考研考博-英語-合肥共達職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-合肥共達職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Howmightwestabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere?Thatquestionloomslargeintheeyesofscientistsandpoliticalleadersasthelevelsofcarbondioxidegrow.Carbondioxideandmethanehavelonglivesintheatmosphereand,oncetheyarethere,Earthmaybedestinedtobecomewarmer.Ifwefindthattheclimateisbecomingtoowarm,thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern.

Wemaybeabletocontrolfossilfueluseandratesofdeforestation,butthereisnodirectwaytocontroltheaccelerationofdecayexceptbystoppingthewarming.Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.

Mostscientistsbelievethatifimmediateglobalactionisnottaken,therapidincreasesofatmosphericcarbonfromdecaywillexceedthereductionsmadepossiblethroughcontroloffossilfueluseandmanagementofforests.In1990,theUnitedNationsgatheredmanyscientistsfromaroundtheworldtoreviewtheseissues.Thisgroup,theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,concludedthatanimmediate60percentreductioninfossilfuelusewouldbenecessary.ButbyApril1992,nonationhadacceptedthegoal,thoughseveralhadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent.

AttheEarthSummitinJune1992,leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions—thoughoppositionfromtheUnitedStatespreventedthemfromagreeingtospecifictargetsforemissions,asmanyscientistshadhoped.Theleadersalsoagreedtoassistdevelopingnationsinlimitingtheirreleasesofgreenhousegases.

Humanbeingsareonlyoneofmillionsoforganismssufficientlydifferentoneanothertoberecognizedasspecies.Untilthe1980s,scientistsestimatedthattherewerebetween3millionand10millionspeciesonEarth.Then,scientistsbegantoexaminepopulationsofinsectslivinginthehighfoliageoftreesintropicalforest,andtheexperiencecausedthemtoincreasetheirestimateto30millionspecies.Afterscientistsbegantoconsiderthepopulationsofmicroorganismsinthetropics,theupperlimitoftheirestimatesroseto10(Jmillionspecies.Weshallprobablyneverhaveanaccuratecountofthedifferentkindsoforganismsthatshareourplanet.

Wedoknow,however,thatthesespecies—plantsandanimalstogether—keeptheplanetfunctioningasahabitatsuitableforall.WealsoknowthathumanactivitiesarereducingboththenumbersofspeciesonEarthandthepotentialoflandandwaterforsupportingthem.Thisprocessiscommonlycalledbioticimpoverishment—thelossoftherichbiologicalofEarth.

1.Thereasonwhyitisnoteasytocorrectglobalwarmingisthat（

）.

2.Tostoptheglobalwarming,wehaveto

（

）.

3.Itisimpliedthat,atthe1992EarthSummit,

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutspeciesonearth?

5.Thetextismainlyabout（

）.

問題1選項

A.mostscientistsandpoliticalleadershavenotawakenedtotheseverityoftheproblem

B.deforestationisrampantinmanypartsoftheworld

C.thereisnoeasywaytorestoretheatmospheretoitsnormalstateoncedamaged

D.theUnitedStatesisunwillingtocutdownonitscarbondioxideemissions

問題2選項

A.cutbothdeforestationanduseoffossilfuels

B.removecarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere

C.findanewsourceofenergyotherthanfossilfuel

D.cutpresentreleasesto4billiontonsofcarbonayear

問題3選項

A.manyscientistshadhopedspecifictargetsforemissionsmightbereached

B.theU.S.showeditsunwillingnesstoreducethelevelofcarbondioxideemissions

C.severalcountrieshadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent

D.mostcountriespromisedtocuttheircarbondioxideemissionstoearlierlevels

問題4選項

A.Thereareabout100millionofthemonearth.

B.Aboutonethirdofthemarefoundintropicalforest.

C.Thehumanpopulationhaswellexceededthatofotherspecies.

D.Humanandotherspeciesarecloselylinkedforsurvival.

問題5選項

A.thesurvivalofdiversespeciesonearth

B.thepreventionofglobalwarming

C.thebioticimpoverishment

D.thecompositionoftheatmosphere

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern（沒有一種簡單或快速的方法可以清除這些氣體并恢復(fù)到早期的氣候模式）可知選C。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段中的Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.（為了立即穩(wěn)定大氣的成分，我們必須每年減少約40億噸的碳排放?，F(xiàn)在要做到這一點，就必須同時減少森林砍伐和化石燃料的消耗）可知選A。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第四段中的leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions（大多數(shù)工業(yè)化國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人原則上同意恢復(fù)到早先的二氧化碳排放水平）可知D選項“大多數(shù)國家承諾將其二氧化碳排放量削減到早先的水平”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的Wedoknow,however,thatthesespecies—plantsandanimalstogether—keeptheplanetfunctioningasahabitatsuitableforall.WealsoknowthathumanactivitiesarereducingboththenumbersofspeciesonEarthandthepotentialoflandandwaterforsupportingthem.（然而，我們知道，植物和動物這些物種一起使地球作為一個適合所有人的棲息地發(fā)揮作用。我們還知道，人類活動正在減少地球上物種的數(shù)量，以及可供它們使用的土地和水資源）可知D選項“人類和其他物種的生存息息相關(guān)”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。文章主要討論了全球變暖的問題以及需要采取的措施，因此B選項“防止全球變暖”符合題意。

2.單選題

Thesystemhasbeendesignedtogivestudentsquickandeasy（）tothedigitalresourcesofthelibrary.

問題1選項

A.acquaintance

B.accuracy

C.access

D.acquisition

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。acquaintance“熟人；相識；了解”；accuracy“準(zhǔn)確性”；access“進入；通道；有使用權(quán)”，與介詞to搭配；acquisition“獲得物，獲得”。句意：這套系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的目的是為了讓學(xué)生能快速并且容易使用圖書館資源。選項C符合題意。

3.單選題

Theword“foolish”istoomildtodescribeyourbehavior,Iwouldprefertheword“（

）".

問題1選項

A.ideological

B.idyllic

C.idiotic

D.idiomatic

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。ideological“思想的；意識形態(tài)的”；idyllic“安恬的；田園詩般的”；idiotic“白癡的；愚蠢的”；idiomatic“慣用的；符合語言習(xí)慣的”。句意：“愚蠢”這個詞用來描述你的行為太溫和了，我更喜歡用“白癡的”這個單詞。選項C符合題意。

4.單選題

Theevilmannerswouldbeeradicatedroot-and-branchduetotheforcefulactiontakenbythelocalgovernment.

問題1選項

A.exterminated

B.exemplified

C.rendered

D.harbored

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.exterminated滅絕；根除B.exemplified舉例說明；例證

C.rendered使成為；使變得D.harbored窩藏，庇護（罪犯等）

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息duetotheforcefulactiontakenbythelocalgovernment（由于當(dāng)?shù)卣挠辛Υ胧┖完P(guān)鍵詞evilmanners（不良行為）可知，該句是表示不良行為被有力措施根治，eradicated在這里表示“消除”的意思，故該題選擇A項詞義恰當(dāng)。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D項詞義不符合句中所選詞匯。

【句意】由于當(dāng)?shù)卣挠辛Υ胧?，這種不良行為將被根治。

5.單選題

Socialchangeismorelikelytooccurinheterogeneoussocietiesthaninhomogenousones,simplybecausetherearemorediversepointsofviewavailableintheformer.Therearemoreconflictsofinterest,andmoregroupsandorganizationofdifferentpersuasions.Inaddition,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandtoleranceinheterogeneoussocieties.Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchangebyopeningmoreareasoflifetodecisionratherthansubjectingthemtoauthority.Inaquitehomogenoussociety,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoperceivetheneedortheopportunityforchange,becauseeverythingseemstobethesameand,ifnotsatisfactory,atleastcustomaryandundisputed.

Withinasociety,socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyandmorereadily(1)inthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;(2)inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinliferatherthanwhatwaslearnedearly;(3)inthelessbasic,lessemotional,orlesssacredaspectsofsocietythanintheiropposites,likereligionorasystemofprestige;(4)inthesimpleelementsratherthaninthecomplexones.(5)Informratherthaninsubstance;and(6)inelementscongenialtothecultureratherthaninstrangeelements.

Furthermore,socialchangeiseasierifitisgradual.Forexample,itcomesmorereadilyinhumanrelationsonacontinuousscaleratherthanonewithsharpdichotomies.ThisisonereasonwhychangehasnotcomemorequicklytoBlackAmericansascomparedtootherAmericanminorities,becauseofthesharpdifferenceinappearancebetweenthemandtheirwhitecounterparts.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweenahomogenoussocietyandaheterogeneousoneliesin（

）.

2.Theauthorwouldmostprobablyagreethatchangesaremorelikelytobesuccessfulin（

）.

問題1選項

A.thenumberofopportunitiesoffered

B.thenatureofconflictsofinterest

C.theawarenessoftheneedforchange

D.theroleofsocialorganizations

問題2選項

A.productionmethods

B.ideologicalconcept

C.religiousbeliefs

D.socialbehavior

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由第一段的第一句話后半句“…，simplybecausetherearemorediversepointsofviewavailableintheformer”可以看出在由不同種族組成的社會中會存在更多的不同的觀點，因此要求改變的意識就更強?；蛘叽祟}也可從反面看出，從第一段的第五句話中“Inaquitehomogeneoussociety,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoperceivetheneedortheopportunityforchange,...”看出由同種族構(gòu)成的社會中，沒什么情況會讓人們覺察到需要改變，因此從反面可推出由不同種族組成的社會肯定是因為覺得要改變的意識更強，所以才會變化的快。因此C選項正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容尤其是第（5）點Informratherthaninsubstance可推知作者講述了一個社會中六種容易改變的方面，其中第一個方面就是文化中物質(zhì)的方面比非物質(zhì)的方面要變化的快些，比如說是科技比價值觀變化的快。A選項中的productionmethods“生產(chǎn)商品的方法”屬于科技，所以A選項正確。

6.單選題

The（

）windinthisareaisfromthenortheast.

問題1選項

A.prevailing

B.controlling

C.reigning

D.persisting

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項prevailing“盛行的，流行的”；B選項controlling“控制欲強的”；C選項reigning“統(tǒng)治的”；D選項persisting“堅持”。句意：這個地區(qū)盛行的風(fēng)來自東北方向。選項A符合句意。

7.單選題

Iwantyoutocheckthis（）becauseitmayhavebeenbasedoninsufficientinformation.

問題1選項

A.inference

B.reference

C.preference

D.conference

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項inference“推理；推論”；B選項reference“參考；涉及；引用”；C選項preference“傾向”；D選項conference“會議”。句意：我想要你檢查一下這個……，因為它可能是基于不充分的信息。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息basedoninsufficientinformation“基于不充分的信息”，可以知道是缺乏足夠的信息不足以支持理論，所以需要再次檢查一下推論的可信度。因此A選項符合題意。

8.單選題

Theloveofpoetrywas____inhimbyherreaching.

問題1選項

A.banished

B.kindled

C.hardened

D.smashed

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.banished放逐；驅(qū)除B.kindled激起（興趣、情感等）

C.hardened硬化；更嚴厲D.smashed打碎；猛烈碰撞

【答案】B

【考查點】語義銜接

【解題思路】前文內(nèi)容為“對詩歌的熱愛”，后文內(nèi)容為“她的到達”，空格處所填動詞搭配的內(nèi)容為“對詩歌的熱愛”，B選項kindled“激起（興趣、情感等）”與原句語義銜接最恰當(dāng)。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D選項不符合原句語義銜接。

【句意】她的到達激起了他對詩歌的熱愛。

9.單選題

Modemindustryisbasedonthe（）ofthemaximumproductionatthelowestcost.

問題1選項

A.plan

B.project

C.conception

D.idea

【答案】C

【解析】句意：現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)所基于的理念是低成本高產(chǎn)量。選項C符合語境。

10.單選題

Haveyouwinterizedyourhorseyet?Eventhoughglobalwarmingmayhavemadeourclimatemilder,manyanimalsarestillhibernating.It'stoobadthathumanscan'thibernate.Infact,asaspecies,wealmostdid.

Apparently,attimesinthepast,peasantsinFrancelikedasemi-stateofhumanhibernation.SowritesGrahamRobb,aBritishscholarwhohasstudiedthesleepinghabitsoftheFrenchpeasants.AssoonastheweatherturnedcoldpeoplealloverFranceshutthemselvesawayandpracticedtheforgottenartofdoingnothingatallformonthsonend.

Inlinewiththis,JeffWarren,aproduceratCBCRadio'sTheCurrent,tellsusthatthewaywesleephaschangedfundamentallysincetheinventionofartificiallightingandtheelectricbulb.

WhenhistoriansbeganstudyingtextsoftheMiddleAges,theynoticedsomethingreferredtoas“firstsleep”,whichwasnotclarified,though.Nowscientistsaretellingusourancestorsmostlikelysleptinseparateperiods.Thebusinessofeighthours'uninterruptedsleepisamoderninvention.

Inthepast,withouttheartificiallightofthecitytobathein,humanswenttosleepwhenitbecamedarkandthenwokethemselvesaroundmidnight.Thelatenightperiodwasknownas“TheWatch”.Itwaswhenpeopleactuallykeptwatchagainstwildanimals,althoughmanyofthemsimplymovedaroundorvisitedfamilyandneighbors.

Accordingtosomesleepresearchers,ashortperiodofinsomniaatmidnightisnotadisorder.Itisnormal.Humanscanexperienceanotherstateofconsciousnessaroundtheirsleeping,whichoccursinthebriefperiodbeforewefallasleeporwakeourselvesinthemorning.Thisperiodcanbeanextraordinarilycreativetimeforsomepeople.Theimpressiveinventor,ThomasEdison,usedthisstatetohituponmanyofhisnewideas.

Playingwithyoursleeprhythmscanbeadventurous,asanxietymaysetin.Medicalsciencedoesn'thelpmuchinthiscase.Itoffersusmedicinesforafullnight'scontinuoussleep,whichsoundsnatural;however,accordingtoWarren'stheory,itisreallytheoppositeofwhatweneed.

1.TheexampleoftheFrenchpeasantsshowsthefactthat（）.

2.Thelatenightwascalled“TheWatch”becauseitwasatimeforpeople（）.

3.ThomasEdisoniscitedtoshow（）.

4.Whatdoestheauthoradvisepeopletodo?

5.Whatismostpossiblythesourceofthisarticle?

問題1選項

A.peoplemightbecomelazyasaresultoftoomuchsleep

B.thereweresignsofhibernationinhumansleepinghabits

C.peopletendedtosleepmorepeacefullyincoldweather

D.winterwasaseasonforpeopletosleepformonthsonend

問題2選項

A.tosettrapstocatchanimals

B.towakeuptheirfamilyandneighbors

C.toremindothersofthetime

D.toguardagainstpossibledangers

問題3選項

A.insomniaisharmfultopeople

B.humanbeingcannotovercomeinsomnia

C.ashortperiodofconsciousnessduringsleepingisnormalforhumanbeing

D.greatscientistsmustsleeplesstomakegreatinventions

問題4選項

A.Sleepinthewayanimalsdo.

B.Consultadoctoriftheycan'tsleep.

C.Followtheirnaturalsleeprhythm.

D.Keeptotheeight-hoursleeppattern.

問題5選項

A.scientificjournals

B.historybooks

C.sciencefictions

D.fairytales

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“文中用法國農(nóng)民的例子來體現(xiàn)一個什么事實呢？”。第二段講述了過去的法國農(nóng)民等天氣一變冷就會把自己關(guān)在屋子里幾個月，什么都不做；這一例子是用來論證第一段的論點Infact,asaspecies,wealmostdid.”中，did指代前面提到的hibernate，表達的意思是“事實上，作為一個物種，我們都會冬眠”。A項“因為睡太多的覺人們可能會變懶”和C項“在冬天人們睡得更安穩(wěn)”沒有提到；D項“冬天是人們可以睡好幾個月的季節(jié)”，文中只是提到天氣變冷，法國農(nóng)民就會把自己關(guān)到屋子里，并沒有說一直睡覺。因此此題B項正確。

2.【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“深夜被叫作‘TheWatch’是因為這個時間是人們要干……的時候？”。從第五段最后一句Itwaswhenpeopleactuallykeptwatchagainstwildanimals,althoughmanyofthemsimplymovedaroundorvisitedfamilyandneighbors.（那時人們實際上是在監(jiān)視野生動物，盡管許多動物只是四處走動或者逗留一會。）可以看出TheWatch是代表到了人們要監(jiān)視外面可能的危險的時間。A項“設(shè)陷阱抓動物”，沒有提到；B項“叫醒他們的鄰居和家人”，文中只是提到這些動物只是在鄰居門前逗留一會，該項不符合題意；C項“提醒其他人時間”，這個時間只是提醒守夜的人要開始監(jiān)視外面，沒有提醒其他人。因此該題D項正確。

3.【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“在這里引用托馬斯·愛迪生是用來表示……？”。第六段提到在午夜短時間的失眠是正常的，第三句接著提到Humanscanexperienceanotherstateofconsciousnessaroundtheirsleeping,whichoccursinthebriefperiodbeforewefallasleeporwakeourselvesinthemorning.Thisperiodcanbe…ThomasEdison,usedthisstatetohituponmanyofhisideas.（人類在睡眠時還會經(jīng)歷另一種意識狀態(tài)，這種狀態(tài)發(fā)生在我們?nèi)胨盎蛟缟闲褋碇暗亩虝簳r間里。對某些人來說，這段時期是極具創(chuàng)造力的時期。令人印象深刻的發(fā)明家，托馬斯·愛迪生，就是在這種狀態(tài)下想出了他的許多想法。）可知睡眠時短暫的意識狀態(tài)對人來說是正常的。A項“失眠對人類有傷害”，倒數(shù)第二段第一句ashortperiodofinsomniaatmidnightisnotadisorder（午夜時分短暫的失眠并不是一種疾?。?，提到短暫失眠是正常的，而失眠對人類有傷害沒有提到；B項“人類不能克服失眠”，最后一段有提到可以服用藥物，但是這不是引用愛迪生例子的目的；D項“為了發(fā)明科學(xué)家睡得都很少”，文中只是說這種短暫的意識狀態(tài)適合創(chuàng)造，沒有說科學(xué)家睡得少。因此該題C項正確。

4.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“作者建議人們?nèi)プ鍪裁?？”。最后一段說Playingwithyoursleeprhythmscanbeadventurous,asanxietymaysetin.（調(diào)整你的睡眠節(jié)奏可能是冒險的，因為焦慮可能會出現(xiàn)），但最后一句Itoffersusmedicinesforafullnight'scontinuoussleep,whichsoundsnatural;however,accordingtoWarren'stheory,itisreallytheoppositeofwhatweneed.（醫(yī)學(xué)為我們提供了整夜不會間斷睡眠的藥物，這聽起來很自然；然而，根據(jù)沃倫的理論，這確實與我們所需要的相反），由此看出，作者是建議人們跟隨自己自然的睡眠規(guī)律。A項“和動物的睡覺方式一樣”，只是建議遵循自己的睡眠規(guī)律，沒有一定要和動物睡眠規(guī)律一樣；B項“如果不能睡著咨詢醫(yī)生”，這不是作者闡述的建議；D項“保持八小時睡眠模式”最后一段沒有提到。因此C項“跟隨自然的睡眠規(guī)律”正確。

5.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“這篇文章的來源最有可能是來自于哪里？”。本文論述了研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)在過去人類也像其他動物一樣有冬眠時期，現(xiàn)在的八小時睡眠只是現(xiàn)代被改變的睡眠方式，文章有論有據(jù)，可以推斷出這是一篇科普類文章。B項“歷史書”，C項“科幻小說”，D項“神話故事”；因此A選項正確。

11.單選題

“HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,”opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.

InDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.

Theurbanites’generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.

Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.

Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.

Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley’spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.

Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.

Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.

16.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

17.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly’swordsatthebeginningofthetext?

18.“outofkilter”(Paragraph6)isclosestinmeaningwith________.

19.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?

20.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?

問題1選項

A.Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.

B.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.

C.Howurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.

D.Whycitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.

問題2選項

A.ToexpresshisaversiontobigcitieslikeLondon.

B.Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.

C.Toshowhisfamiliaritywithliteraryworks.

D.Toindicatetheoriginofdifferencesobservedbetweenthecityandcountryside.

問題3選項

A.unexpected

B.outofcontrol

C.ill-informed

D.contradictory

問題4選項

A.CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.

B.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.

C.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.

D.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.

問題5選項

A.Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.

B.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.

C.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.

D.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmental.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】16.主旨大意題。文章開頭引出城鄉(xiāng)居民在患心理疾病上的差異，隨后拋出實驗來闡述城鄉(xiāng)居民在生理和心理的不同，所以C選項“城鄉(xiāng)居民心理機制的差異”正確。A選項“為什么城市不適合居住”：文章沒有討論這個話題，故錯誤。B選項“如何發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)對壓力的人的內(nèi)心活動”和D選項“為什么城市居民比鄉(xiāng)村居民患情緒障礙的風(fēng)險更高”：是文章內(nèi)容的一部分，不能概括全文，故錯誤。因此C項正確。

17.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二、三句Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.（現(xiàn)代學(xué)者同意這個觀點。去年，荷蘭研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市居民患焦慮癥的風(fēng)險比平靜的農(nóng)村居民高21%，患情感障礙的風(fēng)險比鄉(xiāng)村居民高39%。），引用雪萊的話以后，緊接著提出城鄉(xiāng)居民在患精神類疾病風(fēng)險的不同，所以B選項“引入以下關(guān)于城市和農(nóng)村居民的討論”正確。A選項“表達對倫敦這樣的大城市的厭惡”和C選項“顯示對文學(xué)作品的了解”：不是文章想要表達的重點，故錯誤。D選項“指出城市和農(nóng)村差異的起因”：這里不能得出城鄉(xiāng)差異的起因，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

18.語義推測題。outofkilter的意思是“失常，失衡”，根據(jù)第六段Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside…thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.（對于那些在農(nóng)村長大的人來說，這種相關(guān)性在意料之中。然而，對于那些在城市長大的人來說，這種相關(guān)性就不存在了。換句話說，土生土長的都市人的調(diào)節(jié)機制似乎失衡了。），對于生長在農(nóng)村的人來說，這種相關(guān)性可以預(yù)料，也就是有規(guī)律可循，處于正常的狀態(tài)，而對于生長在城市的人來說，這種相關(guān)性已經(jīng)消失，也就是說不是正常該有的狀態(tài)，所以B選項“失控的”正確。A選項“想不到的”，C選項“所知不多的”和D選項“矛盾的”不符合題意，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

19.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.（生活在農(nóng)村的人杏仁核的活動水平最低。），可知實驗的結(jié)果是C選項“面對壓力時，農(nóng)村居民的杏仁核活動水平最低”，故正確。A選項“城市居民有壓力時扣帶皮層活動水平最高”：根據(jù)第四段最后一句Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.（一個人的童年生活在城市的時間越長，他的扣帶皮層部位就越活躍，無論他在實驗期間住在哪里。），可知扣帶皮層活躍與否與壓力無關(guān)，而與生長環(huán)境有關(guān)，故錯誤。B選項“參與者成長的地方對于預(yù)測心理活動更重要”：文章沒有強調(diào)參與者成長的地方對于實驗結(jié)果的重要性，在實驗過程中需要參考參與者成長的地方，故錯誤。D選項“扣帶皮層的調(diào)節(jié)機制在現(xiàn)在居住在城市的人群中失效”：根據(jù)第三段最后一句ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.（扣帶皮層是大腦皮層的一部分（同樣存在于兩個大腦半球），負責(zé)調(diào)節(jié)杏仁核。）和第四段第三句Citydwellershadthehighest.（城市居民的比例最高。），可知居住在城市中的人的扣帶皮層沒有失效，故錯誤。因此C選項正確。

20.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第八段第一句Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.（就像這類研究中的常見情況，樣本量很?。ㄒ虼瞬幌衿谕哪敲纯煽浚?，結(jié)果顯示的是一種關(guān)聯(lián)，而不是一種確定的因果關(guān)系。），可知這個研究的局限在于不能得出因果關(guān)系，所以D選項“不能得出社會壓力和精神之間有因果關(guān)系的結(jié)論”正確。A選項“掃描技術(shù)用于檢查大腦”，B選項“選擇參與者的隨機性”和C選項“要求參與者解決的數(shù)學(xué)問題設(shè)計不合理”文章沒有提到，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

12.單選題

Despitealmostuniversal_______ofthevitalimportanceofwomen’sliteracy,educationremains