考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山西電力職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山西電力職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Thesmelloffood（）thehungrychildrenintothehouse.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.entertained

B.enticed

C.exterminated

D.expelled

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。entertained娛樂(lè)，款待；enticed吸引，誘使；exterminated消滅，根除；expelled驅(qū)逐，開(kāi)除。句意：饑餓的孩子們被食物的香味吸引進(jìn)屋。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

2.單選題

TheBritishLibrary（

）therighttoafreecopyofeverynewbookpublishedintheUnitedKingdom.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.contains

B.retires

C.retains

D.conveys

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。contain意為“包含，容納”；retire意為“退休”；retain意為“保持，保留”；convey意為“傳達(dá)，傳遞”。

句意：在英國(guó)出版的每一版新書(shū)，大英博物館都擁有免費(fèi)獲得一冊(cè)的權(quán)利。

3.單選題

TheEnglishweatherdefiesforecastandhenceisasourceofinterestand______toeveryone.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.speculation

B.attribution

C.utilization

D.proposition

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.speculation推測(cè)，猜測(cè)B.attribution歸因，屬性

C.utilization利用，使用D.proposition提議，建議（尤指業(yè)務(wù)上的）

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“英國(guó)的天氣出乎預(yù)料，因此引起了大家的興趣和______”可知，因?yàn)樘鞖馐请y以預(yù)料的，所以這引起英國(guó)人的對(duì)天氣的猜測(cè)，該題選擇A項(xiàng)恰當(dāng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】英國(guó)的天氣出乎預(yù)料，因此引起了大家的興趣和猜測(cè)。

4.翻譯題

Thehistoryofecologicalchangeisstillsoelementarythatweknowlittleaboutwhatreallyhappened,orwhattheresultswere.ThedestructionoftheEuropeanaurochsaslateas1627wouldseemtohavebeenasimplecaseofoverenthusiastichunting.Onmorecomplexmattersitoftenisimpossibletofindsolidinformation.ForathousandyearsormoretheFrisiansandNetherlandershavebeenpushingbacktheNorthSea,andtheprocessisculminatinginourowntimeinthereclamationoftheZuiderZee.What,ifany,speciesofanimals,birds,fish,shorelife,orplantshavediedoutintheprocess?IntheirheroiccombatwiththeseahavetheNetherlandersoverlookedecologicalvaluesinsuchawaythatthequalityofhumanlifeintheNetherlandshassuffered?Icannotdiscoverthatthequestionshaveeverbeenasked,muchlessanswered.

(1)People,then,haveoftenbeenadynamicelementintheirownenvironment,butinthepresentstateofhistoricalscholarshipweusuallydoknowexactlywhen,where,orwithwhateffectsman-inducedchangescame.Asweenterthelastthirdofthe20thcentury,howeverfortheproblemofecologicalbacklashismountingfeverishly.Naturalscience,conceivedastheefforttounderstandthenatureofthings,hadflourishedinseveralerasandamongseveralpeoples.Similarlytherehadbeenanage-oldaccumulationoftechnologicalskills,sometimesgrowingrapidly,sometimesslowly.ButitwasnotuntilaboutfourgenerationsagothatWesternEuropeandNorthAmericaarrangedamarriagebetweenscienceandtechnology,aunionofthetheoreticalandtheempiricalapproachestoournaturalenvironment.TheemergenceinwidespreadpracticeoftheBaconianbeliefthatscientificknowledgemeanstechnologicalpowerovernaturecanscarcelybedatedbeforeabout1850,saveinthechemicalindustries,whereitisanticipatedinthe18thcentury.(2)Itsacceptanceasanormalpatternofactionmaymarkthegreatesteventinhumanhistorysincetheinventionofagriculture,andperhapsinnonhumanearthhistoryaswell.

【答案】1.因此，人們?cè)谒麄冏约旱沫h(huán)境中常常是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的因素，但在目前的歷史學(xué)術(shù)狀態(tài)下，我們通常確實(shí)知道人為的變化在何時(shí)、何地或以何種影響出現(xiàn)。

2.它被接受為一種正常的行為模式，可能標(biāo)志著自農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)明以來(lái)人類(lèi)歷史上最重大的事件，也許在非人類(lèi)的地球歷史上也是如此。

5.單選題

Britain’shopeofagoldmedalintheOlympicGamessuffered（）yesterday,whenHunterfailedtoqualifyduringpreliminarysession.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.asevereset-back

B.sharpset-back

C.asevereblown-up

D.sharpblown-up

【答案】A

【解析】set-back阻礙，停止，為名詞，前面需加冠詞a，排除選項(xiàng)B；blown-up放大的，膨脹的，為形容詞，不用冠詞a修飾，排除選項(xiàng)C。句意：當(dāng)Hunter在預(yù)賽中未能晉級(jí)，英國(guó)在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上奪冠的希望昨日遭遇嚴(yán)重挫折。選項(xiàng)A更符合語(yǔ)境。

6.單選題

TheSpanishteam,whoarenotinsuperbform,willbedoingtheirbestnextweekto（）themselvesontheGermanteamforlastyear'sdefeat.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.remedy

B.reproach

C.revive

D.revenge

【答案】D

【解析】形近詞辨析。remedy補(bǔ)救，治療；reproach責(zé)備；revive使復(fù)興，使蘇醒；revenge報(bào)仇，雪恥。句意：西班牙隊(duì)雖然狀態(tài)不佳，但下周他們將竭盡全力為去年的失利向德國(guó)隊(duì)一雪前恥。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

7.翻譯題

Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointswheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore“unnaturalfood”.

【答案】直到人類(lèi)意識(shí)到把人口減到一半，直到能使地球能為所有人提供足夠的食物，否則人們將必須接受更多的“人造食品”。

8.單選題

Tomwasn'thappyaboutthedelay,and（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Iwasneither

B.Iwasn'tneither

C.neitherwasI

D.eitherwasI

【答案】C

【解析】句意：湯姆對(duì)耽擱很不高興，我也是。根據(jù)句意可知，前后表示同樣的情況，肯定用So+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)，否定用Neither+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

9.單選題

Ineducation,thereshouldbeagood（）amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.balance

B.distribution

C.combination

D.spread

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)balance“平衡”；B選項(xiàng)distribution“分布，分配”；C選項(xiàng)combination“結(jié)合，組合”；D選項(xiàng)spread“傳播，伸展”。句意：在教育中，幫助養(yǎng)成有效思考與明智判斷的學(xué)科之間應(yīng)該有一個(gè)很好的_____。而根據(jù)句中“學(xué)科之間”這一關(guān)鍵詞，可以判斷出應(yīng)該是在強(qiáng)調(diào)要一個(gè)“好的平衡”，因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.單選題

（）formorethanfivetosevenminutes,thebrainwillbesubjectedtoirreversibledamage.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Oxygenoncedeprivedof

B.Oncedeprivedofoxygen

C.Deprivedofoxygenonce

D.Onceoxygendeprivedof

【答案】B

【解析】考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)。該句的主語(yǔ)為thebrain。大腦與缺氧之間是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系，即大腦如果被剝奪氧氣（缺氧），故可省略主謂，用過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)。B項(xiàng)正確。句意：大腦一旦缺氧5-7分鐘，那么它將會(huì)受到不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損害。

11.單選題

Theriverwas（）withindustrialwastefromthenearbyfactory.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Irradiated

B.contaminated

C.corrupted

D.fragmented

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意:這條河被來(lái)自附近的工業(yè)廢料（）。

irradiate輻射；contaminate污染；corrupt使腐敗，使墮落；fragment分裂，使成碎片。由題意可知這條河被工業(yè)廢料污染了，B選項(xiàng)“污染”符合句意。

12.單選題

“Avoidcompulsion,”saidPlatointheRepublic,“andletyourchildren’slessonstaketheformofplay.”Horace,amongothers,recommendedrewardingachildwithcakes.ErasmustellsofanEnglishgentlemanwhotriedtoteachhissonGreekandLatinwithoutpunishment.HetaughttheboytouseabowandarrowandsetuptargetsintheshapeofGreekandLatinletters,rewardingeachhitwithacherry.Healsofedtheboyletterscutfromdeliciousbiscuits.Privilegesandfavorsareoftensuggested,andtheteachermaybepersonallyreinforcingasfriendorentertainer.Inindustrialeducationstudentsarepaidforlearning.Certainexplicitcontrivedreinforcers,suchasmarks,grades,anddiplomas,arecharacteristicofeducationasaninstitution.(Thesesuggestprogress,butlikeprogresstheymustbemadereinforcingforotherreasons.)Prizesareintrinsicallyreinforcing.Honorsandmedalsderivetheirpowerfromprestigeoresteem.Thisvariesbetweenculturesandepochs.In1876OscarWilde,then22yearsoldandhalfwaytowardhisB.A.atOxford,gota“firstinMods.”Hewrotetoafriend:“...IdidnotknowwhatIhadgottillthenextmorningat12o’clock,breakfastingattheMitre,IreaditintheTimes.AltogetherIswaggeredhorriblybutamreallypleasedwithmyself.Mypoormotherisingreatdelight,andIwasoverwhelmedwithtelegramsonThursdayfromeveryoneIknew.”Thecontemporarystudentgraduatingsummacumlaudeislesswidelyacclaimed.

Althoughfreeofsomeoftheby-productsofaversivecontrol,positivereinforcersofthissortarenotwithouttheirproblems.Manyareeffectiveonlyincertainstatesofdeprivationwhicharenotalwayseasilyarranged.Makingastudenthungryinordertoreinforcehimwithfoodwouldraisepersonalissueswhicharenotentirelyavoidedwithotherkindsofreinforcers.Wecannotallgetprizes,andifsomestudentsgetshighgrades,othersmustgetlow.

Butthemainproblemagainisthecontingencies.Muchofwhatthechildistodoinschooldoesnothavetheformofplay,withitsnaturallyreinforcingconsequences,noristhereanynaturalconnectionwithfoodorapassinggradeoramedal.Suchcontingenciesmustbearrangedbytheteacher,andthearrangementisoftendefective.TheboymentionedbyErasmusmayhavesalivatedslightlyuponseekingaGreekorLatintext,andhewasprobablyabetterarcher,buthisknowledgeofGreekandLatincouldnothavebeenappreciablyimproved.Gradesarealmostalwaysgivenlongafterthestudenthadstoppedbehavingasastudent.Wemustknowthatsuchcontingenciesareweakbecausewewouldneverusethemtoshapeskilledbehavior.Inindustrialeducationpayisusuallybythehour—inotherwords,contingentmainlyonbeingpresent.Scholarshipsarecontingentonagenerallevelofperformance.Allthesecontingenciescouldnodoubtbeimproved,butthereisprobablygoodreasonwhytheyremaindefective.

26.Itcanbeinferredthatthe“Englishgentleman”believedthatgoodteachingutilized______.

27.TheparentheticalremarkinParagraph1(Thesesuggestprogress...forotherreasons)isintendedtocautioneducatorsagainst______.

28.Thispassageindicatesthat“culturesandepochs”(Paragraph1)varyinwaysthat______.

29.TheWildestoryinParagraph1,“In1876…everyoneIknew,”isintendedtoillustrate______.

30.Thispassagementionswhichofthefollowingas“problems”(Paragraph2)inherentintheuseofpositivereinforcersineducation?

I.difficultiesinschedulingthereinforcers

II.limitationsinthesupplyofreinforcers

III.thefactthatrewardsencourageonlysuperficiallearning

31.Inthefinalparagraphofthispassage,theauthorsuggeststhatgradesareproblematicasreinforcersbecausethey______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.punishment

B.well-writtenbooks

C.reward

D.carefulgrading

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.failingtomakegradesanddiplomasmeaningfultostudents

B.punishingstudentsunnecessarily

C.emphasizingentertainmentoverrigor

D.usingrewardsasreinforcers

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.universitieschoosefromamongtheirapplicants

B.academicawardsareeffectiveasmotivations

C.universitiesteachliterature

D.themediaportrayeducationalcrisis

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.howafamousauthorusedrewardstoteachhisstudents

B.thedangerouseffectsofusingacademicrewards

C.thepointthatPlatomakesinthefirstsentence

D.howthemodernculturalperceptionofacademichonorsdiffersfromthatofapreviousera

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Ionly

B.IIonly

C.IandIIonly

D.IandIIIonly

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.cannotbegiventoeverystudent

B.arenotpublicizedenough

C.arenotgivenimmediatelyafterthedesiredbehaviorisexhibited

D.arenotasusefultothestudentasmoney

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

第6題:C

【解析】26.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

26.Itcanbeinferredthatthe“Englishgentleman”believedthatgoodteachingutilized______.26.可以推斷，“英國(guó)紳士”認(rèn)為好的教學(xué)是通過(guò)______來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

A.punishmentA.懲罰

B.well-writtenbooksB.好的書(shū)

C.rewardC.獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)

D.carefulgradingD.認(rèn)真的評(píng)分

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段第三至五句“伊拉斯謨講述了一位英國(guó)紳士試圖不使用懲罰來(lái)教他的兒子希臘語(yǔ)和拉丁語(yǔ)的故事。他教男孩使用弓和箭，并設(shè)置希臘和拉丁字母形狀的靶子，每擊中一次獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)一顆櫻桃。他還把從美味的餅干上剪下來(lái)的字母喂給小男孩吃?！保瑥闹形覀兛芍?，英國(guó)紳士是通過(guò)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)來(lái)教兒子，那么我們推斷，英國(guó)紳士認(rèn)為好的教學(xué)是通過(guò)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，所以C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)與原文相反，英國(guó)紳士是不使用懲罰來(lái)教學(xué)的，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

B、D選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到，并不是英國(guó)紳士的教學(xué)手段，屬于無(wú)中生有。

27.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

27.TheparentheticalremarkinParagraph1(Thesesuggestprogress...forotherreasons)isintendedtocautioneducatorsagainst______.27.第1段的插入語(yǔ)Thesesuggestprogress...forotherreasons是為了提醒教育工作者不要______。

A.failingtomakegradesanddiplomasmeaningfultostudentsA.使得成績(jī)和文憑對(duì)學(xué)生沒(méi)有意義

B.punishingstudentsunnecessarilyB.不必要地懲罰學(xué)生

C.emphasizingentertainmentoverrigorC.強(qiáng)調(diào)娛樂(lè)多于嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)

D.usingrewardsasreinforcersD.使用獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)作為強(qiáng)化物

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位到文中第一段第九句插入語(yǔ)“這意味著進(jìn)步，但與進(jìn)步一樣，由于其他原因，它們必須得到加強(qiáng)（theymustbemadereinforcing）”，而前一句是提到“某些明確的人為強(qiáng)化條件，如分?jǐn)?shù)、成績(jī)和文憑，是教育作為一種機(jī)構(gòu)的特征”，從這可知，某些人為的強(qiáng)化條件對(duì)教育是有作用的，但是同樣需要reinforcing（強(qiáng)化）；那么根據(jù)第十句“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)具有內(nèi)在的加強(qiáng)作用（Prizesareintrinsicallyreinforcing）”我們可知，這些人為強(qiáng)化條件可以使用獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)作為強(qiáng)化物，所以D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)與原文相反，原文提到的是成績(jī)和文憑等人為強(qiáng)化條件對(duì)教育是有作用的，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

B、C選項(xiàng)在這沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。

28.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

28.Thispassageindicatesthat“culturesandepochs”(Paragraph1)varyinwaysthat______.28.這篇文章第1段指出，“文化和時(shí)代”在______方面不同。

A.universitieschoosefromamongtheirapplicantsA.在大學(xué)選擇申請(qǐng)者

B.academicawardsareeffectiveasmotivationsB.學(xué)術(shù)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)是有效的動(dòng)機(jī)

C.universitiesteachliteratureC.大學(xué)教授文學(xué)

D.themediaportrayeducationalcrisisD.媒體描繪教育危機(jī)

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中的信息定位到第一段第十一句“這一點(diǎn)因文化和時(shí)代的不同而不同（Thisvariesbetweenculturesandepochs）”，其中this指的是上一句提到的“榮譽(yù)和獎(jiǎng)?wù)碌牧α縼?lái)自聲望和尊重”，所以我們可知，榮譽(yù)和獎(jiǎng)?wù)聲?huì)因文化和時(shí)代的不同而變化，而榮譽(yù)和獎(jiǎng)?wù)露紝儆谝环N獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。隨后，作者用OscarWilde舉了一個(gè)例子，他獲得了“牛津大學(xué)文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位考試第一名”，于是他給朋友寫(xiě)了一封信“我不知道我得到了什么，直到第二天早上12點(diǎn)，在教堂吃早餐時(shí)，我在《泰晤士報(bào)》上看到了我得第一名的消息……星期四那天，我收到了一大堆我認(rèn)識(shí)的人發(fā)來(lái)的電報(bào)”；然后提到了當(dāng)代的情況：“而當(dāng)代以最優(yōu)秀成績(jī)畢業(yè)的學(xué)生（contemporarystudent）就沒(méi)那么受歡迎了（lesswidelyacclaimed）”；從中我們可知，當(dāng)代和以前對(duì)于優(yōu)秀學(xué)生的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)方式不同。因此，我們可以推斷，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)作為一種動(dòng)機(jī)是因“時(shí)代和文化”的不同而變化，B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、C選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)中的educationalcrisis并沒(méi)有提到，文中提到的是報(bào)刊這類(lèi)媒體是用來(lái)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)學(xué)生聲望和尊重的，該項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文。

29.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

29.TheWildestoryinParagraph1,“In1876…everyoneIknew,”isintendedtoillustrate______.29.第一段中Wilde的故事（In1876…everyoneIknew）是為了說(shuō)明______。

A.howafamousauthorusedrewardstoteachhisstudentsA.一位著名作家是如何用獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)來(lái)教育他的學(xué)生的

B.thedangerouseffectsofusingacademicrewardsB.使用學(xué)術(shù)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的危險(xiǎn)后果

C.thepointthatPlatomakesinthefirstsentenceC.柏拉圖在第一句話(huà)中提出的觀點(diǎn)

D.howthemodernculturalperceptionofacademichonorsdiffersfromthatofapreviouseraD.現(xiàn)代文化對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)榮譽(yù)的認(rèn)知與以往有何不同

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位到文章第一段末尾，這里提到了Wilde的故事，他獲得了“牛津大學(xué)文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位考試第一名”，他在給朋友的信中寫(xiě)道：“我不知道我得到了什么，直到第二天早上12點(diǎn)，在教堂吃早餐時(shí)，我在《泰晤士報(bào)》上看到了我得第一名的消息……星期四那天，我收到了一大堆我認(rèn)識(shí)的人發(fā)來(lái)的電報(bào)”，然后和當(dāng)代進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，最后一句說(shuō)“而當(dāng)代以最優(yōu)秀成績(jī)畢業(yè)的學(xué)生（contemporarystudent）就沒(méi)那么受歡迎了（lesswidelyacclaimed）”，從中我們可知，以前對(duì)于優(yōu)秀學(xué)生是進(jìn)行登報(bào)，讓他得到很多人的尊重，而在當(dāng)代，最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生很少人知道，所以我們可以推斷，第一段使用Wilde的故事是為了對(duì)比當(dāng)代與以前對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)榮譽(yù)的認(rèn)知，D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)在該段沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)中的dangerouseffects不符合原文，屬于曲解原文；

C選項(xiàng)中，柏拉圖在第一句話(huà)的觀點(diǎn)是“避免強(qiáng)迫，讓你的孩子以玩的形式學(xué)習(xí)”，這和Wilde的故事并沒(méi)有相似處，屬于出處錯(cuò)位。

30.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

30.Thispassagementionswhichofthefollowingas“problems”(Paragraph2)inherentintheuseofpositivereinforcersineducation?

I.difficultiesinschedulingthereinforcers

II.limitationsinthesupplyofreinforcers

III.thefactthatrewardsencourageonlysuperficiallearning

30.這篇文章提到下列哪一個(gè)是在教育中使用積極強(qiáng)化物所固有的“問(wèn)題”（第二段）？

I.計(jì)劃強(qiáng)化物的困難

II.提供強(qiáng)化物的限制

III.獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)只鼓勵(lì)膚淺的學(xué)習(xí)

A.IonlyA.只有第一點(diǎn)

B.IIonlyB.只有第二點(diǎn)

C.IandIIonlyC.只有第一點(diǎn)和第二點(diǎn)

D.IandIIIonlyD.只有第一點(diǎn)和第三點(diǎn)

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位到文章第二段，中間兩句說(shuō)到“許多強(qiáng)化物只有在某些缺乏狀態(tài)下才有效，這并不總是容易去安排（notalwayseasilyarranged）。如果讓一個(gè)學(xué)生餓著肚子，以食物來(lái)強(qiáng)化他，會(huì)引發(fā)個(gè)人問(wèn)題，這是其他強(qiáng)化物無(wú)法完全避免的（notentirelyavoidedwithotherkindsofreinforcers）。”，從中可知，即便是積極的強(qiáng)化物也并非沒(méi)有問(wèn)題，許多的強(qiáng)化物只有在一定的狀態(tài)下才有效，并不容易去安排（notalwayseasilyarranged），而且其他強(qiáng)化物也很難完全避免；那么從中我們可以推知，“計(jì)劃強(qiáng)化物的困難”和“提供強(qiáng)化物的限制”都是使用積極強(qiáng)化物所存在的問(wèn)題，故C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D選項(xiàng)均曲解原文。

31.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

31.Inthefinalparagraphofthispassage,theauthorsuggeststhatgradesareproblematicasreinforcersbecausethey______.31.在這篇文章的最后一段，作者認(rèn)為分?jǐn)?shù)作為強(qiáng)化因素是有問(wèn)題的，因?yàn)樗鼈僟_____。

A.cannotbegiventoeverystudentA.不能給予每個(gè)學(xué)生

B.arenotpublicizedenoughB.宣傳不夠

C.arenotgivenimmediatelyafterthedesiredbehaviorisexhibitedC.不是在期望的行為出現(xiàn)后立即給予

D.arenotasusefultothestudentasmoneyD.對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)沒(méi)有錢(qián)有用

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位到最后一段，第二句提到“孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)校里要做的很多事情都沒(méi)有游戲的形式，也沒(méi)有任何與食物、及格分?jǐn)?shù)或獎(jiǎng)牌的自然聯(lián)系（noristhereanynaturalconnectionwithfoodorapassinggradeoramedal）”，可知，孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)校做的大部分事情或者學(xué)習(xí)并不是以玩的形式，也沒(méi)有獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，包括食物、及格分?jǐn)?shù)或獎(jiǎng)牌等；然后第四句提到“分?jǐn)?shù)幾乎總是在學(xué)生不再表現(xiàn)得像個(gè)學(xué)生之后很久才給的（longafter）”，隨后用實(shí)業(yè)教育進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，實(shí)業(yè)教育是“工資通常按小時(shí)計(jì)算”；從longafter和實(shí)業(yè)教育的對(duì)比，我們可以推知，分?jǐn)?shù)作為強(qiáng)化因素有問(wèn)題是因?yàn)榭偸窃诤芫弥蟛沤o，故C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、B選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)在文中只是做一個(gè)對(duì)比，并不是表達(dá)該項(xiàng)意思，屬于曲解原文。

13.單選題

Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozing(睡)soundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residents(住院醫(yī)生)arefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctor,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.

“Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,”saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.“Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,”onewrites.“Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.

“PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,”writesanother.“Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadside.”“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep”.

Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”.

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedoneyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibility(不出錯(cuò))andgettheresttheyneed.

1.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?

2.Whatdoestheauthorimplyspeakingofthesleepproblemsthatdoctorsface?

3.WhatistheauthorspurposeofwritingParagraphs3and4?

4.WhatdoesDr.CharlesBinkleymeanby“doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment”inParagraph5?

5.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep.

B.Toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofsleep.

C.Peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness.

D.Poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Doctorstendtoneglecttheirownsleepproblems.

B.Doctorsoftenneedlittlesleeptokeepthemenergetic.

C.Doctors’sleepisdeprivedbyresidents.

D.Sleepdepriveddoctorsareintoxicated.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Toshowthehostilitydoctorshaveagainsttheirpatients.

B.Toexemplifythedangerdoctorsfacecausedbylackofsleep.

C.Toentertaintheaudiencewithsomeanecdotes.

D.Todiscussthecauseofdoctors’sleepproblems.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theregulationsaboutworkweekandworkshiftaretoospecific.

B.Lawcannotforceadoctortosleepwhilehisconsciencecan.

C.Doctorsshouldnotabidebygovernment’sregulations.

D.Thegovernmentisinterferingtoomuch.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Patientsarefacingmorerisksiftheirdoctorsarenotadequately-rested.

B.Peopleconcernedhavetherighttoremovetheirdoctorsfromtheirpositions.

C.Pilotsandtruckdriversworkinsaferenvironmentsthanthatofdoctors.

D.Patientscanchoosethesleepinghoursoftheirdoctors.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句peoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.（那些每天睡眠時(shí)間超過(guò)8小時(shí)但仍然感到疲勞的人死于中風(fēng)的可能性是正常人的近三倍，這可能是由于一種潛在的疾病使他們無(wú)法睡得安穩(wěn)所致。），可知睡得足夠久卻疲憊的人可能是因?yàn)榛加屑膊?，D選項(xiàng)“睡眠質(zhì)量差可能是身體紊亂的跡象”正確；這里沒(méi)有說(shuō)到中風(fēng)和睡眠的關(guān)系，A選項(xiàng)“中風(fēng)常與睡眠有關(guān)”錯(cuò)誤；這里沒(méi)有說(shuō)到睡眠過(guò)多的危害，B選項(xiàng)“睡眠過(guò)多和睡眠不足一樣有害”錯(cuò)誤；文中沒(méi)有說(shuō)到睡眠少就容易生病，C選項(xiàng)“每天睡眠少于8小時(shí)的人更容易生病”錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。作者提出住院醫(yī)生睡眠不足的問(wèn)題，然后對(duì)醫(yī)生在睡眠不足的情況下提供的服務(wù)質(zhì)量提出質(zhì)疑，最后一句說(shuō)Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.（奇怪的是，那些認(rèn)為在酒精影響下進(jìn)行手術(shù)就可以被解雇的外科醫(yī)生對(duì)于在睡眠不足的情況下進(jìn)行手術(shù)往往毫不猶豫。），可知作者認(rèn)為睡眠不足和醉酒沒(méi)什么兩樣，D選項(xiàng)“睡眠不足的醫(yī)生像喝醉了一樣”正確；沒(méi)有提到醫(yī)生對(duì)自己睡眠不足這個(gè)情況的態(tài)度，A選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生往往忽視他們自己的睡眠問(wèn)題”錯(cuò)誤；醫(yī)生不能醉酒做手術(shù)，而睡眠不足如同醉酒，所以醫(yī)生也需要充足的睡眠，B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生通常需要很少的睡眠來(lái)保持精力充沛”錯(cuò)誤。這一段主要在表達(dá)醫(yī)生睡眠不足會(huì)影響服務(wù)質(zhì)量，并且明確表示住院醫(yī)生睡眠被剝奪，不符合題干中“第一段暗含什么”的條件，也不是表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，C選項(xiàng)“住院醫(yī)生的睡眠被剝奪”錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。作者列出了睡眠不足對(duì)醫(yī)生的影響，比如第三段的最后一句Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.（我真的是站著睡著了，臉差點(diǎn)被埋在傷口里。）和第四段PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork…Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadside.（幾乎我認(rèn)識(shí)的每個(gè)外科住院醫(yī)生都在下班回家的路上睡著了……我知道有三個(gè)人撞到了停著的車(chē)。另一輛撞到了路邊的一家便利店。），最后總結(jié)說(shuō)“Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,”writesathird,becausetheyare“theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep”.（“你自己的病人變成了你的敵人?！钡谌齻€(gè)人寫(xiě)道，因?yàn)樗麄兪恰白璧K你睡好幾個(gè)小時(shí)的唯一因素”。），表達(dá)醫(yī)生因?yàn)槁殬I(yè)的關(guān)系缺乏睡眠，在這里作者用大量篇幅舉例來(lái)闡述醫(yī)生缺乏睡眠的危險(xiǎn)，B選項(xiàng)“舉例說(shuō)明缺乏睡眠給醫(yī)生帶來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)”正確；這里只是表達(dá)因?yàn)橐尾?，醫(yī)生缺乏睡眠，A選項(xiàng)“顯示醫(yī)生對(duì)病人的敵意”錯(cuò)誤；娛樂(lè)讀者不是主要目的，而是舉例表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，C選項(xiàng)“用一些軼事來(lái)娛樂(lè)讀者”錯(cuò)誤；D選項(xiàng)“討論醫(yī)生出現(xiàn)睡眠問(wèn)題的原因”不是表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第二、三句Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState’sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.（它的關(guān)鍵條款模仿了紐約州的規(guī)定，包括每周80小時(shí)的工作時(shí)間和24小時(shí)的輪班限制。然而，大多數(shù)醫(yī)生抵制這種干預(yù)。），可知醫(yī)生不贊同法案中對(duì)醫(yī)生工作時(shí)間如此具體和死板的規(guī)定，認(rèn)為睡眠的時(shí)間段不是能夠用法律規(guī)定的，不想連睡眠都要受法律束縛，D選項(xiàng)“政府干擾過(guò)多”正確。A選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于工作周和輪班的規(guī)定太具體了”和B選項(xiàng)“法律不能讓醫(yī)生睡覺(jué)，但是他的意識(shí)可以”：不是表達(dá)的主要意思。C選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)生不應(yīng)該遵守政府的規(guī)定”：文中沒(méi)有這樣的意思。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown…Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.（在美國(guó)，飛行員和卡車(chē)司機(jī)的工作時(shí)間都有嚴(yán)格的控制。但除非也給醫(yī)生制定這樣一套規(guī)定，否則病人只能聽(tīng)天由命……就醫(yī)生而言，他們必須放棄一貫不出錯(cuò)的姿態(tài)，而得到他們需要的休息。），可知醫(yī)生需要充足的休息來(lái)保證工作任務(wù)的質(zhì)量，A選項(xiàng)“如果醫(yī)生沒(méi)有得到充分的休息，病人將面臨更多危險(xiǎn)”正確；這里說(shuō)的是飛行員和卡車(chē)司機(jī)的工作時(shí)間問(wèn)題，而不是工作的安全性，C選項(xiàng)“飛行員和卡車(chē)司機(jī)的工作環(huán)境比醫(yī)生更安全”錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“有關(guān)人員有權(quán)解除其醫(yī)生的職務(wù)”和D選項(xiàng)“病人可以選擇醫(yī)生的睡眠時(shí)間”文中沒(méi)有提到。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Thetragicimpactofthemodemcityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetic.Thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets.Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do.acardriver,andhasneverhaditsogood.

HeisreluctanttoWalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionha9becomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.

Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby“l(fā)andvalue’’..Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensified,itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.“Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse”becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrown.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadtothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit.

Partialdecentralization,orrather,pseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown:ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnot