太奇2013年?？荚嚲??？?英語試卷

★啟用前 入學(xué)考管理類專業(yè)聯(lián)英語試卷【A3考生須 英語試卷英語試卷PAGE10（NUMPAGES11頁太奇2013年管理類專 聯(lián)考Section Useof

英語（二）測試Directions:Readthefollowingtext.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Animportantfactorofleadershipisattraction.Thisdoesnotmeanattractivenessintheordinarysense,forthatisabornquality ourcontrol.Theleaderhas,nevertheless,tobeamagnet;acentralfiguretowardswhompeopleare .Magnetismintha sedepends,ofall, beingseen.Thereisatypeofauthoritywhichcanbe frombehindcloseddoors,butthatisnotleadership. thereismovementandaction,thetrueleadersisintheforefrontandmayseem,indeed,tobeeverywhereatonce.Hehasto ealegend; foranecdotes,whethertrueor ;character.Oneofthesimplestdevicesistobeabsent theoccasionwhentheleadermightbe tobethere,enoughinitselfto umoraboutthevitalbusiness hasdetainedhim.To upforthis,hecanappealwhenleastexpected,givingrisetoanotherstoryabouttheinteresthecandisplay thingswhichotherfolksmight13 astrivial.Withthisgiftfor curiosity,theleaderalwayscombinesareluctancetotalkabouthimself.Hisinterestis inotherpeople:hequestionsthemandencouragesthemtotalkandthenremembersall 16isrelevant.Heneverleavesaparty17hehasmentallyfieldaminimumdossier()onpresent,ensuringthatheknows19tosaywhenhemeetsthemagain.Heisnotartificiallyextrovertbuthewouldusuallyratherlisten20talk.Othersrealizegraduallythathisimportanceneedsnoproof..5.6.[A]minor7.8.9.SectioPartDirections:Readthefollowingpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)PassageYoungerAmericanswillhavetotakeourwordforit:therewasatime,waybackwhenRonaldReaganwas,whenyourcountrymenorderedcoffeebysimplyaskingfor“coffee”.Orderinga“ventiskinnychailatte”ora“grandechocolate frappuccino”wouldhaveearned,atbest,ablankstare.ButthatwasbeforeHowardSchultztookStarbucksfromasinglecoffeehouseindowntownSeattletoachainwithmorethan17,000shopsin55countries.Thechaingrewsoquickly,andinsomeareasseemedsoubiquitous,thatasearlyas1998aheadlineinTheOnion,asatiricalAmericannewspr,joked,“NewStarbucksOpensinRestRoomofExistingStarbucks”.Aftersufferingthroughleanyearsin2008and2009,thecompanyisagaingoingstrong.Inthe2011fiscalyearthecompanyserved60mcustomersperweek—morethanever.Italsohaditshighest-everearnings-per-share($1.62)andglobalnetrevenue($11.7billion).Yetin2011Starbucksdecidedtodoawaywithsomethingimportant:itdroppedtheword“Coffee”fromitslogo.WhilecoffeeremainsascentraltoStarbucks’sbusinessandidentityashamburgersaretoMcDonald’s,thecompany’srecentAmericanacquisitionshavemoveditcoffee.InNovember2011itacquiredEvolutionFresh,asmallCalifornia-basedjuicecompany,for$30m,givingthecompanyafootholdinAmerica’s$1.6-billionhigh-endjuicemarket.AndinJuneStarbucksboughtabakery,BayBread,anditsLaBoulange-brandedcafes,for$100m.Starbucks’scustomers“haveneverbeenassatisfiedwithourfoodasourcoffee,”explainedTroyAlstead,Starbucks’schieffinancialofficer.OnNovember14thStarbucksmadeitlargestacquisitionyet,buyingTeavana,anAtlanta-basedtearetailer,for$620m.Thisisnotthefirm’sspreadintotheteamarket—itsstoresselltea,ofcourse,anditboughtTazo,ateamanufactureranddistributor,backin1999—butitisbyfaritsboldest.WhenStarbucksboughtTazoitwassimplyabrand,butTeavanahassome300shops,largelymall-based,throughoutNorthAmerica.MrAlsteadhopesthatscalewillallowStarbucks“todoforteawhatwedidforcoffee.”Thismayseem,astheysayatStarbucks,atallorder.Americansdrinkfarmorecoffeethantea.In2011theaveragecoffeeconsumptionwas9.39poundsper ,whileteawasasmall0.9pounds.Thatsaid,since1980America’scoffeeconsumptionhasfallen,andisforecasttofallfurther.Consumptionoftea,ontheotherhand,hasgrown,andisforecasttokeepgrowing—perhapsbenefitingfromtheperceptionthatithashealthbenefitsthatcoffeelacks,perhapsdrivenpartlybyimmigrationfromtea-drinkingcountries.TheTeaAssociationoftheUSAputthevalueoftheteamarketinAmericaat$8.2billionin2011,upfrom$1.8billionjust20yearsearlier,andforecaststhatitwillnearlydoubleinvalueagainby2014.Thesharpestgrowthwillcomefromteathatisgreen—whichalsohappenstobethecolourofmoneyandthelogoofStarbucks.By"ordering...wouldhaveearnedablankstare"(Paragraph1),theauthor therewerefewertypesofcoffeeonpeoplehadstrongpreferencetocoffeeusednottobeincoffeehousewasfilledwithmoreThejokeinTheOnionisintendedto theextensiveinfluenceofthefastpenetrationofcoffeethehugeprofitearnedinsellingtheunlimitedexpansionof"Coffee"isdeletedfromStarbucks'logomainly itscoffeewasnotservedaswellasothergoods[B]customers'otherdemandsshouldbemetaswelljuicewasprovenamoreprofitablemarketthanbreadmightbethepriorityfoodwithmostInparagraph4,thepurchaseofTeavanawasregardedas"theboldest" StarbuckscouldtakeadvantageofitswidedistributionTeavanaisthelargestteasellerinthewholeNorthAmericaitisthechanceStarbuckshaseverhadintheteateasellingwouldposethegreatestchallengetoStarbucks'WhichofthefollowingisthereasonforteamarketriseaccordingtothelastthegreencolorofteaisasignofgoodthenumberofcoffeedrinkersisonthenewimmigrantspreferteatocoffeeinteaismoreoftenassociatedwithhumanPassageTwiceinthepastfouryearssurgesinthepriceofoilhavehittheworldeconomy.In2008thecostofabarrelofBrentcrudesoaredto$147,enfeeblingglobalgrowthevenbeforethefinancialcrisiskilledit.AyearagosupplydisruptionsfromLibyasentthepriceto$127,enoughtostallAmerica'sbeginningrecovery.Withoilnowbackabove$120abarrel,andtensionswithIranrunninghigh,theworriesareback.Willanoilshock,onceagain,upendtheglobaleconomy?Fornow,theanswerisno.Thecostofcrudeisbackwhereitcausedtroubleinthepast.Butglobalgrowthisaffectedlessbytheleveloftheoilpricethantherateofitsrise.Andsofarthatrisehasbeenmoremodest.Abarrelofcrudecostssome15%morethanitdidatthebeginningoftheyear.Inthethreemonthsof2011,theoilpricesurgedbyalmost35%.Entirelyaresultofactualorfearedproblemswithsupply.Outputdisruptionshaveindeedpushedupprices.Rich-countryoilstocksareatafive-yearlowandSaudiArabia,theonlyOPECproducerwithsignificantsparecapacity,isalreadypumatanear-recordrate.Butpartoftherecentriseisdemand-related.Theworldeconomylookslessfragilethanitdidatthebeginningoftheyear,astheoddsofanimminenteurocatastrophehavediminishedandAmerica'srecoverylookstobeonstrongerground.Theoptimismaboutglobalgrowththathasboostedsharepriceshasalsobuoyedtheoilprice.Still,thisisnocauseforcomplacency.Oneobviousriskisthatworriesaboutsupplyincrease,especiallyifrelationswithIrandeterioratetothepointofanIranianattempttoclosetheStraitofHormuz.EvenifAmerica'snavyensuredthatsuchaclosuredidnotlastlong,thepotentialdisruptionwouldbegreat:thepriceofoilroseby80%intheinitialstagesoftheGulfwar.Anoilpriceof$200isyetanotherreasonforAmericatosteerIsraelawayfromanAsecondriskisthateconomicpolicymakersoverreacteventotherelativelymodestpricerisessofar.TheEuropeanCentralBank(ECB)tendstoworrymoreabouttheinflationaryimpactofdeareroilthanotherrich-worldcentralbanksdo,notleastbecausemorewagesinEuropeareautomaticallyindexedtoinflation.Lastyearitraisedinterestratesinresponsetocostlieroil,hardlyhelitsweakeconomies.Withoutputintheeurozoneshrinking,theECBisunlikelytorepeatthaterror.Thedangerthistimeisthattheriseinoilpriceswilldeteritfromeasingmonetarypolicyfurther.Thatwouldbeamistake.Inflationisfarlessofathreatthanadeepeningrecession,notleastbecausetheweakesteuro-zoneeconomiesarealsotheonesmostdependentonimportedenergy.TherightEuropeanresponsetodeareroilisnotjustchermoney,butalsolessstrictfiscalausterity.Inthebeginningwelearnthatthecurrentoilpricerisemight duetothesupplycutbyderivedfromthefinancialattributedinparttoIranianenoughtopullAmericanAccordingtotheauthor,thosewhoareworriedaboutoilshockcanberelieved 15%incostactualpriceofasmallriseWhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonforoilpriceriseaccordingtoParagraphlowoilstocksinSaudiglobaloptimisminoiloutputinsomebetterturninshareInresponsetoinflationcausedbyoilpricerise,thewriter gradualliftingofinterestsomewhatsofterfiscalflexibleappreciationofThebestTITLEofthistextcanbesummarized OilPriceRise:Disaster lobalOilPriceRisk:SillyReactionsfromOilDemand:WhatAmericansShouldOilPriceRise:Threat,ButNoWorryPassageManagerswouldbewelladvisedtochoosetheirwordscarefullyaccordingtoanewresearch.Academicshavediscoveredthatcarefuluseoflanguagecanmaketheworlddifferentintheworkplaceandmaywellencourageemployeestobehavemoreethically.Theresearchhasfoundthatlinguisticsubtleties,suchasdescribinganindividualasacheater,ratherthantermingtheirbehaviourascheatinghasamarkedimpactonhowthatindividualwouldbehave.“Thisresearchisexcitingbecauseitsuggeststhataverysimplewayleadersmightusetocontrolunethicalbehaviouriswithsubtlelinguisticcuesthathighlighttheimplicationsthatthebehaviourmighthaveforrson’sidentity,”saysGabrielleAdams,anassistantprofessorofanisationalbehaviouratLondonBusinessWithfellowacademicsChristopherBryan,anassistantprofessorinthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego,andBeno?tMonin,anassociateprofessorofanisationalbehaviourandpsychologyatStanfordUniversity,Prof.Adamsconductedexperimentsinwhichparticipantshadtheopportunitytoclaimmoneythattheywerenotentitledto.However,whilesomeparticipantsreceivedinstructionsthathighlightedtheindividual’sidentity–“Pleasedon’tbeacheater”,othersweregiveninstructionsthatfocusedontheaction–“Pleasedon’tcheat”.Wherethelanguagefocusedonidentity–thecheater–participantswerefarlesslikelytocheat.Butwhenthebehaviourwasdescribed–cheating–theacademicsfoundthatindividualsweremorepronetotakethemoney.Theresultsheldtrueforbothface-to-faceinteractionandinanonlinesetting.Theacademicssuggestthatitispossibletoinvokeanindividual’s“desiretomaintainaself-imageasgoodandhonest”bymanipulatinglanguageandusingself-relevantnounssuchascheater.Self-relevantnounstheyadd“shouldcausepeopletoavoidthebehaviour”.Thewriterssaythatsubtlelinguisticcuescanpreventdishonesty“byharnessingpeople’sdesiretomaintainaviewofthemselvesasethicalandhonest”.InturntheyaddthattheirresearchsuggeststhatsimplelinguisticinterventionscouldhelppreventdishonestbehaviourinTheexampleof"cheating"inthe2ndparagraphshowsthefunctionof [C]academics[D]AccordingtoGabrielleAdams,badbehaviorscanbepreventableifleaderspointthemoutthesurveyisinterestingone'sidentityisinvolvedinlanguageiscarelessly"prone"(Para.6)isclosestinmeaning [B] [C] [D]Itcanbeconcludedthatlanguageiseffective keeapositiveimageofcuringbehaviorillsinwholeimposingalimitonpeople'sgettingridofbadlanguageIngeneraltheauthor'sattitudetowardstheroleoflanguage [B] [C] [D]PassageWillitbeacenturybeforefemalemanagersinBritainearnthesameasmen?ThatistheclaimtodayfromtheCharteredManagementInstitute(CMI).Ithasreleasedtheresultsofasurvey,whichshowsthatmaleexecutivesearn,onaverage,over￡10,500morethantheirfemalecounterpartsforngthesamejob—￡42,441comparedwith￡31,895.Women’ssalariesmayberisingfasterthanmen’s(2.4%in2010comparedwith0.3%)butevenso,saysCMI,atthoseratesitwilltake98yearsforwomentocatchup—thusgivingtheheadline-writeranirresistibleangle.Intruth,thisfiguredoesnotpretendtotakeintoaccountfactorsthatwillchangeoverthenexthundredyears,suchasculture,legislationanddemography.Nor,seemingly,doesitdrawfromhistoricaltrends.Nevertheless,itcontainssomethought-provokinginsights.Mostintriguingly,thesurveyfoundthatamongjuniorexecutivestheredoesinfactseemtobepayparity:indeed,theaveragepayforfemalemanagersatthebottomoftheladder,￡21,969,isslightlymorethanthe￡21,367averageformales.Sincetherearemorejuniorexecutivesthanseniorones,thatmeansthatforthemajorityofwomeninallmanagementgrades,equalityhasarrived.However,assoonastheystarttoclimbtheladder,thediscriminationSowhatshouldweconcludefromthis?Thereareseveralcontributingexplanations.ly,oneshouldn’tdoubttheexistenceofaglassceiling.Male-dominatedboardslikefast-trackmanagerswholookabitlikethem,andmayaccordinglypayhighersalariestoretaintalentedmen.Oldermeninhighplacesmayalsobeupsetaboutmentoringyoungwomen,fearinghowthatmightbeperceived,leavingfemaleswithoutchampionswithinacompany.Andaddedtoallofthis,menoftenhavetheadvantageofacontinuouscareer,uninterruptedbychildbirth,duringwhichtheycannurturetheirnetwork.ResearchfromHarvardBusinessSchoolhasalsosuggestedthatwomenfaceadoublesetbackinsalarynegotiations.Notonlyarethosewhosetcompensationlesslikelytogiveintowomen’sdemands,butwomenthemselvesarealsolesslikelytobepushy.Andevenwhentheyare,itcanworkagainstthem.AccordingtoHannahRileyBowles,whoconductedtheresearch:It’sanaturalthingtosay,“Buckupalittlebit.You’vegottoactmoreliketheguys.”Butthere’sagooddealofevidencetoshowthatlingwomentoactmorelikemenisn’talwaysgoodadvice.Onereasonwhyweseegenderdifferencesisthattheworldtreatsmenandwomendifferently.Peoplehavedifferentexpectationsandreinforcedifferenttypesofbehaviorbymenandwomen.Ifamanandawomanareself-promoting,bothareperceivedasequallycompetent,butthewomanisseenaslesssociallyawareandsoislesslikelytobehired.Inthebeginningthenewsaboutfemalesalaryrisesuggests men'ssalaryisraisedfasterthanthetherisefor sedtobekeptatalowthereisstillalongwaytogoforfemalewomenshouldnotdothesamejobasmenThemostsurprisingdiscoveryfromthesurveyis genderequalityismorelikelytobeachievedatthejuniormoreexecutivesatthelowerranksaremaleratherthanmalemanagerstendtobediscriminatedatthejuniormanagementladderismoredifficulttoclimbfor"glassceiling"(Para.3)mayrefer prejudiceagainstwomenadvantageatthehighrankbiasheldbytheoldagainsttheAccordingtoHarvardBusinessSchoolresearch,anaggressivewoman befacedwithdifferenttypeofbebettermadeupfortheirsalarybeconfrontedwithsimilarberegardedaslesssociallyTowardsthosewomenmanagers,thewriter [B] [C] [D]PartDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Negligencethatresultstomalpracticehas eincreasinglycommonduetotheadvancementofmedicalproceduresthatcurenumerousdiseasesandtheadventofnewonesthataltertheentirebodytosuitthepatient'stasteandneeds.Asphysiciansworkonlivehuman-beings,theirworkallowsverylittlemarginoferror.Butthisisnotoftenthecase.Moreandmorepeoplearecomingoutwithclumsymedicaloperationsandinotheroccasions,medicalmisdiagnosis.Thesekindsofmalpracticesmaybelife-threateningormayhavealreadyledtothedeathofsomepatients.Moreover,medicalmisdiagnosissubjectsapatienttodelayedappropriatetreatmentandincreasedhealthrisksforthewrongtreatmentthatthepatientreceives.Mostphysiciansgetawaywiththesemalpracticesbecauseoftheruleofity,whereinwhathappensinatheaterremainsinthatplacenomatterwhathappens.Medicalteammemberswillguaranteeeachother Theresponsibilityofthealinjurylawyeristoprovetheexistenceofmalpractice.Thisisadifficulttaskbecauselawyersmayneedtostudyaboutentirelydifferenttermsthantheyareusedto.Themedicalprofessionusesextensiveandhighlyspecificmedicaltermsforeachprocedure,disease,condition,etc.Agoodalinjurylawyerwillsearcheverythingthlienthasundergoneunderamedicalmalpracticecase.Survivorsofmedicalmalpracticeandrelativesofpatientswhodiedfromsuchmalpracticesmustknowtheirrightstopreventmedicalpractitionersfromgettingawaywithrsonalinjurycase.Medicalmalpracticeisnotlimitedtomisdiagnosisanderroneousoperations.Itmayalsoincludewrongfulprescriptionofdrugs.Thisisalsoaverycommonincidentthatmaygrantaclienttherighttofilecompensationtotheriskforinjurythattheyhaveincurred.Moreover,thismaynotonlyinvolvephysiciansandsurgeonsbutalsonurses,pharmacists,thes,dentists,assistants,basicallyanybodywhoweretherewhenthemalpracticewascommitted.Everyyear,morethanamillionpeoplegetprescribedwiththewrongmedicationwithoutthemknowingthattheyareentitledforsettlementandhalfofthesepeoplediefromtheseerrors.Somemalpracticesthatarenotbroughttoattentionarefailuretosecureadiagnosis,delayeddiagnosis,failuretodetermineallergiesanddrug-andfood-relatedadversereactionstomedications,experimentation,birthinjuriesandpracticingwithexpiredlicenses.Mostofthetime,patientsandrelativesareunawareoftheseconditions,naturallybecausetheygotothehospitaltogettreatedamongotherthings.Whentheygetmorethanwhattheybargainedfor,that'stheonlytimethattheyseeka alinjurylawyer'shelpandbythattime,itmayalreadybetoolate.Thisiswhyitisimportanttotakenoteofeveryproceduredonetoapatientinahospital,especiallyintheemergencyroom.Itisalsoimportanttoaskabouteverythingthatdoctors,nursesandthesareadministeringapatient.Itisbettertoinquireandgettheangryhealthworkersthanbesorrylateronfornotaskingaboutsomethingthatshouldnothavebeengiventoapatient.Mostimportantly,whenapatientundergoesasuspiciousmedicaloperation,donotfalterandseekthehelpofa alinjurylawyerwhohasrelevantexperiencedealingwiththiskindofsuitsassoonaspossible.Mostphysiciansareprotectedfromthosemalpractices Theresponsibilityofthe alinjurylawyeris Medicalmalpracticemaynotonlyinvolvephysiciansandsurgeonsbut Itisimportantforpatientsand.Whenasuspiciousmedicaloperation

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