredMC4Rcouldinfluencepeople’sweighttwodecadesago.22.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“excess"inParagraph3mean?A.Proper. B.Essential.C.Considerable. D.Additional.23.WhatcanweinferfromProfessorStephen’swords?A.Parentsshouldbetoblameforpoorparenting.B.Theobesityproblemshouldbetreatedfairlyandscientifically.C.Newdrugscanhelpoverweightchildrenlosemuchfatinthelongrun.D.KnowledgeofMC4Rshouldbeappliedtohelpingobesechildrenphysicallyandmentally.24.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Suggestionsonhowtomaintainastandardweight.B.AdiscussionofBritishpeople’soverweightproblems.C.AstudyabouttheeffectofMC4R’smutationonweight.D.Therelationshipbetweenpeople'sappetiteandMC4R’smutation.2022屆廣東省茂名市高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)：自然科技閱讀專題參考答案A篇答案1-4:CDBA【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。本文介紹了將無人機用于燈光表演秀的優(yōu)點及可能給環(huán)境帶來的影響，以及人們對無人機燈光表演秀的不同態(tài)度?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段后兩句“Butthefireworkscouldfinallylosetheirappealwiththegrowinguseofdrones(無人機)forlightshows.OneobviousexamplewasdronelightshowintheopeningceremonyofTokyoOlympics.(但隨著無人機在燈光表演中的使用越來越多，煙花可能最終失去吸引力。一個顯著的例子就是東京奧運會開幕式上的無人機燈光表演)”可知，作者提及東京奧運會是為了舉例說明無人機在燈光表演中的廣泛應(yīng)用。故選C?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后OllieHowitt所說的話“Theygiveoutnopollutants,they’rereusable,andthere’snofalloutorthatkindofthing.Sointhatsensetheyareaverysensiblechoice.(它們不釋放污染物，可重復(fù)使用，而且沒有放射性塵埃之類的東西。所以從這個意義上說，它們是一個非常明智的選擇)”可知，OllieHowitt認為無人機表演秀不釋放污染物、沒有放射性塵埃，還可重復(fù)利用，即它們既環(huán)保又經(jīng)濟實惠。故選D。【3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后HansRosling所說的話“Theimpactoffireworkuseontheenvironmenthasbeenshowntobeminorandveryshort-livedandrecentstudieshavesuggestedthatthereislikelytobemorepollutionfromacoupleofcarsdrivingtoaneventthancausedbyfireworksatanevent.(使用煙花對環(huán)境的影響十分微小且非常短暫，最近的研究表明，幾輛汽車開到活動現(xiàn)場可能比活動燃放煙花造成的污染都多)”可知，HansRosling認為燃放煙花的污染并不像人們想象的那么嚴重。故選B?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后OllieHowitt所說的話“Theygiveoutnopollutants,they’rereusable,andthere’snofalloutorthatkindofthing.Sointhatsensetheyareaverysensiblechoice.(它們不釋放污染物，可重復(fù)使用，而且沒有放射性塵埃之類的東西。所以從這個意義上說，它們是一個非常明智的選擇)”可知，OllieHowitt對于無人機表演秀是支持的；根據(jù)第四段第一句“Butnoteveryoneagrees.(但并非所有人都這么認為)”及HansRosling所說的話“Suggestionsarethatdroneshavelessofanimpactontheenvironment,butwehaveconcernsaboutelectricaldemandanduseoflithium(鋰)batterieswhichareknownnottobeallthat‘green’(有人認為，無人機對環(huán)境的影響較小，但我們對電力需求和鋰電池的使用感到擔憂，眾所周知，鋰電池并不完全是“綠色”的)”可知，HansRosling對于無人機的使用是持懷疑態(tài)度的。因而可知，人們對于無人機表演秀的使用有不同看法，存在爭議的。故選A。B篇答案5-8:DAAD

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了名為“PaintBot”人工智能，PaintBot不僅可以復(fù)制不同藝術(shù)家的作品，還可以根據(jù)選定畫家的獨特風格的照片創(chuàng)作新作品?！?題詳解】推理判斷題?！娟P(guān)鍵句】Althoughtherearefilterswhichcanchangedigitalphotographstomakethemsimilartoapainting,obviousdifferencesstillexist.【解析】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句的敘述尤其是obviousdifferences可知,作者認為濾鏡還不夠好。因此D項符合題意。

【6題詳解】細節(jié)理解題?！娟P(guān)鍵句】TotraintheAItoimitateagivenartist'stechnique,theresearcherswouldpresentitwithbetween3and10referencepaintings.Witheachreferencepaintingitstudies,theAIgraduallylearnstorecognizethevariouscharacteristicsofthegivenartist'stechnique,includingthestrokecolour,positionandsize—alongwiththeorderinwhicheachbrushstrokeshouldbemade.【解析】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句的敘述可知,在模仿某個藝術(shù)家的畫之前,人工智能都會先學(xué)習(xí)該藝術(shù)家的繪畫技巧。因此A項符合題意。

【7題詳解】細節(jié)理解題?！娟P(guān)鍵句】OncetheAIhasmasteredaparticularartist'stechnique,theresearcherscouldpresentitwithanewimagetoreproduceinthesamestyle.TheAIthenuseswhatithaslearnttoproduceanewpainting...【解析】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句的敘述可知,人工智能在掌握了畫家的創(chuàng)作技巧后,能夠按同樣的風格創(chuàng)作新的畫作。因此A項符合題意。

【8題詳解】推理判斷題?！娟P(guān)鍵句】ThewaythatPaintBot'scompositionsarebuiltupfromthousandsofindividualbrushstrokesmakestheAI'sworksmorerealisticthanthoseonlinefilters.【解析】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句的敘述可以推斷,PaintBot創(chuàng)作的作品非常真實、逼真。popular意為“流行的”;valuable意為“有價值的”;advanced意為“先進的”;lifelike意為“栩栩如生的”。因此D項符合題意。C篇答案9-12:DCAC【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章講述了對擁有身體的機器人進化的研究，研究結(jié)果顯示進化是為了最大限度地利用身體所處的形態(tài)。這一結(jié)果將為開發(fā)能夠在現(xiàn)實世界中執(zhí)行多種任務(wù)的機器人提供見解?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“AgrimGuptaofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagueswondered:Doeshavingbodiesmatterfortheevolutionofintelligence?Toanswerit,theycreatedavirtualrobotnamed“unimal”andstudiedhowhavingvirtualbodiesaffectedtheevolutionoftheunimals’intelligence.(斯坦福大學(xué)的阿格里姆·古普塔和他的同事們想知道：擁有身體對智力的進化重要嗎？為了回答這個問題，他們創(chuàng)造了一個名為“unimal”的虛擬機器人，并研究擁有虛擬身體如何影響“unimal”的智力進化)”可知，AgrimGupta的團隊研究擁有虛擬身體如何影響人工智能的進化。故選D?！?0題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Thetestenvironmentscameinthreevarieties:flatareas,areasfilledwithhills,stepsandbrokenstones,andareasthathadthecomplexitiesofthesecondsort,butwithaddedobjectsthatunimalsneedtomovetoatargetlocation.(測試環(huán)境有三種類型：平坦的區(qū)域、充滿山丘、臺階和碎石的區(qū)域，以及具有第二種復(fù)雜性的區(qū)域，但添加了unimal需要移動才能到達目標區(qū)域的物體。)”可知，第三種測試環(huán)境最困難是因為添加了要移走的物體。故選C?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容“Atfirst,theunimalswereinrandomshapes,butwithidenticalsoftwarerunningthem.Ingroupsoffour,DrGuptaputthemthroughtestsofagility,stability,andabilitytocontrolobjects.Theneachgroup’swinnerwasallowedtogivebirthtoadaughterwithonemutation（變異）,forexample,anextralegforstability.Thisdaughterwassenttoanewgrouptobetested.Theprocessrepeatedandthetestendedaftertengenerationsofevolution.(一開始，unimals的形狀是隨機的，但運行它們的軟件是相同的。古普塔博士讓他們四人一組，進行敏捷性、穩(wěn)定性和控制物體能力的測試。然后每組的優(yōu)勝者被允許生一個帶有突變的女兒,例如，為了穩(wěn)定性的額外的腿。這個女兒被送到一個新的小組接受測試。這個過程不斷重復(fù)，在進化了十代之后，測試結(jié)束了。)”可知，本段主要講述測試過程。故選A。【12題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段的“Crucially,though,theresearchersfoundthemostsuccessfulunimals,whichevolvedinthetoughestenvironment,learnedtasksfasterandbetterthantheirancestors.ThisconsistswiththeBaldwineffect,whichsuggeststhatmindsevolvetomakebestuseofthemorphologies（形態(tài)）ofthebodiestheyfindthemselvesin.(然而，至關(guān)重要的是，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些在最艱苦的環(huán)境中進化出來的unimal學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)比它們的祖先更快、更好。這與鮑德溫效應(yīng)一致，鮑德溫效應(yīng)表明思維的進化是為了最大限度地利用他們所處的身體形態(tài)。)”可知，研究的結(jié)果與鮑德溫效應(yīng)一致，因此推斷提到鮑德溫效應(yīng)是為了支持研究結(jié)果。故選C。D篇答案13-16：BCDB【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了研究人員表示，一種安置在三名癱瘓患者身上的新型電子設(shè)備已經(jīng)幫助他們重新行走。【13題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“NowinthelatestexperimentledbyGregoireCourtineandJocelyneBlochoftheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyinLausanne,threeparalyzedmenwereimplantedanewelectricaldevicedesignedtocopyanactionofthebrain,inwhichitsendssignalstothespinalcordthatresultinmusclemovement.”可知，這種新的電子設(shè)備可以模仿大腦向脊髓發(fā)送信號。故選B?！?4題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Courtinesaidthathisteamredesignedthedevicessosignalswouldenterthespinefromthesides.Thismethodpermitsmoredirecttargetingandactivationofspinalcordareas,hesaid.”可知，這種新設(shè)備通過讓信號從兩側(cè)進入脊柱，更直接地刺激脊髓區(qū)域。故選C?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Still,Blochsaid,“Themoretheytrain,themoretheystartliftingtheirmuscles,themorefluiditbecomes.””可知，越訓(xùn)練就越熟練，可以得出熟能生巧這個觀點。A.Everygardenhasitsweeds.人無完人；B.Putthecartbeforethehorse.本末倒置；C.It’shardtopleaseall.眾口難調(diào)；D.Practicemakesperfect.熟能生巧。故選D?！?6題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Researcherssayanewelectricaldeviceplacedinthreeparalyzedpatientshashelpedthemwalkagain.”可知，這篇文章的主要目的是為了介紹最近一項研究所取得的成果，人造骨髓植入物有望使癱瘓者恢復(fù)行走。故選B。E篇答案17-20：DBAC【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了世界上第一個陸生植物水下花園的一些情況?！?7題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Thelargeself-sustaining,totally-containedbiosphereswouldintheorybescalable,andperhapsinthefuturemightlookliketheunderwatercityfromStarWars:ThePhantomMenace.(這個大的自續(xù)的，完全被包含的生物圈在理論上是可測量的，也許在將來可能看起來像《星球大戰(zhàn)：幽