全球化的影響英文

5/5全球化的影響英文AdvantagesAndDisadvantagesOfGloblization

Aglobalshifthasmadeconsiderableadvantagesanddisadvantagesonsocietytoday.WiththeincreaseofAmericanbusinessesmovingbeyondnationalmarketstoothermarketsaroundtheglobeinordertoincreasetheirfinancialbottomlinetherehasbeenarapiddeclineinnationaljobs.Aparticularadvantageofglobalizationistheopportunityoffreetradeandtheresultontheglobaleconomy.However,thedisadvantageisthedestructionoflocaljobs,marketsandforcedmovementofpeople.InorderforglobalizationtocontinueinAmerica,theremustbeasystemtomaintaintheeconomywithoutcausingthegovernmentandpeopletosuffer.Recently,employeesofBoschCorporationexperiencedtheeffectsofglobalizationwhenthecompanyoutsourcedlaborandresourcestoIndia.

ThomasFriedmanmentionsinhisessay,"TheSuperStory","Theworldhasbecomeanincreasinglyinterwovenplace,andtoday,whetheryouareacompanyoracountry,yourthreatsandopportunitiesincreasinglyderivefromwhoyouareconnectedto."Withoutglobalizationimportingandexportingwouldn'tbeaconcept.Therewouldbelittletonomarket,andthereforesociety'swayoflifetomakethefinest

productsavailableatthebestpriceswouldnotbeconceivable.Havingahigherstandardoflifebecauseofglobalization,andtravelhasbecomecommon,whetherit'sforbusinessorpleasure.

Thedisadvantagesareeasytoseebylookingatoccurrencesthathappenallovertheworld.Politicaldecisions,weathercatastrophes,wars,andmanyotherthings,nomatterwheretheyhappen,seemtoaffectjobs,economy,andevengasprices.WherethelabormarkethasnotstabilizedinAmerica,unemploymentratesarerising,andthisisnotparticulartojustAmerica;thesameconditionshavebeendocumentedinmanycountries,regardlessoftheirdevelopmentstage.Americansmustbemindfuloftheshiftingenvironment.Duetothelackofjobsandincreaseofthecostofforeigngoods,...

Theeconomiesoftheworldarebeingincreasinglyintegrated.MobilephonesandInternethavebroughtpeoplecloser.Theworldisbecomingasmallerplace.Goods,whichwereonceconfinedtowesterncountries,areavailableacrosstheglobe.WorkcanbeoutsourcedtoanypartoftheworldthathasanInternetconnection.Becauseofimprovementsintrafficinfrastructureoneisabletoreachone’sdestinationina

relativelyshortspanoftime.

Thenegativeeffectsofglobalization

Opponentsofglobalizationpointouttoitsnegativeeffects.Someofthemarelistedbelow.

Developednationshaveoutsourcedmanufacturingandwhitecollarjobs.Thatmeanslessjobsfortheirpeople.ThishashappenedbecausemanufacturingworkisoutsourcedtodevelopingnationslikeChinawherethecostofmanufacturinggoodsandwagesarelower.Programmers,editors,scientistsandaccountantshavelosttheirjobsduetooutsourcingtocheaperlocationslikeIndia.

Globalizationhasledtoexploitationoflabor.Prisonersandchildworkersareusedtoworkininhumaneconditions.Safetystandardsareignoredtoproducecheapgoods.

Jobinsecurity.Earlierpeoplehadstable,permanentjobs.Nowpeopleliveinconstantdreadoflosingtheirjobstocompetition.Increasedjobcompetitionhasledtoreductioninwagesandconsequentlylowerstandardsofliving.

Terroristshaveaccesstosophisticatedweaponsenhancingtheirabilitytoinflictdamage.TerroristsusetheInternetforcommunicatingamongthemselves.

Companieshavesetupindustriescausingpollutionincountrieswithpoorregulationofpollution.

FastfoodchainslikeMcDonaldsandKFCarespreadinginthedevelopingworld.Peopleareconsumingmorejunkfoodfromthesejointswhichhasanadverseimpactontheirhealth.

Thebenefitsofglobalizationisnotuniversal.Thericharegettingricherandthepoorarebecomingpoorer.

BadapectsofforeignculturesareaffectingthelocalculturesthroughTVandtheInternet.

EnemynationscanspreadpropagandathroughtheInternet.

DeadlydiseaseslikeHIV/AIDSarebeingspreadbytravellerstotheremotestcornersoftheglobe.

Localindustriesarebeingtakenoverbyforeignmultinationals.

Theincreaseinpriceshasreducedthegovernmentsabilitytosustainsocialwelfareschemesindevelopedcountries.

Thereisincreaseinhumantrafficking.

MultinatonalCompaniesandcorporationswhichwerepreviouslyrestrictedtocommercialactivitiesareincreasingly

influencingpoliticaldecisions.

Thepositiveaspectofglobalization

Globalizationhasapositivesideaswell.Supportersofglobalizationarguethatitisgoodandbeneficial.Someoftheirargumentsarelistedbelow.

Globalizationhascreatedtheconceptofoutsourcing.Worksuchassoftwaredevelopment,customersupport,marketing,accountingandinsuranceisoutsourcedtodevelopingcountrieslikeIndia.Sothecompanythatoutsourcedtheworkenjoysthebenefitoflowercostsbecausethewagesindevelopingcountriesisfarlowerthanthatofdevelopedcountries.Theworkersinthedevelopingcountriesgetemployment.Developingcountriesgetaccesstothelatesttechnology.

Increasedcompetitionforcescompaniestolowerprices.Thisbenefitstheendconsumers.

Increasedmediacoveragedrawstheattentionoftheworldtohumanrightviolations.Thisleadstoimprovementinhumanrights.

GeneralEffects:Theglobalizationhasbroughtarevolution,inChinesecities.Peking,thecapitalofChina,thatusedtobeproudofgreatwallalone,nowhashighrisingbuildings,with

allthemodernfacilities,whichcanbefoundinNewYork.Theymaynothave,grandstructureslikeWorldTradeCenterbuildings,butfortunately,theyarenotconfrontingthemenaceofterrorismasthecitizensofUSAarefacingtoday.TheruralpopulationofChinahasnofearofmigratingurbanareasasthepeaceandsecurityaguaranteedatboththevenuesandresultantlytheChinesetownshavecompletelytransformedintomoderncities.ThegiganticChinesesocialexperimenthasstartedleavingitsimpactonthelifeofcommonChinesepeople.TheChinesemodelcannotbeanalyzedaccordingtoitsdifferencesfromthewesterncities.Theurbanizationmaybeviewedinthebackdropofthefact,thatChinesetownshavejuststartedtheirsJourneytourbanization,andcreatinganewworldandanewman.ThecitiesinthepastshowedanabsenceofautomobileswhichasperRobertGillian,in“neitherbackwardnessnordelay,butarejection”,toadvertising,neonsigns,andthethreefeversofmoney,alcoholandsex.ThemassivedemographicfluctuationsinChinarequiremotherlandtoacceptmoreinfluencefromworldover,“ArecentstudyestimatesthatChina'spopulationwillpeakat1.6billionin2040,comparedwith1.2billionin1995.Itisexpectedtofallbelow1.4billionby2100.”(Andrea,1999)

EffectsonAgriculture(Turningtownsintocities)

Chinawasanagriculturalandpeasantcountry,asitsmodernizationhadnevertakenplaceinthepast.Nowtheaveragesizeoffarmingisgrowingthroughthesystemofcommunes,withthesubdivisionintoproductionbrigadeandteams.Thecommunesasperlatestsurveyshavebeenfoundtobefulloflatestmachinery.(Althoughsomeofthepeasantmassesstayputanddotheirtraditional,intensivelabor).

Agriculturalmechanizationisbeingintroducedwithconsiderablecautionsoastoavoidupsettingthebalanceintheirruralandurbanareas.Theessentialpointofthematteristhattheagriculturallaborers,whohadbeenwithoutfarmingmachineryresisted,againsturbanization.Suchpeoplehavebeenincorporatedinlocalsmallindustry.Chinawillhavetoacceptmoreinfluenceofglobalizationasitspopulationgrowthbetweennowand2020willrequiresignificantimprovementsinagriculturaltechnologyandlandresourcemanagement.“Chinamayhavetoincreaseitsannualgrainimportsto40-50milliontons.ButifChinalagsinitsagriculturaldevelopmentandresearch,itmayfinditselfimportingalotmorethanthat,perhapsasmuchas300milliontons”(Andrea,1999)Theglobalizationhassoforfailedtoleaveimpactonthisfielddue

toreasonsmentionedabove.

EffectsonIndustry

Theindustryhadbeenmostlydecentralizedduetooverallpolicyofeconomicdecentralization.Chinahasbenefitedagreatdealfromrestoftheworldandtheglobalizationhastaughtthemtointroduceamixedsystem.ThedecentralizationisthemostimportantsteptakenbyChinasincetheGreatProletarianCulturalRevolutiontookplace.TheexperienceobtainedfromtheglobalexperiencehashelpedChinatofreeherselffromatraditionalcumbersomebureaucracyanddevelopedlocalenterprise.Thetwenty-sixChineseprovinceshavebeenmadeselfsupportinginthefieldofindustrywhichhasacceleratedtheprocessofurbanizationinthecountryasthefactorymanagementshavebeenaskedbythegovernmentofPeoplesRepublicofChinatoprovideextraordinarysocialsecuritybenefits(similartoworkersofwesterncountries)totheirworkers,abigincentivewhichhasattractedlargemass

sectionofruralpopulation.

EffectsonanindividualCitizen

Chinaisstrivingtoconceivemodernizationaspartofaprocessofembellishmentofthelandscape,developmentofthepeople’sculturallifeforthebenefitofall.Theinterestofan

individualhasbeenkeptbeforethemachinery.Acommoncitizenisalthoughnotverywelltodo,buthislifestylecanbecomparedwithanyindividualofaEuropeancountryduetoextensiveurbanization.Eachindividual,whoresistedtomovetocities,inthepasthasdecidedtoday(aspersomesurveyscarriedoutbyvoluntaryorganizations)tomigratetocitiestogainextrabenefits,whichhasspeededupurbanizationinChina.ThevisiblechangesinurbanlifeareduetochangesinthelargerpoliticaleconomyofChina,suchasthetransitionfromsocialism,marketreform,andglobalization,whicharequitetangibleintheireffectsonpeople'sdailylivesinChinesecitiesi.e.Peking,Shanghai,andHongKong,etc.HongKongisprobablythemostmoderncitywithcultural,economic,

politicalandethnologicalcrossroads.Itis,theonlypartofMainlandChinatohaveescapedtheravagesoffiftyyearsofCommunism,andhasthereputationofworldsbiggesttradecenter.ShanghaiandHongKonghavethecenturiesoldBritishandearlierChineseImperialismeffects.Theglobalizationsurgehasnowtakentheirpopulationbeyondeightandsevenmillion

ofresidentsrespectively.

ProductionofIndigenousMachinery

Therevolutionexperiencedinthefieldofproductionof

indigenousmachineryhelpedchinatoattractpeopletourbanareasfromruralareasasmostoftheindustrialareasarelocatedinthevicinityofmajorcities.ChinahastakenthefullbenefitoftechnologyandhermainindustrialbaseinPeking,Shanghai,ZhenandShinKiangareashavedevelopedagreatdeal.HongKongmarketshavealsoplayedveryimportantroleinintroducingtheoutputwesterntechnology.AllthevillagesandtownslocatedinthesouthofChina(vicinityofHongKong)havecompletedurbanized.TheyhavegotridoftheiroldthinkingofonlyusingthemadeinChinaproductssooftenreflectedintheirprintmaterial.Thenewtechnology,coupledwiththerevolutionaryspiritofChinesepeoplehasurbanizedeventhetownslocated400kmawayfromPeking,thegrowingnumberofcities(nowwearingamodern