(完整版)新概念英語第3冊(cè)課文解析

新概念第三冊(cè)語法精粹第一章英語從句Subordination英語從句主要有定語從句，狀語從句和名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）一．定語從句1．定語從句：由關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,that,which;關(guān)系副詞when,where,why引導(dǎo)。（下面十個(gè)句子請(qǐng)讀5遍并脫口譯出！）1.Thedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringtheweek.2.Theman(whom)youspoketojustnowismyfriend.3.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.4.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.5.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.6.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.7.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn'tfinishitintime.8.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.9.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.10.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.2．只能用that和who引導(dǎo)的定語從句A．a(chǎn)ll,nothing,anything,afew,one做先行詞指物時(shí)B．先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，后面常跟that而不是which.C．先行詞前有theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery等詞修飾時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只能用that。D．當(dāng)先行詞是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody時(shí)，后面要用who或whom；●Allthatglittersisnotgold.閃光的并非都是金子。3．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)定語從句as引導(dǎo)的定語從句有兩種形式：A．引導(dǎo)限制性語從句。在此類定語從句中，as常與主語中作為其先行詞的such,thesame或as聯(lián)用構(gòu)成，“such...as”，“thesame...as”和“as...as”句型，可代替先行詞。例如：Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我們希望得到他正在用的那種工具。B．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，作用與which相同，as作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個(gè)主句。（這是語法考試的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。）［注意區(qū)別］：as引導(dǎo)的從句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不能放在句首。例如：Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity.據(jù)報(bào)道，一個(gè)外國代表團(tuán)將訪問這個(gè)城市。二．狀語從句超級(jí)作文聯(lián)接詞及詞組，全部拿下！①原因：because,since,nowthat（既然）as,for,thisreason....②結(jié)果：sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult....③時(shí)間：after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,once,lately,presently,shortlyafter,currently,atpresent,nowadays...④條件：if,onlyif.,once,unless,intheevent(that),incase(that),providedthat,ontheconditionthat,etc.⑤讓步：though,although,eventhough(if),nomatterwhat/how/when→whatever/however/whenever....⑥目的：inorderthat,inorderto,to,⑦比較：than,as...as,bycomparison（相比較），bycontrast（相對(duì)照）....三．名詞性從句王牌要點(diǎn)：通常由that或疑問詞導(dǎo)出。1.Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisnotknow.（主語從句）2.Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinningthecase.（賓語從句）3.Theproblemiswhatwe'lldonext.（表語從句）4.Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.（同位語從句）同位語（Appositive）:同位語是英語語法的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，同時(shí)，在寫作中正確運(yùn)用同位語可以使你的句型更加簡(jiǎn)潔得體。《新概念英語》第三冊(cè)第一課有這樣一個(gè)句子：WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.（當(dāng)倫敦動(dòng)物園接到報(bào)告說，在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時(shí)，這些報(bào)告并沒有受到重視。）在這里，awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon就是同位語從句，它本來應(yīng)該放在“reports”后面，這里卻被放在了謂語成分cameintoLondonzoo的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。I．簡(jiǎn)單記憶：同位語從句，就是對(duì)某些名詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋的句子。IwasgreatlyshockedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedyesterday.（that引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任何成分）Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.（that引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了fact的內(nèi)容）II．聯(lián)想記憶：能接同位詞從句的名詞有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（謠言），evidence（證據(jù)），conclusion（結(jié)論），suggestion（建議），problem，order，answer，discovery（發(fā)現(xiàn)）explanation（解釋），principle（原則），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承諾），report（報(bào)告），statement（聲明），knowledge（知識(shí)），opinion（觀點(diǎn)），likelihood（可能性）［大聲朗讀三遍，背下即可。］III．王牌要點(diǎn)：●同位語一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which,who,what和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how或whether引導(dǎo)。Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.Ihavenoideahowtoexplainit.●一些介詞詞組后面也能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。（非常經(jīng)典之功能句式，可用于四六級(jí)和托福作文，不妨一試?。簅ntheassumption（在……前提下），ontheground（由于……原因），ontheconditionthat（在……條件下），withtheexception（有……例外）owingtothefact（由于……事實(shí)）；ontheunderstanding（基于……理解）；Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditionthatheboughtheravilla.那位年輕的女士答應(yīng)嫁給那位老頭，條件是他給她買一幢別墅。IV．分隔式同位語從句為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕，有時(shí)同位語從句可以放到句子的末尾，（讀兩遍此定義，然后看倒句：）Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinformationaboutthematter.IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAmericanmovie"Titanic".V.同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別簡(jiǎn)單記憶：定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that或which在句子中用作主語或賓語，而同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that只起連接主句和從句之作用，不用作任何成分。示例：I'vegotananswerthatAisright.(同位語從句，that不做成分)I'vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.（定語從句，that做定語從句的主語）VI．王牌重點(diǎn)：可以充當(dāng)同位語的詞組或短語。1）名詞短語。（使句型更為簡(jiǎn)潔）BillClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanofficialvisitin1998.LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwhelminglyimportantroleinChineseliteraturehistory.2）動(dòng)名詞詞組亦可用作同位語：別忘了加逗號(hào)。（使句型更為流暢）I'mcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.3）不定式短語。（陌生只是掌握的開始）Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.4）形容詞詞組。（有逗號(hào)隔開）Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldbetreatedequally.Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportunity.VII.同位語的引導(dǎo)詞。（重要！這是中高級(jí)寫作中不可缺少的引導(dǎo)成分）引導(dǎo)詞用來表示同位語與它所說明的同位成分之間的關(guān)系：1．namely,thatitis,thatistosay（也就是說）,inotherwords（換句話說）,or,forshort表示等同關(guān)系。2．suchas,say,sotospeak（譬如說）,including（包括）,forinstance（或forexample(e.g./eg），表示舉例和列舉關(guān)系。3．especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示突出重點(diǎn)，（在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部分為更重要或更突出的部分，是出題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。）測(cè)試精編I.選擇正確選項(xiàng)：1.________allbehaviorislearnedbehaviorisabasicassumptionofsocialscientists.A.NearlyB.ThatnearlyC.ItisnearlyD.Whennearly2.ThepeopleatthepartywereworriedaboutJanetbecausenoonewasaware________shehadgone.A.wherethatB.ofwhereC.oftheplacewhereD.theplace3.—Susanhasn'twrittenusforalongtime.—Whatdoyousuppose________toher?A.thathappenedC.tohappenB.happenedD.havinghappened4.—MayIhavetheloan?________youoffergoodsecurity.A.ButB.UnlessC.ProvidedD.Butfor5.Gorillasarequietanimals,________theyareabletomakeabouttwentydifferentsounds.A.howB.inspiteofC.becauseofD.eventhough6.ThelittleWhiteHouseinwarmspringswastheGeorgiahomeofPresidentFranklin-D.Roosevelt________thereonApril12,1945.A.whodiedB.diedC.whilediedD.hedied7.Essentially,atheoryisanabstract,symbolicrepresentationof________reality.A.whatitisconceivedB.thatisconceivedC.whatisconceivedtobeD.thatisbeingconceivedof8.Seedsusuallygerminate________thetemperatureisfavorable.A.ifB.whereasC.asaresultD.inconsequences9.FrancisPrestonBlair.Jr,________borninKentucky,livedandpracticedinMissouri.A.wasB.hewasC.althoughD.whohewas10.________,worksongsoftenexhibitthesongcultureofapeopleinafundamentalform.A.TheyoccurwheretheyareC.WheretheyoccurB.OccurringwhereD.Wheredotheyoccur第二章虛擬語氣THESUBJUNCTIVEMOOD虛擬語氣用來表達(dá)不可能或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，通常分為基本的三種形式。1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬：If+did/were+...,...wouldshouldcouldmight+do（動(dòng)詞原形）IfIwereyou,Iwouldgoabroadatonce.(Iamnotyou.)Ifheknewitnow,hecouldhelpme.(Hedoesn'tknowitnow.)2.與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬：If+haddone+...,...would(might)havedone...IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavephonedyou.(Ididn'tknowyourtelephonenumber.)Ifyouhadcomeherealittleearlierjustnow,youmighthavemether.(Youdidn'tcomehereearlier.)3.與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬：(1)If+should+v.,...would+v.（可能性很小）（譯作“萬一”）Ifitshouldraintomorrow,youcouldstayathome.IfIshouldfail,whatshouldIdo?(2)If+did/wereto+v...,would+v.（完全不可能）Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldlendyouthemoney.Ifyoufinisheditin3minutes,Iwouldgiveyoumycar.4.金牌特殊重點(diǎn)：?。。酆?jiǎn)單聯(lián)想記憶］：●下列動(dòng)詞后的“賓語從句”中需要用虛擬形式，即should+動(dòng)詞原形，shoud在美國英語中要省略（TOEFL語法考點(diǎn)）。此類常見的動(dòng)詞有：order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest（建議）insist（堅(jiān)決要求），advise,etc.例句：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)helpthemwithEnglish.Theteacherorderedthatthehomework(should)befinishedwithinhalfanhour.●下列名詞后的同位語從句中要用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”（should可省去）的虛擬。suggestion,order,request,demand,importance,proposal.Hemadeasuggestionthatwe(should)haveafancydressparty.Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit(should)bedonesoon.●Itis/wasimportant/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+主語+should+v.Itisstrangethatyoushouldsaysuchathing.Itwasimportantthatyoushouldtellmealltheinformation.●wish后的賓語從句中，asif后的狀語從句中，須用下列的虛擬形式：主+wish+(that)+主+did/were（指現(xiàn)在）haddone（指過去）would+v.（指將來）IwishthatImetmyunclenow.IwishIhadmetmyuncleyesterday.IwishIcouldmeetmyuncletomorrow.●Itis(high)timethat...+did/were...Itistimethatyouwenttobed.●wouldratherthat...+did/were...Iwouldratherthatyouwerenotherenow.●wouldsoonerthat...+did/were...Iwouldsoonerthatyougotupearlier.Iwouldsoonerthatyouwerenotmybrother.測(cè)試精編I.選擇正確選項(xiàng)：1.I________hehadtaughtmetheword,buthedidn't.A.believeB.hopeC.wishD.think2.Themaninchargerecommendsthatthismatter________atthemeeting.A.wouldbediscussedwillbediscussedC.bediscussedD.maybediscussedB.3.Itisrainingnow,otherwisewe________gooutplay.A.couldB.canC.mayD.will4.________hecomelate,givehimthemessage.A.HadB.ShouldC.WouldD.Did5.Hadn'tmycarbrokedown,I________thetrain.A.wouldhavecaughtC.couldcatchD.wouldcatch6.IwouldhavehelpedhimifIhadtime,butI________.A.haven'tB.hadC.didn'tD.wouldn'tB.mightcatch7.Thedamwasbuiltintimetoprotecttheinhabitantsfromtheflood;________.A.otherwisethedamagewouldbebeyondmeasure.B.thedamage,otherwise,shouldbeverygreat.C.thedamagecouldhavebeenveryseriousotherwise.D.thedamagecaused,therefore,manyofthemhomeless.8.Itisnaturalthatanemployee________hisworkontime.A.finishes9.IwouldgoabroadbutthatI________poor.A.amB.wasC.shallbeD.were10.Don'tactasifyou________theonlypebbleonthebeach.A.areB.wereC.havebeenD.wouldbeB.finishC.canfinishD.finishs第三章代替與省略SUBSTITUTIONANDOMISSION英語中，為了避免不必要的重復(fù)，經(jīng)常用so,not,to,do,does代替前面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞或相關(guān)內(nèi)容。如：HetranslatedthearticlebetterthanIdid.(did代替wroteit)—Doyouthinksheisclever?—Ithinkso.(so代替sheisclever)(1)從上兩例中看出，do/does/did代替動(dòng)詞。(2)"so與not"代替某個(gè)詞、短語、句子等，通常用于hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,imagine,etc后作賓語。E.g.—Isitcorrect?—I'mafraidnot.(notcorrect)(3)"to"用作不定式，常跟隨下列動(dòng)詞：want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.E.g.Iaskedhimtogototheparty,butherefusedto.(gototheparty)(4)"doso,dothat,doit"用來代替動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，而不能代靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Eg.—HegaveupstudyingEnglish.—Whydidhedoso?(=giveupstudyingEnglish)—Thedishtastesnice.—Yes,soitdoes.(tastesnice)(此句不能用itdoesit或itdoesso,因taste屬靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。）(5)為使語言精煉，避免不必要的重復(fù)，對(duì)話中常用省略形式。E.g.—Heisthinkingofbuyingacar?—Ishe?（這里，“thinkingofbuyingacar”被省略了。）—Willhecomebackintime?—Perhaps.（省略了hewillcomebackintime.)測(cè)試精編I．選擇正確答案：1.—ShallIwakeyouuptomorrow?—Yes,________.A.pleasedoC.youwillB.youshallD.youmay2.Ithinkrecordsareoften________anactualperformance.A.asgoodasorbetterthanC.likegoodorbetterthanB.asgoodorbetterthanD.asgoodasanyother3.—Ifhedoesn'tcometowork,hemaybefired.—Surelyheisn'tsofoolish________nottorealizethat.A.soB.andC.butD.as4.—Don'tyouthinkAlan'shealthhasbeenruinedbysmoking?—Yes,hetoldme________himself.A.thefactB.thisthingC.ItD.so5.—Willyougohometomorrowevening?—No,I'mgoingtoalecture,oratleast,I'mplanning________.A.onB.toC.soD.It6.—Islippedonthestairs,Ithinkmyarmisbroken.—Oh!I________.A.donothopesoB.donothopeC.hopenotsoD.hopenot7.Californiareliesmainlyonincomefromfruitcrops,and________.A.FloridaalsoB.FloridatooC.FloridaisaswellD.sodoesFlorida8.—Haveyoubeenherelong?—________.A.No,notveryB.NotmuchC.Yes,onlylittleD.No,onlyyesterday9.—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.—Ilikemynewdressandmother________,too.A.doesB.likesC.isD.do10.—Soyouarelost,littleboy.Whydidn'tyouhangontoyourmother'sskirt?—________,butIcouldn'treachit.A.IhangedtoC.Ididn'thangto第四章倒裝INVERSIONB.IdidtoD.Itriedto根據(jù)語法要求，把謂語動(dòng)詞置于主語前，稱為完全倒裝，把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語前，稱為部分倒裝。1．副詞如：in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc.句子倒裝。（完全倒裝，但主語不能是代詞）Downjumpedthemurdererfromthetenthfloor.IncameMissGreen.（特別注意：當(dāng)主語是人稱代詞時(shí)不倒裝。）Awayshewent!（她走了?。〩ereyouare!（你在這兒?。?．only+副詞（介詞短語）位于句首，句子要倒裝。Onlythendidherealizethathewasmistaken.Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoinganything.3．well,so,often,such,few,little放于句首，句子形成倒裝。Sofinewastheweatherthatweallwentoutlyinginthesun.WelldidIknowhimandwelldidheknowme.4．否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時(shí)，句子須倒裝。此類詞有：neither，nor，hardly，scarcely，rarely，seldom，not，never，notonly，barely，atnotime，nowhere等。e.g.—Jackcouldnotswim.—NeithercouldTom.NeverhaveIseensuchagoodmovie.5．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，須倒裝。（準(zhǔn)確地說，是將需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞提到as的前面。）Richasheis,hespendsacentoncharity.Tryashedoes,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifully.6．在表示祝愿的句子中。Mayyoumakegreaterprogress!（愿你取得更大進(jìn)步?。?．在虛擬條件句中，連詞if省略時(shí)，句型要倒裝，即將were,had,should等詞提到句首。WereIyou,Iwouldgoabroadtotakeadvancedstudy.我要是你，就出國進(jìn)修了。Shouldhecometomorrow,hewouldhelpustosettletheproblem.他要是明天來的話，他會(huì)幫我們解決這個(gè)問題的。8．百分特例重點(diǎn)：Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant.（NCEBookIIILesson26）盡管我們?yōu)樽约旱慕^好鑒賞力感到自豪，但我們已經(jīng)無法自由地選擇我們所需要的東西了。測(cè)試精編I．選擇正確選項(xiàng)：1.Notuntilthemid-nineteenth-centurydiscoveryofvastdepositsofborate'sintheMajaveDesert________relativelycommon.A.boraxbecameB.didboraxbecomeC.andboraxbecomeD.borax'sbecoming2.________receivedlawdegreesastoday.A.NeversomanywomenhaveB.NeverhavesomanywomenC.Thewomenaren'teverD.Womenwhohavenever3.________theBob'sbelongingsthathecarriedtheminabundleslungoverhisshoulders.A.WeresofewC.SofewwereB.FewweresoD.Theyweresofew4.Onlyafterababysealispushedintotheseabyitsmother________toswim.A.howwillitlearnC.itwilllearnhowB.willitlearnhowD.anditlearnshow5.Notonly________apromise,buthealsokeptit.A.didhemadeC.didhemakeB.hemadeD.hemakes6.Nowhereintheworld________.A.travelerscanbuysomuchbeautyforsolittleasinHawaii.B.noonecanbuysomuchbeautyforsolittlemoneyasHawaii.C.somuchbeautycanbeboughtforsolittlemoneyinHawaii.D.cantravelersbuysomuchbeautyforsolittlemoneyasinHawaii.7.Nosooner________gonehomethanitbegantorainheavily.A.hadIB.haveIC.IhadD.Ihave8.Notforamoment________thetruthofyourstory.A.hehasdoubtedC.didhedoubtB.hedoubtsD.hediddoubt9.________succeedindoinganything.A.OnlybyworkinghardwecanB.ByonlyworkinghardwecanC.OnlybyworkinghardcanweD.Onlywecanworkhard10.Neverbeforeinsimilarcircumstances________.A.aBritishPrimeMinisterhadrefusedtostepdown.B.didaBritishPrimeMinisterhaverefusedtostepdown.C.aBritishPrimeMinisterdidhaverefusedtostepdown.D.hadaBritishPrimeMinisterrefusedtostepdown.11.Peoplemightavoidmanyaccidents________thesemethodsbeenadoptedbefore.A.that12.________arosetheproblemthattheboywillneverovercomethegreatdifficulties.A.ItB.ThisC.HereD.ThoseB.wereC.haveD.had第五章形容詞ADJECTIVES定義：形容詞是用來修飾名詞的詞，描述名詞的性質(zhì)、外觀、特點(diǎn)等。功能：形容詞可以做定語、表語或補(bǔ)助語。分類：主要分為兩類：描繪性形容詞和限定性形容詞?！衩枥L性形容詞主要用來描繪大、小、新舊、顏色、質(zhì)量等?！裣薅ㄐ孕稳菰~主要用來限定所修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離及范圍所屬等。1．當(dāng)形容詞修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，必須與冠詞連用：alovelygirl,thenaughtyboy2．形容詞可與系動(dòng)詞連用，做表語，說明主語的性狀。常用系動(dòng)詞有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay,etc.Thedishtastesdelicious.Themusicsoundssweet.Themilkwentbad.小心陷阱feel，smell，taste，look，keep有時(shí)可以用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，并可以用副詞修飾。Helookedmeupanddowncarefully.Itastedthesoupslowlytoseewhetheritwassalty.3．形容詞用作后置定語。（簡(jiǎn)單理解：一般的形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞前面，但有些形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞的后面）arivernavigable（一條可通航的河）sightvisible可見的景象personresponsible（負(fù)責(zé)人）注意：responsibleperson（有責(zé)任心的人）thebestwaypossible（盡可能好的辦法）thenumbernecessary（必要的數(shù)量）thepeoplepresent（在場(chǎng)的人）4．只能作表語的形容詞1．某些表示健康狀況的形容詞。well（身體好的），ill（病的），faint（虛弱的），poorly（身體不好的）示例：Hismotherhasbeenillforalongtime.特別注意：sick是個(gè)特例。它既可做表語，又可做定語。Heissickforacoupleofdays.（他病兩三天了）Heisasickperson.（他是個(gè)病人。）2．某些以a-開頭的形容詞。如：afraid（害怕的），alone（獨(dú)自的），alive（活著的），asleep（睡著的），awake（醒著的），aware（意識(shí)到的）Theoldmanisaloneinthehouse.（老人一個(gè)人在家。）Theteacherisalivewithenthusiasm.（這位老師熱情洋溢。）Heisasleepinhismother'sarms.（他在母親的懷抱中睡著了。）Ihavebeenawareofthedifficulty.（我已經(jīng)意識(shí)到了困難。）5．當(dāng)一系列形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，須注意排列順序：代明形容詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+名詞。（下圖看起來費(fèi)勁，看透了絕對(duì)實(shí)用）代明形容詞1數(shù)量形容詞2性狀形容詞3名詞4567891011用于冠詞前的形容詞冠詞性質(zhì)大小新舊溫度序數(shù)基數(shù)顏色國籍材料名詞狀態(tài)長短形狀指示代詞物主代詞動(dòng)名詞不定代詞AllthefirstonetwogoodbadbigoldblueEnglishIndianwoodstoneboxA(n)BothsecondsmallnewyellowthisSuchyourSomecagethat............roundcold......IronEg.abrokensmalloldgraystonebridge.suchagoodyellowpen.測(cè)試精編I．選擇正確選項(xiàng)：1.TheChinesefoodservedinAmericanrestaurantisnotbadbutIprefer________.A.ChinesefoodauthenticallyB.ChineseauthenticfoodC.foodChineseauthenticallyD.authenticChinesefood2.________lessonswerenotdifficult.A.OurfirstfewshortEnglishB.OurfewfirstshortEnglishC.OurfewfirstEnglishshortD.FewourfirstEnglishshort3.—DoyouthinkthattheLaborbillwillbepassed?—Oh,yes,it's________thatitwill.A.almostsurelyB.verylikelyC.nearpositiveD.quitecertainly4.—Haveyoutraveledmuch?—No,Ihavedone________traveling.A.fewB.littleC.smallD.less5.—Iwasverybusy.—Didyoureallyworkhard________?A.alldayB.allthedayD.allofdaylongC.allthedaylong6.—Doyouneedanythingfromthestore?—________andsomecheddarcheese.A.OnlyaFrenchbreadloafB.AFrenchbreadloafonlyC.OnlyaloafofFrenchbreadD.AloafofFrenchbreadonly7.Accordingtotheinformation,thenewly-constructedhighwayissaidtobe________.A.lengthytwentymilesB.lengthabouttwentymilesD.intwentymilesoflengthC.abouttwentymileslong8.Mr.Smithhasdone________businesshere.A.alotofB.anumberofC.muchD.lots9.—Areyouhelpingtoorganizethepoliticalconvention?—I'minchargeofwelcomingthe________.A.out-of-townvisitorsC.visitorsout-of-townB.visitorsfromoutsideoftownD.outsidetownvisitors10.—DoesJanehavebrownhair?—Yes,Infact,it'squitesimilarinshape________yours.A.asB.withC.likeD.to第六章副詞ADVERBS定義：副詞用來修飾動(dòng)詞（系動(dòng)詞除外），形容詞，其它副詞或整個(gè)句子。功能：表示時(shí)間、方式、程度、范圍等。分類：●時(shí)間及頻度副詞：before，frequently，always，usually等●地點(diǎn)副詞：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等●方式副詞：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等●程度副詞：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only等●疑問副詞：how，why，when，where等例：Hewalkedoutoftheroomslowly.Shelooksverybeautiful.WestudyEnglishverycarefully.Evenachildcandoitbetter.Perhapsshewilltelephoneyoutomorrow.金牌要點(diǎn)：幾個(gè)重要副詞的使用：1.enough：修飾形容詞或副詞，須置于被修飾詞后；而修飾名詞時(shí)放在修飾詞的前面。Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythistypeofbicycle.2.too：位于形容詞或副詞前。Sheistooeagertoseeme.3.very：置于所修飾的形容詞、副詞前。Heisveryhandsomeandmanygirlsliketospeakwithhim.4.much：修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞及副詞比較級(jí)。Thesubjecthasbeentalkedtoomuch.Herdressismuchmorebeautifulthanmine.5.still:“依舊，仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。Hestillremembersthedaystheyspenttogether.Istillcannotcatchhiswords.6.yet:位于疑問句末尾時(shí)意思是“已經(jīng)”；用于否定句時(shí)意思是“還”。Haveyouemptiedthedustbinyet?Ihaven'tdonethatyet.7.only:根據(jù)句意靈活運(yùn)用。（請(qǐng)翻譯下面三個(gè)句子！）Onlyhecantellyouhowtodoit.Hecanonlytellyouhowtodoit.Hecantellyouhowtodoitonlytoday.8.hardly,scarcely,seldom,never本身為否定意義副詞，注意使用。Hardlyhadweleftthestationwhenitbegantorain.你知道嗎？幾個(gè)易混淆的副詞：1.easy:standeasy(=comfortably)easily:Itcan'tbesolvedeasily.2.clear:Thebulletwentclearthroughthewindow(=directly)clearly:Clearly,hedoesn'tknowanythingaboutit.(=obviously)3.high:Hecanjumpveryhigh.（高地）highly:Wethinkhighlyofthegoodteacher.（高度地）4.just:Wehavejustknowthenews.（剛剛）justly:Hewasjustlypunished.（公正地）5.hard:Youmustthinkhard.（努力地）hardly:Hehardlyknowsaboutit.（幾乎不）6.pretty:Heisnotprettysureaboutit.（非常）prettily:Thegirlisprettilydressed.（漂亮地）7.near:Helivesneartheschool.（附近）nearly:Inearlymissedthebus.（幾乎）8.late:Don'tcomelatenexttime.（遲到）lately:Ihaven'treadnovelslately.（最近）9.formally:Youshouldbedressedformallyatthemeeting.（正式地）formerly:Formerly,hewasthemanagerofthecompany.（以前）10.free（免費(fèi)地）freely（自由地）11.most（最）mostly（大部分）12.sharp（準(zhǔn)時(shí)地）sharply（嚴(yán)厲地）測(cè)試精編I．選擇正確選項(xiàng)：1.Automobileproductionofthepresenttimehasbeenincreased________.A.greatlyB.highlyC.onalargescaleD.infinitely2.—Wastheclasslongenough?—No,________enough.A.itwasn'tmuchtoolongB.itwasn'ttoomuchlongC.itwasn'tquitelongD.itwasn'ttoolongmuch3.Afterthefuneral,theresidentsoftheapartmentbuilding________.A.sentfaithfullyflowersallweekstothecemeteryB.senttothecemeteryeachweekflowersfaithfullyC.sentflowersfaithfullytothecemeteryeachweekD.senteachweekfaithfullytothecemeteryflowers4.Airtravelhasprovidedpeoplewiththeopportunitytotravel________.A.alargeamountofmilesB.muchdistanceC.extensivelyD.widerangingly5.—Paulstillhasn'treturnedfromthemeeting.—Really?I'msureheexpectedtobeback________.A.beforelongnowB.longbeforenowC.nowbeforelongD.nowlongbefore6.—HasyourfatherarrivedinBombayyet？—Heprobablyarrivedtheresometime________.A.aweekpastB.thelastweekC.thispastweekD.theweekbeforenow7.—Whydoesn'tJessicastaywithrelativesinNewYork？—She________inBoston.A.hasonlyrelativesB.onlyhasrelativesC.hasrelativesonlyD.relativehasonly8.Thenectarineisafruit________likeapeach.A.asB.andC.tooD.somewhat9.一Isawyouattheracetracklastweek.一Igoquiteoften,butIonlybet________.A.scarcelyB.hardlyC.barelyD.occasionally10.Let'sstayathome,Ithinkit's________forwalking.A.muchtoohotB.verymuchhotC.toomuchheatD.verymuchheat第七章冠詞ARTICLES不定冠詞“a”用來表示可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式，用于輔音音素前，an用于元音音素前。如：aperson,aday;anhour,anoldman...I．定冠詞用法如下：（英語剛啟蒙時(shí)你就知道冠詞了，可你真正掌握了嗎？再背一遍又何妨？?。?．用于雙方都知道的名詞前：Pleasecleantheclassroom．2．用于單數(shù)名詞前，表示一類人或物：Thehorseisausefulanimal.（馬是有用的動(dòng)物）Thisisaveryhardjobfortheteacher.（對(duì)于老師這是一項(xiàng)很難的工作。）3．用于世界上獨(dú)一無二的東西前：thesun,thespring.4．用于方位名詞前：Peopleinthewestlikecoffeeverymuch.5．用于樂器名詞前：playtheviolin.6．用于計(jì)量單位前：Gasolineissoldbythegallon.7．形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前：Thisistheeasiestwaytoworkouttheproblem.Hecametoseemeforfirsttime.8．用于江河湖海山脈名稱前：thePacific，theThames，theRockyMountains9．雜志、報(bào)刊名稱前：theTimes，theOverseasDigest10．用于建筑物、和組織前：theWhiteHouse,theMinistryofEducation11．用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前，表“某某夫婦，某某一家人”theSmiths，theGreens12．用于形容詞前，表一類人/物：therich,theblind13．用于English，Chinese，F(xiàn)rench等名詞前，表“全體國民”theEnglish，theChineseII．以下情況不用冠詞：1．三餐前breakfast，lunch，supper，...Haveyouhadlunch？2．體育運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目前playchess，...Ihavenointerestintennis.3．在由by引出的交通工具前byair（乘飛機(jī)），bycar4．在稱呼或職位前Hehasbeenelectedpresidentofthecommittee.5．習(xí)慣用語前atschool，daybyday，attable（在吃飯），gotochurch（做禮拜）...測(cè)試精編I．單項(xiàng)選擇：1.Thecatis________beautifulanimal,butitsintelligenceleavesmuchtobedesired.A.aB.anC.theD./2.________universityofChicagohasanexcellentlawschool.A.AB.AnC.TheD./3.—Tinalooksespeciallyprettytonight.—Yes,shealwayslooksherbestin________ofthatcolor.A.dressB.adressC.thatdressD.thedress4.—DidheflyacrosstheEnglishChannel？—No,hecrosseditby________.A.ashipB.theshipC.shipsD.ship5.Ifyouwanttogotothepostofficefromhere,take________.A.BroadwaybusB.theBroadwaybusD.aBroadway'sbusC.someBroadwaybus6.一Howdidyoupaytheworkers？一Asarule,theywerepaid________.A.byanhourB.bythehourC.byahourD.byhours7.________moretobepitiedthanblamed.A.UneducatedareB.UneducatedisC.TheuneducatedareD.Theneducatedis8.Astronomyis________ofstarsandplanets.A.ascienceB.scienceC.thescienceD.scientific9.－Afterthat,whathappenedtohim？—Thechancetoenter________cameandhetookit.A.tocollegeB.thecollegeC.forcollegeD.college10.Westernartofthe19thcenturyshowstheinfluenceof________FarEast.A.aB.anC.theD./第八章介詞Prepositions金牌要點(diǎn)：“英語是介詞和動(dòng)詞的語言”，由此可見，掌握介詞的用法何其重要。學(xué)習(xí)介詞的最好方法是要弄清楚介詞與介詞之間位置上的關(guān)系，請(qǐng)參考下圖：aboveoverto→on↑→fromIn→throughinto↗↓↘outofbyunderbelowI．分類：1．常用簡(jiǎn)單介詞：about，across，against，among，after，at，behind，besides，beyond，by，concerning，beneath，between，despite，except，during，down，for，from，past，than，under，until等。2．合成介詞：inside，outside，onto，outof，within等。3．短語介詞：accordingto，aheadof，alongwith，asfor，becauseof，bemeansof，dueto，inspiteof，onbehalfof，owingto，withregardto等。II．介詞與“……的”之關(guān)系：在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，一遇到“……的”，大家就會(huì)立刻想到’s所有格或者of，實(shí)際上，在很多情況下，“……的”必須借助于介詞才能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。以下請(qǐng)學(xué)員重復(fù)記憶：●美國的冬天→thewinterinAmerica●停車場(chǎng)的入口→theentrancetotheparkinglot●穿過森林的小路→thepaththroughtheforest●魯迅的著作→theworksbyLuXun●水中的月亮→themoonreflectedinwater●歷史的見證→thewitnesstohistory●對(duì)愛的渴望→alongingforlove●對(duì)我們不利的證據(jù)→theevidenceagainstus●陽光下的漫步→awalkinthesunlight●追求名譽(yù)的女人→aladyafterfame●兩人之間的爭(zhēng)論→anargumentbetweenthetwopersons重要介詞的重要用法：（1）from：此介詞表示“to”相反的方向。HecamefromLondon.HewenttoLondon.二詞常搭配使用“from...to...”WestudiedEnglishfrommorningtoafternoonHe'llstartfromBeijingtoShanghai.經(jīng)典用法：●由于→Thegirlistremblingfromfear.●免除→Trampsarealwaysfreefromcare.流浪漢們總是無憂無慮?！穹珠_→Thecouplepartedfromeachotherattheairport.●由……制成→Theredwineismadefromgrapes.紅葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的由from引導(dǎo)的慣用法：fromfar從遠(yuǎn)處fromnow/thenon從現(xiàn)在/那時(shí)起frombadtoworse每況愈下fromtimetotime（occasionally時(shí)而）習(xí)語：Shecomestovisitmefromtimetotime（2）outof：表示與“into”相反的語意Hewillbeoutoftown.Isteppedoutofthedarkroom.outof+名詞(=lack,tobewithout用完，用光）Hewenttotheshopbecausehewasoutofpaper.outofdate(=old-fashioned過時(shí)的）Thebookhasbeenoutofdate.outofwork(=jobless失業(yè)的)Heneedsmoneybecausebeisoutofwork.outofthequestion(=impossible不可能的)Finishingthehardworkisoutofthequestion.outofquestion(=doubtless毫無疑問的）Thathecandoitwellisoutofquestion.out