2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)100

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Superstitionisabiasedword.Lookupalmostanydictionarydefinitionandyouwillseethatitimpliesthateveryreligionnotbasedonreasonorknowledgeiscalledasuperstition.Eventhewordknowledgeisatwo-facedword.Presumably,itisusedasasynonymforreason.Whatitallcomesdowntoisthatpeopledesignateassuperstitiouswhattheydonotthinkreasonableinsomeoneelse’sreligion.

Itistruethataperson’sreligionmustbebasedonsomekindofknowledge.Butwhatkindofknowledgeismeant?Scientific,experimental,rational?Suchknowledgeisnaturalandmaybeethicalandthenitisnaturalreligiousknowledge.ApersonmayquiteeasilyconcludefromobservingtheuniversethatonlyGodcouldhaveproducedit.Thatknowledgeisnotreligion,notevenifapersonisboundtorecognizeaCreatoroftheuniverse.ItisnaturalknowledgesuchasConfucius,SocratesorZoroasterpossessed.

Naturalreligiousknowledge,asisevidentinthehistoryofthehumanrace,althoughithelpstomakeamangood,hardlysufficestokeephimgood,especiallyintimesofcrisis.Willsuchnaturalknowledge,forinstance,sustainamanwhenhehassuddenlylostallhismoneyandevenhiswifeandchildren?Willitofferthehopeofeverseeingthemagain?Willitinfluencehimgladlytosacrificehislifeforhisfamily,hiscountry,hisreligion?Onlyastrongsenseofsupernaturalreligion,arelianceuponGod,willprovidethenecessarycourageforrightaction.

Allthegreatreligionsoftheworld—Christianity,Hinduism,ChineseBuddhismandIslam—haveshownmenthewaytosuchcourageanditsresultingpeaceofmindandheartandpeacewithallmen.Theypointtoabettersortoflife,mostlyalifesomewhereelse,or,atleast,anendtothetroublesofthislife.

ChristianityandIslamdirectmentolookup,hopeforandstriveafteraneternallifeofhappinessinthepossessionofGod.Hinduism,althoughitbelievesinreincarnations,alsoencouragesitsadherentstoachievesuccessivelyhigherincarnationsuntiltheyachieveunity,becomeonewithBrahman—God.ChineseBuddhismtellsitsfollowersthatiftheyperformgooddeedsandhavefaithinOmitofoobyfrequentlycallinguponthisGodofInfiniteCompassiontheywillberewardedbyeternallifeintheWesternParadise.

Theagnosticortheatheistthinksofallofthosecreedsasreligioussuperstition.Aretheagnosticandtheatheistfreeofsuperstition?Hardly.Everythinkingmanhasanaturalbentforreligion,foridealsaboveandbeyondearthlyones.Ifhecrusheshisnaturalinclination,whichisGod-inspiredideals,hemostlikelywillsubstituteaseriesofself-inspiredidealsorsomefadlikeastrology,whichwillbecomeareligionforhim.

Thereisalinebetweenreligionandsuperstitionwhicheveryonemustlearntoidentify,orforfeitatruedirectioninhislife.

1.Accordingtothepassage,peopledefinesuperstitionas______.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,allthegreatreligionsoftheworld______.

3.Fromthepassagewearetoldthattheatheists______.

4.Ofthefollowingsuggestedtitle,theonethatmostaccuratelysumsupthepassageis______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.somereligiousknowledgenotbasedonreason

B.naturalknowledgeofareligion

C.anythingthatseemsunreasonableinanotherperson’sreligion

D.someoneelse’sreligion

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.bringpeaceofmindandpeacewithotherhumanbeing

B.putforthabetterlifenowandpromiseeternallifeintheWesternParadise

C.givecouragetotheiradherentstoliveanddiepeacefully

D.urgetheiradherentstoachievehigherincarnations

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.havelittleornoreligiousknowledge

B.haveidealsthatarebeyondearthlyones

C.aremostlyastrologerswhohavetoomanymaterialisticidealsinlife

D.areactuallynotfreefromsuperstition

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.TheGreatReligionsonEarth

B.IngredientsofSuperstition

C.ReligionandSuperstition

D.AchieveUnitywithGod

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】1.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章，人們把迷信定義為……”。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Whatitallcomesdowntoisthatpeopledesignateassuperstitiouswhattheydonotthinkreasonableinsomeoneelse’sreligion.（歸根結(jié)底，人們認(rèn)為在別人的宗教中他們認(rèn)為不合理的東西是迷信的）可知，C項(xiàng)“在另一個(gè)人的宗教中似乎不合理的任何事情”正確；A項(xiàng)“一些不是基于理性的宗教知識(shí)”是字典上對(duì)于迷信的定義，并不是人們的定義；B項(xiàng)“宗教的自然知識(shí)”這屬于宗教信仰建立的基礎(chǔ)；D項(xiàng)“其他人的宗教”沒(méi)有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者，世界上所有偉大的宗教……”。根據(jù)第四段第一句Allthegreatreligionsoftheworld—Christianity,Hinduism,ChineseBuddhismandIslam—haveshownmenthewaytosuchcourageanditsresultingpeaceofmindandheartandpeacewithallmen.（世界上所有偉大的宗教—基督教、印度教、中國(guó)佛教和伊斯蘭教—都向人們展示了通往這種勇氣的道路，以及由此產(chǎn)生的心靈和平與所有人的和平）可知，A項(xiàng)“帶來(lái)內(nèi)心的平和，以及與他人之間的平和”正確；B項(xiàng)“提出更好的生活，并承諾在西天永生”和D項(xiàng)“敦促他們的追隨者達(dá)到更高的化身”該段沒(méi)有提到；由第四段第二句Theypointtoabettersortoflife,mostlyalifesomewhereelse,or,atleast,anendtothetroublesofthislife（它們預(yù)示著一種更好的生活，大多是另一個(gè)地方的生活，或者至少，結(jié)束了今生的煩惱）可知，C項(xiàng)“給他們的信徒勇氣，讓他們平靜地活著和死去”與原文不符。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“從文章中我們得知，無(wú)神論者……”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的Aretheagnosticandtheatheistfreeofsuperstition?Hardly.Everythinkingmanhasanaturalbentforreligion,foridealsaboveandbeyondearthlyones.（不可知論者和無(wú)神論者都能擺脫迷信嗎？幾乎不能。每個(gè)有思想的人都有一種天生的宗教傾向，一種超越世俗的理想傾向）可知，D項(xiàng)“事實(shí)上并不能擺脫迷信”正確；A項(xiàng)“很少或沒(méi)有宗教知識(shí)”沒(méi)有提到；B項(xiàng)“有超越世俗的理想”不夠全面；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Ifhecrusheshisnaturalinclination,whichisGod-inspiredideals,hemostlikelywillsubstituteaseriesofself-inspiredidealsorsomefadlikeastrology,whichwillbecomeareligionforhim.（如果他打破了自己的自然傾向，那就是上帝啟發(fā)的理想，他很可能會(huì)用一系列自我啟發(fā)的理想或某種流行的占星術(shù)來(lái)代替，這將成為他的宗教）可知，C項(xiàng)“大多是在生活中有太多的唯物主義的理想的占星家”中的唯物主義理想并沒(méi)有提到。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“在以下建議的標(biāo)題中，最準(zhǔn)確地總結(jié)了這篇文章的是……”。文章開篇先闡述了迷信的定義，這個(gè)概念和宗教有關(guān)，然后又講述了宗教信仰中存在的迷信思想，并在文章的最后總結(jié)了迷信和宗教的區(qū)別：Thereisalinebetweenreligionandsuperstitionwhicheveryonemustlearntoidentify,orforfeitatruedirectioninhislife.（宗教和迷信之間有一條界線，每個(gè)人都必須學(xué)會(huì)辨別這條界線，否則就會(huì)失去人生的真正方向）；綜合推斷，C項(xiàng)“宗教和迷信”最適合做文章的標(biāo)題；A項(xiàng)“地球上最偉大的宗教”、B項(xiàng)“迷信的成分”和D項(xiàng)“與神合一”都只是文章的一部分。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Jane’satticroomhasapoor______systemandinsummeritbecomesunbearablystuffy.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ventilation

B.manipulation

C.mitigation

D.allocation

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)ventilation“通風(fēng)設(shè)備，空氣流通”，B項(xiàng)manipulation“操縱，操作，處理”，C項(xiàng)mitigation“減輕，緩和，平靜”，D項(xiàng)allocation“分配，配置，安置”。由unbearablystuffy“悶熱的難以忍受”可知，“空氣流通”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：簡(jiǎn)家閣樓的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)很差，一到夏天就變得悶熱得令人難以忍受。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

AtplanningmeetingswiththeseniormanagementIoftenhadtoendurepredictablelittlejokesaboutme,butItookthem______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.withaviolentlaugh

B.onmyconscience

C.withagoodgrace

D.inthebesthumor

【答案】D

【解析】考查短語(yǔ)辨析。A項(xiàng)withaviolentlaugh“狂笑”，B項(xiàng)onmyconscience“在意”，C項(xiàng)withagoodgrace“情愿地，欣然地”，D項(xiàng)inthebesthumor“以最幽默的方式”。由前面句子的句意“在策劃與高級(jí)管理人員的會(huì)議時(shí)，我經(jīng)常不得不忍受那些不出所料關(guān)于我的小笑話”，結(jié)合后面的but轉(zhuǎn)折可知，“以最幽默的方式”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：在策劃與高級(jí)管理人員的會(huì)議時(shí)，我經(jīng)常不得不忍受那些可以預(yù)見的關(guān)于我的小笑話，但我以最幽默的方式接受了它們。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis______producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.absorption

B.dissemination

C.assimilation

D.interaction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)absorption“吸收，全神貫注，專心致志”，B項(xiàng)dissemination“宣傳，散播，傳染（病毒）”，C項(xiàng)assimilation“同化，吸收”，D項(xiàng)interaction“相互作用，相互影響，交流”。根據(jù)watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit“水從它附近的所有物質(zhì)中吸收熱量”可知，absorption符合語(yǔ)境。句意：水在從固體變成液體的過(guò)程中，會(huì)從周圍所有物質(zhì)吸收熱量，而這種吸收會(huì)在周圍產(chǎn)生人造的寒冷。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone’sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:childhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytic.Theoldquestions“Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?”havegivewaytothequestion“whydidithappen?”Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion“Why”ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.

Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessableby,allhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetofhistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyeventandthatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminationthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.

17.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?

18.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonewayinwhichtraditionalhistorycanbedistinguishedfrompsychohistoryisthattraditionalhistoryusually____________.

19.Thepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

20.Theauthorofthepassageputstheword“deepest”inPara.3inquotationmarksmostprobablyinorderto____________.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughitlackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod

B.Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians.

C.Historyiscomposedofuniqueandnon-repeatingeventsthatmustbeindividuallyanalyzedonthebasisofpubliclyverifiableevidence

D.Thepsychologicalassessmentofanindividual’sbehaviorandattitudesismoreinformativethanthedetailsofhisorherdailylife

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.reliesonasingleinterpretationofhumanbehaviortoexplainhistoricalevents

B.interpretshistoricaleventsinsuchawaythattheirspecificnatureistranscended

C.viewspasteventsascomplexandhavingtheirownindividuality

D.turnstopsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontextstoaccountforevents

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Whataresomespecificexamplesoftheuseofpsychohistoryinhistoricalinterpretation?

B.Whendotraditionalhistoriansconsiderpsychologicalexplanationsofhistoricaldevelopmentsappropriate?

C.Whatsortofhistoricalfigureisbestsuitedforpsychologicalanalysis?

D.Whatisthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidencerequiredbytraditionalhistorians?

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.drawattentiontoacontradictioninthepsychohistorians’method

B.signalherreservationsabouttheaccuracyofpsychohistorians’claimfortheirwork

C.emphasizethemajordifferencebetweenthetraditionalhistorians’methodandthatofpsychohistorians

D.questiontheusefulnessofpsychohistorians’insightsintotraditionalhistoricalscholarship

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】17.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。第一段提出“歷史研究在傳統(tǒng)上的特點(diǎn)”；第二段講“現(xiàn)代歷史研究的特點(diǎn)和它與傳統(tǒng)歷史研究的不同點(diǎn)導(dǎo)致了心理歷史學(xué)的出現(xiàn)，談及心理歷史學(xué)的流行性”；第三段與第四段講“心理歷史學(xué)研究的特點(diǎn)與相比傳統(tǒng)歷史研究的不足”。因此，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，文章談及“心理歷史學(xué)家研究歷史的方式很流行，但是，相比傳統(tǒng)歷史研究，心理歷史研究有些不足”因此A選項(xiàng)“雖然缺乏傳統(tǒng)歷史研究方式的精確性和嚴(yán)密性，但是心理歷史學(xué)家研究歷史的方式很流行”正確，符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家可以從研究心理歷史學(xué)的方法和發(fā)現(xiàn)中獲得幫助”，C選項(xiàng)“歷史是由唯一的且不可重復(fù)性的事件構(gòu)成，并且這些事件須在公開可驗(yàn)證的證據(jù)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行單獨(dú)分析”，D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)個(gè)人的行為和態(tài)度的心理評(píng)估比其日常生活的細(xì)節(jié)涵蓋的信息量更大”均未在文中提及，可排除。故選A。

18.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位到最后一段中談及心理歷史學(xué)的不足。Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminismthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.（它把決定當(dāng)前情況的決定論強(qiáng)加給過(guò)去，這就剝奪了人和事件的獨(dú)特性和復(fù)雜性。）Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.（它不是尊重過(guò)去的特殊性，而是把過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的所有事件都吸收到一個(gè)單一的決定論模式中，假設(shè)這個(gè)模式在任意時(shí)間和任意環(huán)境中都是正確的。）由此可以推論出傳統(tǒng)歷史的特點(diǎn)是認(rèn)為過(guò)去事件復(fù)雜且有各自個(gè)性。因此C選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為過(guò)去的事件是復(fù)雜的，有自己的個(gè)性”正確，符合題意。由第一段Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods,countries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.（按傳統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)，歷史研究的邊界已固定，側(cè)重于時(shí)代，國(guó)家，大事件和重要領(lǐng)袖）可知A選項(xiàng)“依賴對(duì)人行為的單一解釋來(lái)解釋歷史事件”與原文不符，可排除。定位在第三段Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.（心理歷史學(xué)不從歷史中尋找“事實(shí)”，（比如）對(duì)歷史事件及其影響的詳實(shí)完備的記錄，而來(lái)自對(duì)創(chuàng)造歷史的個(gè)體的精神分析，不從他們一生中的具體事件推導(dǎo)觀點(diǎn)，而是來(lái)自超越歷史的人性觀。）可知，B選項(xiàng)“以超越歷史事件的特定本質(zhì)的方式來(lái)解釋歷史事件”屬于現(xiàn)代心理歷史學(xué)研究的特點(diǎn)，可排除。由第三段第一與第二句Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.（心理史學(xué)不只是在歷史背景下使用心理學(xué)解釋。歷史學(xué)家總是在合適的時(shí)候和有足夠證據(jù)的時(shí)候使用這種解釋。）可知D選項(xiàng)“從心理學(xué)角度來(lái)解釋歷史背景下的事件”屬于傳統(tǒng)歷史研究和現(xiàn)代心理歷史學(xué)研究的共同特點(diǎn)，并不是傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)所獨(dú)有的，可排除。故選C。

19.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位在第三段Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.（它（心理歷史學(xué)）違背歷史學(xué)證據(jù)的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：證據(jù)必須對(duì)所有的歷史學(xué)者公開，進(jìn)而被所有學(xué)者檢驗(yàn)。）可以推論出文章回答了傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家需要的歷史證據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么這個(gè)問(wèn)題，因此D選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家所要求的歷史證據(jù)的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么？”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“從心理歷史學(xué)的角度對(duì)歷史進(jìn)行解釋的一些典型例子是什么？”B選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家什么時(shí)候認(rèn)為對(duì)歷史發(fā)展的心理學(xué)的解釋是合理的？”，C選項(xiàng)“什么類型的歷史人物最適合進(jìn)行心理學(xué)分析？”均未在文中有提及，可排除。故選D。

20.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由第三段中心理歷史學(xué)相比傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)的不足如Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.（它（心理歷史學(xué)）違背歷史學(xué)證據(jù)的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：證據(jù)必須對(duì)所有的歷史學(xué)者公開，進(jìn)而被所有學(xué)者檢驗(yàn)。）以及第三段中Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyeventthatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.（心理歷史學(xué)家們都相信自己觀點(diǎn)的絕對(duì)正確，相信他們的觀點(diǎn)是對(duì)任何事件的“最深刻”的解釋而其他人的解釋都不是真相。）可知，作者在這里為deepest加引號(hào)的目的是對(duì)心理歷史學(xué)家對(duì)他們自己工作準(zhǔn)確性的宣稱不贊成，但是沒(méi)有直接提出反對(duì)，只是持有保留態(tài)度。因此B選項(xiàng)“表明她對(duì)心理歷史學(xué)家對(duì)他們工作的準(zhǔn)確性持保留意見”，正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)心理歷史學(xué)家方法中的一個(gè)矛盾引起注意”，C選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家的方法與心理歷史學(xué)家的方法的主要區(qū)別”，D選項(xiàng)“質(zhì)疑心理歷史學(xué)家對(duì)傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)術(shù)的見解的有效性”均不符合題意，可排除。故選B。

6.單選題

Theoldhouseattheendofthestreethasrecentlybeen______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pulled

B.demolished

C.erased

D.leveled

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)pull“拉，拔，拖”，B項(xiàng)demolish“拆除，破壞，毀壞”，C項(xiàng)erase“抹去，擦除”，D項(xiàng)level“瞄準(zhǔn)，拉平，變得平坦”。由oldhouse“舊房子”可知，“拆除”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：這條街盡頭的那幢舊房子最近已被拆除了。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Shesaidgoodnightasecondtimeandrandownstairsagainto______allherpreparationsforthemorrow.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.turnon

B.accountfor

C.wrestlewith

D.letdown

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項(xiàng)turnon“打開，發(fā)動(dòng)，取決于”，B項(xiàng)accountfor“對(duì)……負(fù)有責(zé)任，對(duì)……做出解釋”，C項(xiàng)wrestlewith“全力對(duì)付，努力克服”，D項(xiàng)letdown“使失望，放下，辜負(fù)”。由句子句意“她第二次道了晚安，然后又跑下樓去______為明天所做的一切準(zhǔn)備”可知，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有wrestlewith符合語(yǔ)境。句意：她又道了一聲晚安，然后又跑下樓去為明天做準(zhǔn)備。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Inthemid-nineteenth,theUnitedStateshadtremendousnaturalresourcesthatcouldbeexploitedinordertodevelopheavyindustry.Mostoftherawmaterialsthatarevaluableinthemanufactureofmachinery,transportationfacilities,andconsumergoodslayreadytobeworkedintowealth.Iron,coal,andoil—thebasicingredientsofindustrialgrowth—wereplentifulandneededonlytheapplicationoftechnicalexpertise,organizationalskill,andlabor.

Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.Therailroadscontributedtotheindustrialgrowthnotonlybyconnectingthesemajorcenters,butalsobythemselvesconsumingenormousamountsoffuel,iron,andcoal.

Manyfactorsinfluencedtheemergingmodesofproduction.Forexample,machinetools,thetoolsusedtomakegoods,weresteadilyimprovedinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury—alwayswithaneyetospeedierproductionandlowerunitcosts.Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.

ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.EuropenowbegantosendtidesofimmigrantsfromeasternandsouthernEurope—mostofwhomwereoriginallypoorfarmersbutwhosettledinAmericanindustrialcities.ThemoneytofinancethistremendousexpansionoftheAmericaneconomystillcamefromEuropeanfinanciersforthemostpart,buttheAmericanswereapproachingthedaywhentheirexpansioncouldbefinancedintheirown“moneymarket”.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whydoestheauthormention“aspider’sweb”inPara.2?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whowerethebiggestconsumersofmanufacturedproducts?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofUnitedStatesfarmersinthenineteenthcentury?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ThehistoryofrailroadsintheUnitedStates

B.ThemajorUnitedStatesindustrialcenters

C.FactorsthataffectedindustrializationintheUnitedStates

D.Theroleofagricultureinthenineteenthcentury

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Toemphasizetherailroad’sconsumptionofoilandcoal.

B.Todescribethecomplexstructureoftherailwaysystem.

C.Toexplaintheproblemsbroughtonbyrailwayexpansion.

D.Todescribethedifficultiesinvolvedinthedistributionofrawmaterials.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Railwayworkers

B.Farmers

C.Europeans

D.Citydwellers

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theylostsomejobsbecauseofmechanization.

B.Theyraisedtheirproductivitybyusingnewmachinery.

C.TheysoldfoodtoEuropeancountries.

D.Theywereunabletoproducesufficientfoodforurbanareas.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】1.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。定位在第二段中Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.（在美國(guó)工業(yè)化的過(guò)程中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的發(fā)展是鐵路的發(fā)展。）以及全文都在介紹影響美國(guó)工業(yè)化的因素（如鐵、煤和石油等原材料、勞動(dòng)力等）綜合而知，C選項(xiàng)“影響美國(guó)工業(yè)化的因素”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)的鐵路發(fā)展史”，B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)主要的工業(yè)中心”及D選項(xiàng)“農(nóng)業(yè)在19世紀(jì)的角色”在文中均未提及，可排除。故選C。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位在第二段中TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.（鐵路網(wǎng)迅速擴(kuò)張，直到美國(guó)的鐵路地圖看起來(lái)像一張蜘蛛網(wǎng)，這些鋼鐵絲狀物將原材料產(chǎn)地，原材料的生產(chǎn)和配送中心連在一起。）由此可知，美國(guó)的鐵路路線多，且像蜘蛛網(wǎng)一樣結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。因此B選項(xiàng)“去描述鐵路系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“去強(qiáng)調(diào)鐵路對(duì)石油和煤炭的消耗”，C選項(xiàng)“去解釋鐵路擴(kuò)張帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題”，D選項(xiàng)“去描述原材料配送中涉及的困難”均不符合題意，可排除。故選B。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到文章的第三段Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.（工廠的這些產(chǎn)品很快被居住了工人和批發(fā)商的城市所消耗。）工廠產(chǎn)品的最大消費(fèi)者是居住在那里的人。因此D選項(xiàng)“城市居住者”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“鐵路工人”，B選項(xiàng)“農(nóng)民”，C選項(xiàng)“歐洲人”，均不符合題意，可排除。故選D。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段中AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.（美國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)趕得上美國(guó)城市的需求，且仍然有剩余以銷售到歐洲的工業(yè)中心。）可知D選項(xiàng)“他們不能為城市生產(chǎn)足夠的食物”錯(cuò)誤，與原文不符。也能夠知道C選項(xiàng)“他們將食物銷售到歐洲國(guó)家”正確，與原文相符。由第三段中的倒數(shù)第二句Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.（城市人口的增加得益于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的增加，反過(guò)來(lái)，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)因新的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的使用而變得更多產(chǎn)）可知B選項(xiàng)“他們通過(guò)使用新機(jī)械而提高了生產(chǎn)力”正確，與原文相符。由最后一段中ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.（工廠運(yùn)行和鐵路建設(shè)的勞動(dòng)力部分來(lái)自美國(guó)的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，那里的人正被農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械所取代，一部分來(lái)自于亞洲，一部分來(lái)自歐洲。）可知A選項(xiàng)“他們由于機(jī)械化而失去了一些工作”，正確，與原文相符。故選D。

9.單選題

AUNreportsaysthatmalnutritionisoneofthecommon______ofthepoorinAfrica.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.affections

B.appeasements

C.afflictions

D.attainments

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)affection“喜愛，感情，影響”，B項(xiàng)appeasement“緩和，平息，姑息”，C項(xiàng)affliction“苦難，苦惱，折磨”，D項(xiàng)attainment“達(dá)到，成就，學(xué)識(shí)”。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句子缺少一個(gè)表語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)malnutrition“營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有“苦難，折磨”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：一份聯(lián)合國(guó)報(bào)告稱，營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良是非洲窮人普遍遭受的折磨之一。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

______designedtohelppoorAfricanconsumers,thebeefprogramisreallyaimedathelpingrichEuropeanfarmers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Ostensibly

B.Constantly

C.Ultimately

D.Furtively

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A項(xiàng)ostensibly“表面上，外表”，B項(xiàng)constantly“不斷地，時(shí)常地”，C項(xiàng)ultimately“最后，根本，基本上”，D項(xiàng)furtively“偷偷地，暗中地”。由thebeefprogramisreallyaimedathelpingrichEuropeanfarmers“牛肉項(xiàng)目實(shí)際上是為了幫助富有的歐洲農(nóng)民”可知，前后語(yǔ)義上是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，那么與really“實(shí)際上”相對(duì)的是ostensibly“表面上”。句意：這個(gè)牛肉項(xiàng)目表面上是為了幫助貧窮的非洲消費(fèi)者，實(shí)際上是為了幫助富裕的歐洲農(nóng)民。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Thetrainingofhumanintelligencemustincludethesimultaneousdevelopmentoftheempatheticcapacity.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.simulated

B.coincident

C.instantaneous

D.similar

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。simultaneous表示“同時(shí)的，聯(lián)立的，同時(shí)發(fā)生的”；A項(xiàng)simulated“模擬的，模仿的，仿造的”，B項(xiàng)coincident“一致的，符合的，同時(shí)發(fā)生的”，C項(xiàng)instantaneous“瞬間的，即時(shí)的，猝發(fā)的”，D項(xiàng)similar“相似的”。句意：人類智力的訓(xùn)練必須包括移情能力的同時(shí)發(fā)展。根據(jù)句意可知，B項(xiàng)的意思符合句子。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewandtakethemasfarastheycango,ourtaskwouldbefairlysimple.Thepublicschoolsystem,however,hasnosuchchoice,forthejobsmustbecarriedonatthesametime.Becausewedependsoheavilyuponscienceandtechnologyforourprogress,wemustproducespecialistsinmanyfields.Becauseweliveinademocraticnation,whosecitizensmakethepoliciesforthenation,largenumbersofusmustbeeducatedtounderstand,tosupport,andwhennecessary,tojudgetheworkofexperts.Thepublicschoolmusteducatebothproducersandusersofscientificservices.

Ineducation,thereshouldbeagoodbalanceamongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.Suchbalanceisdefeatedbytoomuchemphasisonanyonefield.Thisquestionofbalanceinvolvesnotonlytherelationofthenaturalscience,thesocialsciences,andthearts,butalsorelativeemphasesamongthenaturalsciencesthemselves.

Similarly,wemusthaveabalancebetweencurrentandclassicalknowledge.Theattentionofthepubliciscontinuallydrawntonewpossibilitiesinscientificfieldsandthediscoveryofnewknowledge;theseshouldnotbeallowedtoturnourattentionawayfromthesound,establishedmaterialsthatformthebasisofcoursesforbeginners.

9.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thetaskofeducationisfairlycomplicatedbecause__________.

10.WhichofthefollowingpointsisNOTINCLUDEDinthepassage?

11.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_________.

12.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe___________.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thecurrentpublicschoolsystemistoocomplicatedtobeunderstood

B.thepublicschoolsystemhasnochoiceofwhattoteach

C.itisdifficulttodecidewhetherelementaryscienceshouldbetaughtinpublicschools

D.theeducatorshavetotakecareofbothordinaryandgiftedstudents

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Oneofthemajortasksofeducationistodiscoverthemostpromisingstudents.

B.Inordertoteacheffectively,educatorsarerequestedtolayemphasisononeparticularfield.

C.Somesubjectshavebeenover-emphasizedinpublicschools.

D.Theprogressofthesocietycannotmerelyrelyoninventors.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.sufficientattentionshouldbegiventobasicknowledge

B.studentsshouldlearnmoreup-to-dateknowledge

C.lackofscientificknowledgewillleadtopoorrelationsbetweenproducersandusersofscientificservices

D.studentsaregettingtoknowtheimportanceofagoodbalanceamongthebranchesofknowledge

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.CurrentSysteminEducation

B.EducationalSituationinPublicSchool

C.BalanceinEducation

D.ImportanceofTeachingScienceandTechnology

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】9.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。由第一段的Thepublicschoolsystem,however,hasnosuchchoice,forthejobsmustbecarriedonatthesametime.（然而，公立學(xué)校系統(tǒng)沒(méi)有如此的選擇，因?yàn)檫@些工作（教育普通和有天賦的學(xué)生）一定要同時(shí)進(jìn)行。）以及Thepublicschoolmusteducatebothproducersandusersofscientificservices.（公立學(xué)校必須教育為科學(xué)服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)者和使用者。）由此可知，教育工作之所以會(huì)變得相當(dāng)復(fù)雜是因?yàn)閭魇趯W(xué)習(xí)的對(duì)象并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行區(qū)分。因此D選項(xiàng)“教育工作者不得不照顧普通的和有天賦的學(xué)生”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“如今的公立學(xué)校系統(tǒng)太復(fù)雜而不能被理解”，B選項(xiàng)“公立學(xué)校系統(tǒng)不能選擇教授的東西”，C選項(xiàng)“難以決定基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)是否應(yīng)該在公立學(xué)校被教授”。在文中均未提及，可排除。故選D。

10.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由第一段中Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewandtakethemasfarastheycango,ourtaskwouldbefairlysimple.（如果只需要決定是向大眾教授基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)，還是找到少數(shù)有天賦的人，讓他們盡可能地學(xué)習(xí)，那么我們的任務(wù)就相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單了。）這只是作者的一個(gè)假設(shè)，并沒(méi)有真正執(zhí)行。因此A選項(xiàng)“教育的一個(gè)主要任務(wù)是去發(fā)現(xiàn)最有前途的學(xué)生”錯(cuò)誤，與原文表述不符合。由第二段中Suchbalanceisdefeatedbytoomuchemphasisonanyonefield.（這樣的平衡被過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)某一領(lǐng)域所打破。）可知C選項(xiàng)“一些科目在公立學(xué)校中一直被過(guò)度強(qiáng)調(diào)”正確，符合題意。同理可推理出B選項(xiàng)“為了有效地教學(xué)，要求教育者強(qiáng)調(diào)某一特定的方面”。根據(jù)第一段中Becauseweliveinademocraticnation,whosecitizensmakethepoliciesforthenation,largenumbersofusmustbeeducatedtounderstand,tosupport,andwhennecessary,tojudgetheworkofexperts.（因?yàn)槲覀兩钤谝粋€(gè)民主的國(guó)家，所以，必須教育大部分人了解和支持或評(píng)判專家的工作。）民主國(guó)家的發(fā)展依靠所有人民的努力，而人民并不能局限于發(fā)明者。因此D選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)的發(fā)展不能僅僅依賴發(fā)明者”正確，符合題意。故選A。

11.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位在最后一段中Theattentionofthepubliciscontinuallydrawntonewpossibilitiesinscientificfieldsandthediscoveryofnewknowledge;theseshouldnotbeallowedtoturnourattentionawayfromthesound,establishedmaterialsthatformthebasisofcoursesforbeginners.（公眾的注意力不斷地被科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的新可能性和新知識(shí)的發(fā)現(xiàn)所吸引，不應(yīng)該允許這些將我們的注意力從健全的，已制定的材料轉(zhuǎn)移開，因?yàn)檫@些材料形成了適合初學(xué)者的基礎(chǔ)課程。）由此可知，初學(xué)者應(yīng)該從最基本的學(xué)習(xí)材料學(xué)起。因此A選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該給予基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)足夠的重視”正確，符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“學(xué)生應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)更多最新的知識(shí)”，C選項(xiàng)“缺乏科學(xué)知識(shí)將導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)者和科學(xué)服務(wù)使用者之間產(chǎn)生不好的關(guān)系”，D選項(xiàng)“學(xué)生正慢慢認(rèn)識(shí)到知識(shí)學(xué)科之間一種良好平衡的重要性”均不符合題意，可排除。故選A。

12.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。由第一段中Thepublicschoolsystem,however,hasnosuchchoice,forthejobsmustbecarriedonatthesametime.（然而，公立學(xué)校系統(tǒng)沒(méi)有如此的選擇，因?yàn)檫@些工作（教育普通和有天賦的學(xué)生）一定要同時(shí)進(jìn)行）第一段提出教育平衡的話題，第二段和第三段圍繞教育平衡進(jìn)行論