2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號2

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts.Yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.

Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob.Theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.

Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain-bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.

AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century“freeenterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities-thoseofloveandofreason-aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

1.By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery”theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis（

）.

2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat（

）

3.Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose（

）.

4.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof（

）.

問題1選項

A.anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividualfunctionsinit

B.workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety

C.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothly

D.ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly

問題2選項

A.theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs

B.theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife

C.theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence

D.theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence

問題3選項

A.whoareatthebottomofthesociety

B.whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus

C.whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors

D.whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld

問題4選項

A.resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors

B.offerhigherwagestotheworkerandemployees

C.enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities

D.takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted

問題5選項

A.approval

B.dissatisfaction

C.suspicion

D.tolerance

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一句話通常點出主旨大意。通篇文章都在談?wù)撊藗冇捎趯ぷ鳑]有激情和興趣而找不到存在感，生活在巨大的焦慮之中的現(xiàn)實。所以C選項“社會中毫不重要的一個小部分，盡管一切運作正?！狈项}意。

2.根據(jù)文章第二段的最后一句話‘Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.他們生活和死亡從來沒有面對過人類作為情感和智力獨立和有生產(chǎn)力的人存在的基本現(xiàn)實?！_定真正的原因是作為“情感與理智上獨立的、富有創(chuàng)造性的”個人被忽視。D選項正確。選項A、B只是部分原因，不是真正的原因；C的意思與文章內(nèi)容相悖。

3.語義推測題。文章第三段開頭提到‘Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.生活在社會上層階級的人需要面對更為激烈的競爭，因此面臨著更大的焦慮，同時也更沒有安全感‘。所以A和B選項排除。第三段最后一句提到“Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.一個人需要頻繁地去證實他不比其競爭者差或比他更好，這樣頻繁的焦慮和壓力正是人類抑郁和生病的原因?！保訡選項排除。所以正確答案為D。

4.語義理解題。文章最后一段作者提到了解決方法：Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities-thoseofloveandofreason-aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.我建議把我們的社會制度從以最大限度的生產(chǎn)和消費為目的的官僚主義管理的工業(yè)主義轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐匀藶楸镜墓I(yè)主義，在這種工業(yè)主義中，人和充分發(fā)揮他的潛力---即愛和理性的潛力---是一切社會安排的目標。作者不贊同回到工業(yè)革命前的生產(chǎn)模式或是19世紀自由市場資本主義，所以A和B選項排除。作者贊同旨在激發(fā)人類愛和理智無限潛能的社會事業(yè)，所以C選項正確。D選項文章沒有提及，排除。

5.作者觀點題。作者提出了由于工業(yè)主義后在社會上產(chǎn)生的焦慮，但是文章最后一段，作者并不僅僅是表達對現(xiàn)狀的不滿意，而是以寬容的方式提出更好的建議來改善現(xiàn)狀。所以D選項“寬容”符合題意。A“贊同”和C“懷疑”都不符合文意，排除。B‘不滿’比較片面，排除。

2.單選題

Wearegoodatinventingwaytoenlargeourrealm.Repeatedlywefindmethodsofspreadingfarther.Ifanelementisforbidding,wedeviseameanstomasterit.Reachingthecontinentalshores,wedevelopedship-buildingandnavigationalskillsinordertocrossoceans.Shiveringatarcticweather,wedesignedforclothingandsnugsheltersinordertoedgenorthward.And,havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime.Althoughbeingwakefulatnightfloutedournaturalrhythms,wedevelopedartificiallightingthatletusbeactiveafterdark.

Aneraisnowunderwayinwhichwearereplacingourcycliccommunitywithactivitiesthatneverstop.Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.Meanwhile,isolatedindividualsbendoverbooksandpapersondesksintheirhomes,watchtelevisionaftermidnight,orwalkinthestreetsandlistentothenightbreathe.

ThisextensionacrossallhoursofthedayresemblesourspreadingacrossthefaceoftheEarth.Lookatbothtrendsfromenoughperspectiveindistanceandtimeandtheyappearalike.Hoverfarabovetheplanetandwatchitasitspinsthroughouttheeras.Withtheplanet’ssurfaceindaylight,littlehumansettlementscanbeseentogrowlargerastheyearsgobyandsmallextensionsappearattheiroutskirts.Watchthesurfacewhenitisinnightandatfirstsomepinpointsoflightflickerforawhileandthengoout.Afteragespass,thoselightbecomestronger;theystayonlonger,andotherglimmeringsappearnearby.Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.Butbothareadvancinginorder.

Bothformsofexpansionarefrontiers.Afrontierisanewsourceofresourcesthatpeopleuseforsubsistenceorforprofit.Itisalsoasafetyvalveforpeoplewhofeelconfined.Theydisperseinresponsetopressuresathomeandtoappealingopportunitieselsewhere.

Now,venturingintothenight,wehavethesamemotivesasourpredecessorswhomigratedgeographically.Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.Thechancetoexploitfacilitiesthatareleftidlealsoarousesourinitiativetousemoreofthenight.Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.Otherslooktoittobetterthemselveseconomically.Itisnoaccidentthatpersonalmotivesforreliefandopportunityaresimilartothecausesofexpansionforthecommunityasawhole.Thosearetheage-oldforcesbehindallmigrations.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.TheexamplestheauthorcitesinPara.2(“Thereis…night”)illustrateablurringof（

）

3.Incontext,theuseof“Look”,“Hover,”and“Watch”(inPara.3)isintendedto（

）.

4.InPara.3,"both"mostdirectlyrefersto（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingactivitiesprovidesthebestexampleofthe"waytomultiply"asdiscussedinthelastparagraph?

問題1選項

A.persuadereaderstoincreasetheiruseofnighttimehours

B.arguethatconstanthumanactivityisharmfultoindividualsandgroups

C.explorehowthechanginguseoftimeisrelatedtothehistoryofhumanexpansion

D.critiquethewayinwhichchanginglaborpatternshavecometodominatehumanlife

問題2選項

A.ambitionandgreed

B.solitudeandcompanionship

C.theusesofnighttimeandofdaytime

D.thepurposesofworkandofrecreation

問題3選項

A.warnreadersofthethreatofunboundedmigration

B.invitereaderstoimaginehumanhistoryvisually

C.preparereaderstoanticipatechangeanditsconsequences

D.promotetheuseofnighttimehoursforworkorleisureactivities

問題4選項

A.workerproductivityandnationalwealth

B.scientificknowledgeandindividualwell-being

C.competingworkdemandsandavailabletime

D.inhabitedspaceandusabletime

問題5選項

A.Conductingeveningclassesinpublicschoolbuildings

B.Keepingmunicipalofficesopenduringthelunchhour

C.Enforcingcurfewlawsinresidentialneighborhoods

D.Addingmorebuildingstoafactorycomplex

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.本題是問這篇文章的寫作目的，A項意為“為了規(guī)勸讀者多加利用他們的午夜時間”；B項意為“為了討論持續(xù)的人類活動對個人和團體是有害的”；C項意為“為了探討對于不斷利用時間與人們擴張的歷史之間是如何聯(lián)系的”；D項意為“為了批判不斷變化的勞動方式已經(jīng)主宰了人類的生活”。本題可通過文中出現(xiàn)的“spreading”、“edgenorthward’’、“Thisextensionacrossallhoursoftheday”以及“Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.日以繼夜地，幾千年以來，給我們揭示了人們的定居點不斷擴大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及天黑之后照明工具的延長”等都表明了本文的寫作目的是分析人類活動的擴張與利用時間之間的關(guān)系，C選項符合題意。

2.本題是問第二段中所舉的例子表明的意思。A項意為“野心和貪婪”；B項意為“孤獨和陪伴”；C項意為“夜間和白天時間的利用”；D項意為“工作和娛樂的目的”。由第二段中的“Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.工廠普遍實行輪班制。機場、加油站、旅館、餐館和廣播電臺都在不停地運轉(zhuǎn)。保險公司和銀行的數(shù)據(jù)處理部門整夜都在忙碌?！绷信e了一些需要倒班的工作，所以舉例的目的是為了說明人類對于夜間和白天時間的充分利用，C選項符合題意。

3.A項意為‘提醒讀者無限遷移的所帶來的威脅’；B項意為，‘邀請讀者從視覺上想象人類的歷史‘；C項意為‘為讀者做好預(yù)期的變化和后果的準備’；D項意為‘推廣在工作或者休閑活動中對于夜間時間的利用‘。題目中所給詞look意為“看”;hover意為“盤旋”；watch意為“觀察，觀看”，這三個詞語均與B項中的“visually（視覺上的）”對應(yīng)。B選項符合題意。

4.A項意為“工人的生產(chǎn)力和國家財富”；B項意為“科學(xué)知識和個人幸福”；C項意為“充滿競爭的工作需求和可利用的時間”；D項意為“居住空間和可利用的時間”。根據(jù)第一段中的‘havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime’在第一次占領(lǐng)了世界上大部分的可用空間后，我們正在填補其可用的時間和第二段最后一句‘Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.’表面不是均勻地被占據(jù)的。時間并不是統(tǒng)一的?？芍猙oth是指空間上和時間上的占有，D選項符合題意。

5.A項意為“在公立學(xué)校里設(shè)立夜校課程”；B項意為“在午飯時間開放市政辦公”；C項意為“在住宅社區(qū)施行宵禁法”；D項意為“添加更多的工廠建筑”。文中最后一段提到了‘Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.在白天已經(jīng)非常擁擠了，容納量趨于緊張?！@個擁擠是指一些空間場所。再結(jié)合“Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.一些人不喜歡白天的騷動，渴望夜晚的寧靜”，以及文中‘Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.’對waytomultiply的定義就是更多地利用同一個空間，所以A選項符合題意。

3.單選題

Whyshouldanyonebuythelatestvolumeintheever-expandingDictionaryofNational

Biography?Idonotmeanthatitisbad,asthereviewerswillagree.Butitwillcostyou65pounds.Andhaveyougottherestofvolumes?Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.Ofcourse,itwillbeanswered,publicandacademiclibrarieswillwantthenewvolume.Afterall,itadds1068livesofpeoplewhoescapedthenetoftheoriginalcompilers.Yetin10years’timearevisedversionofthewholecaboodle,calledtheNewDictionaryofNationalBiography,willbepublished.Itseditor.ProfessorColinMatthew,tellsmethathewillhaveroomforabout50,0001ives，some13,000morethaninthecurrentDNB.Thisratherputsthe1,068inMissingPersonsintheshade.

WhenDr.NichollswrotetoTheSpectatorin1989askingfornamesofpeoplewhomreadershadlookedupintheDNBandbeendisappointednottofind,shesaysthatshereceivedsome1009000suggestions.(Well,shehadwrittento“otherqualitynewspapers”too.)Assoonashercommitteehadwhittledthenumbersdown,theprofessionalproblemsofaneditorbegan.Contributorsdidn’tfilecopyontime;somewhodidsenttoomuch.50,000wordsinsteadof500isarecord,accordingtoDr.Nicholls.

Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.Criminalsweremayinitialworry.Afterall,theoriginaleditionoftheDNBboasted.Malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinteresthavereceivedhardlylessattentionthanbenefactors.Mr.JohnGrossclearlyhadsimilaranxieties,forhecomplainsthat,whilethemurdererChristieisin.Crippenisout.OnemightsayinreplythattheinjusticeofthehangingofEvansinsteadofChristies(entryinMissingPersons)notes.ButthenCrippenwasreputedasthefirstmurderertobecaughtbytelegraphy(hehadtriedtoescapebyshiptoAmerica).

ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.

OfHugoofBuryStEdmunds,a12th-centuryilluminatorwhosedatesofbirthanddeatharenotrecordedhisbiographercomments.“WhetherornotHugewasawall-painter,therecordsofhisactivitiesascarverandmanuscriptpainterattesttohisversatility”.Thentherehadtobemorewomen,too(12percent,againsttheoriginalDBN’s3),suchasRoyStrong’ssubject,theTudorpainterLevinaTeerlinc,ofwhomheremarks,“Hermostcharacteristicfeatureisaheadattachedtoatoosmall,spindlybody.Hertechniqueremainedawkward,thinandoftencursory.”Doesn’tseemtoqualifyherasamemorableartist.YetitmaybebetterthantherecordoftheoriginalDNB,whichincludedlivesofpeoplewhoneverexisted(suchasMerlin)andevenmanagedtogivethankstoJ.W.Clerkeasacontributor.Though,asalatereditionadmitsinashamefacedfootnote,“exceptfortheentryintheListofcontributorsthereisnotraceofJ.W.Clerke”.

1.Thewritersuggeststhatthereisnosenseinbuyingthelatestvolume（

）.

2.OntheissueofwhoshouldbeincludedintheDNB,thewriterseemstosuggestthat（

）.

3.CrippenwasabsentfromtheDNB（

）.

4.Theauthorquotedafewentriesinthelastparagraphto（

）.

5.Throughoutthepassage,thewriter’stonetowardstheDNBwas（

）.

問題1選項

A.becauseitisnotworththeprice

B.becauseithasfewerentriesthanbefore

C.unlessonehasallthevolumesinhiscollection

D.unlessanexpandedDNBwillcomeoutshortly

問題2選項

A.theeditorshadclearrulestofollow

B.thereweretoomanycriminalsintheentries.

C.theeditorsclearlyfavoredbenefactors.

D.theeditorswereirrationalintheirchoices

問題3選項

A.becauseheescapedtotheU.s

B.becausedeathsentencehadbeenabolished

C.forreasonsnotclarified

D.becauseoftheeditor’smistake

問題4選項

A.illustratesomefeaturesoftheDNB

B.giveemphasistohisargument

C.impressthereaderwithitscontent

D.highlightthepeopleintheMiddleAge

問題5選項

A.complimentary

B.supportive

C.sarcastic

D.bitter

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.語義理解題。作者在第一段提到“人們?yōu)槭裁匆徺I不斷增補的《全國名人傳記辭典》的最新一卷？我并不是像那些評論家一樣認為這本辭典不好。但是，它的價格高達65英鎊，而且，你買了其他卷冊了嗎？你需要22卷基礎(chǔ)冊，加上每兩年出版的增訂卷，要買齊整套書就要買31冊。”這里的含義是，這本辭典每兩年都要出版增補卷，除非你全部都買了，否則購買最新一卷就沒有意思。所以C選項‘除非你收藏了所有的書’正確。A“不值得它的售價”也是原因之一，卻不是主要原因。B“相比之前的版本，它收錄的詞條更少?！迸c文章意思不符。C“除非增訂版名人傳記縮短出版時間”在文章中沒有提及。

2.語義理解題。文章第三段開頭提到了“Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.關(guān)于選錄誰的問題，這是讀者提出的問題，并且他們還將提出這樣的問題?！?，“罪犯的入選讓人擔(dān)心...”，但是Crippen卻沒有當作值得一提的人物收錄其中；第四段，作者提到‘ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.值得被收入的人選被意外地沒有收錄，卻有很多中世紀生平不詳?shù)乃囆g(shù)家和建筑家?！虼俗髡呦氡磉_的是編輯在選錄人選上沒有合理的根據(jù)，D選項正確。

3.細節(jié)判斷題。作者在第三段舉出Crippen的例子，正是為了說明Crippen應(yīng)該收錄進名人傳記，然后卻沒有。作者自己也沒有找出原因。所以C選項符合題意。

4.語義理解題。作者在最后一段提到了辭典中包括的幾個生平不詳，而且是他認為被莫名其妙地收錄辭典的人，用以說明他在第四段提到觀點，編輯在收錄人選時沒有合理的根據(jù)。所以B選項符合題意。

5.作者觀點題。作者全文都在批評名人傳記一書，所以A選項“贊美”，B選項“支持”，D選項“充滿仇恨的”排除，選項C“諷刺的”符合題意。

4.翻譯題

China'sprolongedsilenceaboutitsdestructionoftheFengYun1-Csatellite,whichitlaunchedin1999,hasbeenalmostasunnervingtoitspotentialenemies(American,JapanandTaiwanespecially)astheexperimentitself.Itwasonlythisweek12daysaftertheeventthatChinagrudginglyadmittedthatithadtestedsomethinginspace.ThishasledtospeculationthatChinawillnotdescribeopenlywhatactuallyhappened.Aforeign-ministryspokesmaninsistedthatChinawouldnotengageinanarmsraceinspace.YetitishardtoseethetestotherthanasadisplayofChina’sabilitytochallengeAmericanspacepower.IthastriggeredachorusofcomplaintfromWesternpowers,aswellasfromneighboringJapanandTaiwan.ChinasaysitdidbriefAmericanandJapaneseofficials,amongothers,onwhathappenedbutnot,itappears,untiljustbeforeitconfirmedthetesttothepress.

ChinawilldoubtlessinsistthattheAmericanscanhardlycomplain,AmericanandtheformerSovietUniontestedanti-satelliteweapons,albeitmorethan20yearsago.GeorgeBushhasrefusedtotalktoChinaaboutaproposalitraisedin2002,withRussia'sbacking,foratreatyoutlawingthe"weaponisation"ofspace.Mr.BushauthorizedanewnationalspacepolicyinAugustlastyearsthatirkedtheChinese.ItdefendedAmerican'srighttousespacefordefenseandintelligencegatheringpurposesaswellastostop"adversaries"fromusingspaceinwaysthatthreatenAmerican"nationalinterests".

【答案】摧毀這枚自己在1999年發(fā)射的風(fēng)云1-C衛(wèi)星后，中國一直都不動聲色。這幾乎與試驗本身一樣，讓中國潛在的敵人（美國、日本、尤其是臺灣）感到惴惴不安。直到本周，也就是摧毀衛(wèi)星12天后，中國才勉強承認在太空中進行過某個試驗。這不免讓人懷疑，中國不會公開描述實際發(fā)生了什么。中國外交部發(fā)言人堅稱，中國不會參與太空軍備競賽。然而，除了將此次測試視為中國能力的展示之外，很難看到其他任何跡象。這引發(fā)了西方列強以及鄰國日本和臺灣的一致抱怨。中國說，它確實向美國和日本官員以及其他國家的官員簡要介紹了發(fā)生的情況，但似乎是在向媒體證實朝鮮試射導(dǎo)彈之前才這樣做的。

毫無疑問，中國會認為美國人沒什么可抱怨的。美國和前蘇聯(lián)就曾試驗過反衛(wèi)星武器，盡管這還是20多年前的事了。喬治?布什還拒絕就中國在2002年提出并得到俄羅斯持的一項關(guān)于簽署“太空禁武”條約的建議與中國進行對話。去年8月布什批準出臺的國家太空新政策也惹惱了中國人。該政策維護了美國將太空用于各種目的的權(quán)利，其中包括防衛(wèi)、收集情報以及阻止“對手”采取危及美國“國家利益”的方式利用太空。

5.翻譯題

Bydoublingtheresolutionofexistingliquid-crystaldisplays(LCDS),IBMhascreatedamonitorwhich,whenviewedfrom18inchesawayorfarther,showsimagesthatthehumaneyefindsindistinguishablefromtherealthing.LCDSworkbysandwichingathinsheetofliquidcrystals—inthiscase,thin-filmtransistorsbetweentwonarrowlyseparatedpanesofglass.Typically,smallglasssphereshaveheldthetwopanesofglassapart,impairingbyrefractiontheperformanceofthedisplay.IBMhasreplacedthesphereswithsmallposts,whicharelocatedintheintersticesbetweenpixels,andsodonotdisturbthelightasitleavestheexcitedliquidcrystal.Inthepast,attemptstoachievesuchhighpixelrateshavebeenstymiedbythebuild-upofelectricalstatic,whichcausedproblemswiththebrightnessofthescreens.TheIBMgroupshavesolvedthisbyusingalasertoscanbackandforthacrosstheglass,preventingthebuild-upofstaticelectricity.Thenewscreencouldalsohelppetroleumengineerstospeeduptheiranalysisofwheretodrillfromonemonthtooneday.Similarly,thehigherfidelitywillallowCAD(computer-aideddesign)systems,especiallyinthemotorandaerospaceindustries,toworkfasterbecausethedetailrevealedbythenewmonitorcancutoutcostlyprototype-buildingexercises.RAM’Sideaisthatthenewmonitorwillallowdesignersofallsortstogostraightfromcomputerimagetofinalproduct,eliminatingmanycostlyandtime-consumingmiddlestages.

【答案】IBM公司制造的顯示器將現(xiàn)有液晶顯示器的分辨率提高了一倍。如從18英尺甚至更遠的距離看，肉眼很難區(qū)分顯示屏上的圖像與實物之間的區(qū)別。液晶顯示屏的工作原理是將一層薄薄的液晶（在此為薄膜晶體管）嵌入兩塊緊密貼合的玻璃之間。通常，顯示屏中是以小玻璃球體使兩塊玻璃片保持分開的狀態(tài)，其造成的折射會降低顯示器的性能。IBM將小球體換成了小支柱，將其置于像素之間的空隙中。這樣一來，光線離開被激發(fā)的液晶時就不會受到干擾。過去，由于聚積靜電會造成屏幕亮度方面的問題，所以顯示器一直無法達到這種高像素率。IBM團隊用激光在玻璃上片來回掃描，用以防止靜電積聚，成功解決了這個問題。新的顯示屏還可以幫助石油工程師加快分析鉆井地點的速度，從一個月縮短到一天。同樣，高保真度將使CAD(計算機輔助設(shè)計)系統(tǒng)工作速度更快，發(fā)動機和航空航天工業(yè)尤為受益。因為新顯示器顯示的細節(jié)可以省去昂貴的原型構(gòu)建工作。有關(guān)內(nèi)存的概念是新的顯示屏將使各類設(shè)計師免去許多昂貴且耗時的中間階段，直接從計算機圖像過渡到最終產(chǎn)品。

6.翻譯題

Oneofthedilemmasofthisdecadehasbeenwhethertoapproachmodemeducationintermsofthegeneralistorthespecialist.Someuniversitiesrequireallstudentstotakeacommoncoreofcoursesfromabroadrangeofdisciplines,appealingtothegeneralistapproachtoeducation.Yet,choosingthecorecoursesinlightoftoday’sexplosionininformationanddiversemulticulturalstudentpopulationshasnotbeenaneasytask.Howdoesoneselectwhatitisthateveryoneshouldknow?Otheruniversitiescontinuetotailortheircoursestothemoreimmediateprofessionalneedsoftheirstudents,appealingtothespecialistapproachtoeducation.Butwithoutacorecurriculum,studentsoftenlackthesharedknowledgenecessarytoparticipateeffectivelyinanintegratedsociety.

【答案】這十年我們所面臨的矛盾之一，究竟應(yīng)該從通才還是專才的角度來看待現(xiàn)代教育。有些大學(xué)要求所有的學(xué)生都要選修一門涵蓋廣泛學(xué)科的共同核心課程，這對通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考慮到今天的信息爆炸和學(xué)生來自不同的文化背景，選擇共同課程不是一件容易的事。如何確定哪些是每個人都應(yīng)該知道的東西？另一些大學(xué)強調(diào)專才教育，根據(jù)學(xué)生更直接的專業(yè)需要來調(diào)整他們的課程。但是沒有一個共同課程，學(xué)生常常缺乏有效參與一個綜合的社會所需要的共同知識。

【解析】這十年我們所面臨的矛盾之一，究竟應(yīng)該從通才還是專才的角度來看待現(xiàn)代教育。有些大學(xué)要求所有的學(xué)生都要選修一門涵蓋廣泛學(xué)科的共同核心課程，這對通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考慮到今天的信息爆炸和學(xué)生來自不同的文化背景，選擇共同課程不是一件容易的事。如何確定哪些是每個人都應(yīng)該知道的東西？另一些大學(xué)強調(diào)專才教育，根據(jù)學(xué)生更直接的專業(yè)需要來調(diào)整他們的課程。但是沒有一個共同課程，學(xué)生常常缺乏有效參與一個綜合的社會所需要的共同知識。

7.單選題

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality;photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteenthcentury,photography’sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart:lateinthetwentiethcenturyanambivalentrelationexistsbecauseofthemodernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentrationonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPopduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalmodernistpaintingthatisabstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,CandinskyandMatissepresupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart,photography,likePoppainting,andreassuresviewersthatartisnothard:photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.

Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographisadistinctiveandexaltedactivityinshort,anart.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinthesecondparagraph？(Thesentenceinitalics.)

3.TheauthorintroducesAbstractExpressionistpainters(inthethirdparagraph)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,thenineteenth——centurydefendersofphotographymentionedinthepassagestressedthatphotographywas（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?

6.Accordingtothepassage,certainseriouscontemporaryphotographersexpresslymakewhichofthefollowingclaimsabouttheirphotographs?

7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablyconsidersseriouscontemporaryphotographytobea（

）

問題1選項

A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart

B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury

C.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

問題2選項

A.paradoxical

B.mechanical

C.superficial

D.dramatic

問題3選項

A.provideanexampleofartistswho,