2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)2

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Iwouldrather___troubleandhardshiplikethatthan___byothers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.had....takecareof

B.have...takencareof

C.had...takencareof

D.have...betakencareof

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配wouldratherdosth.thandosth.“寧愿做某事而不愿做某事”可知空格處要填入原型，排除A，B，C選項(xiàng)。句意：我寧愿有困難，也不愿被別人照顧。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.翻譯題

2.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish(5marks)

一些澳大利亞土著（indigenousAustralian）抗議者周五連續(xù)第二日成為頭條新聞，他們聚集在澳大利亞議會(huì)外，并放火焚燒了國(guó)旗。此舉的前一天，憤怒的抗議者包圍了舉行午餐儀式的建筑，保安人員從一家堪培拉餐廳拖出了朱莉婭吉拉德（JuliaGillard）總理。原住民領(lǐng)袖批評(píng)這些人的行動(dòng)，說(shuō)他們危害了讓澳大利亞土著與更廣泛的社會(huì)協(xié)調(diào)的努力。澳大利亞廣播公司網(wǎng)站上的視頻顯示，在堪培拉議會(huì)外的抗議者圍成一圈，點(diǎn)燃了澳大利亞國(guó)旗，并高呼，“這里始終是也將永遠(yuǎn)是原住民的土地?！?/p>

【答案】AgroupofindigenousAustralianprotestersmadeheadlinesforaseconddayonFriday,gatheringoutsidetheCountry’sparliamentandsettingthenationalflagonfire.ThemovecameadayafterPrimeMinisterJuliaGillardwasdraggedoutofaCanberrarestaurantbysecurityguardsafterangryprotesterssurroundedthebuildingwherethelunchwasbeingheld.Indigenousleadershavecriticizedtheiractions,sayingtheyundermineeffortstobringIndigenousAustraliansintoharmonywiththewidercommunity.VideoontheAustralianBroadcastingCorporationwebsiteshowedprotestersformingacircleoutsideparliamentinCanberra,settingfiretotheAustralianflagandchanting,“ThishasalwaysbeenandalwayswillbethelandoftheAborigines.”

3.單選題

X.IntellectualProperties

UnitedStatesjoinedtheBerneConventionfortheProtectionofLiteraryandArtisticWorksin1989.Initsinitialimplementationact,CongressawardednoprotectiontoworksthathadfalleninthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates.

ThiswaschallengedasaviolationoftheConventionprovisiononretroactiveprotectionofsuchworks.CongressreversedcoursewhenitimplementedtheUruguayRoundresultsbecauseitknewitsfailuretoimplementArticle18couldnowbechallengedbeforeWTODisputeSettlementBody.ItthusreimplementedtheConventionbyprovidingextensiveprotectiontocopyrightholdersandrestoringworksthathadbeeninthepublicdomain,whileprovidinglimitedrightsto“relianceparties”thathadbeenexploitingthoseworkslegallywithoutpaymentorauthorization.Thisis,atitscore,thebasisofthechallengethathasreachedtheSupremeCourtinGolanv.Holder—namely,thatrestoringprotectiononpublicdomainworksviolatestheconstitutionalrightsofthoserelianceparties.

WhenjoiningtheBemeConvention,theUnitedStatesadheredtoitsmostrecentversion,the1971ParisAct.Article18oftheParisActaddresseshowmemberstatesshouldimplementtheConventionattheirtimeofentry.Article18(1)providesthat:“ThisConventionshallapplytoallworkswhich,atthemomentofitscomingintoforce,havenotyetfallenintothepublicdomaininthecountryoforiginthroughtheexpiryofthetermofprotection.”Article18(2)goesontoclarifythat“[i]f,however,throughtheexpiryofthetermofprotectionwhichwaspreviouslygranted,aworkhasfallenintothepublicdomainofthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimed,thatworkshallnotbeprotectedanew.”Proponentsofarestrictivereadingoftheseprovisionstendtoemphasizethe“shall”inArticle18(1),butnotthe“shallnot”inArticle18(2).ButtheConventionclearlyestablishestheprincipleofprotectionofexistingworksinsomeinstancesonlywhilealsopreservingmostofthepublicdomain.Takentogether,Articles18(1)and18(2)providethataworkalreadyinthepublicdomainmustbeprotectedanew—thatis,removedfromthepublicdomainandplaced(back)intheexclusivedomainoftheforeigncopyrightholder(s)—onlyinthespecificcircumstancewhere:(1)thatworkbothremainsprotectedinitscountryoforigin,and(2)itisnotprotectedinthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimedforareasonotherthantheexpirationofatermofprotectionpreviouslygranted(e.g.,forfailuretocomplywitharegistrationrequirement).

87.Accordingtothe2ndparagraph,aworkpublishedin1971andprotectedinJapan,whichwasnotprotectedintheUSbeforetheestablishmentofWTO,is___intheUSin2012.

88.Theunderlinedphrase“relianceparties”meansthosewho___.

89.AccordingtoArticle18oftheBerneConvention,aworkalreadyinthepublicdomainmustbeprotectedanewwhenaworkremainsprotectedinitscountryoforigin___itisnotprotectedinthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimedforareasonotherthantheexpirationofatermofprotection.

90.Fromtheparagraphs,onecanimaginethatintheSupremeCourtcaseGolanv.Holder,thefollowingischallengedexcept___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.notprotected

B.conditionallyprotected

C.uncertainforitsprotection

D.protected

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.useaworkwiththebelievethattheworkisnotprotected

B.relyontheworkfortheirliving

C.arenotprotectedbyUSCopyrightAct

D.whowereplaintiffsinGolanv.Holder

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.or

B.and

C.and/or

D.but

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecopyrightprotectionofworksformallyinthepublicdomain

B.thelegislativepowertoenactlawdeprivingsomepeople’srights

C.thecorrectnessofArticle18oftheBerneConvention

D.theconstitutionalityofrestoringprotectiononpublicdomainworks

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】87.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段Takentogether,Articles18(1)and18(2)providethataworkalreadyinthepublicdomainmustbeprotectedanew—thatis,removedfromthepublicdomainandplaced(back)intheexclusivedomainoftheforeigncopyrightholder(s)—onlyinthespecificcircumstancewhere:(1)thatworkbothremainsprotectedinitscountryoforigin,and(2)itisnotprotectedinthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimedforareasonotherthantheexpirationofatermofprotectionpreviouslygranted(e.g.,forfailuretocomplywitharegistrationrequirement).（綜上所述，第18條第1款和第18條第2款規(guī)定，已經(jīng)在公共領(lǐng)域的作品必須重新受到保護(hù)——即從公共領(lǐng)域移出并（重新）置于外國(guó)版權(quán)所有者的專有領(lǐng)域——只有在以下特定情況下：1作品在原產(chǎn)國(guó)仍受保護(hù)；2作品在因先前給予的保護(hù)期限屆滿以外的原因（例如，未能符合注冊(cè)要求）而要求保護(hù)的國(guó)家不受保護(hù)）可知一本出版于1971年、在日本受到保護(hù)的著作，在WTO成立前在美國(guó)不受保護(hù)，2012年在美國(guó)有條件的受到保護(hù)，因?yàn)檫@本著作在日本受到版權(quán)保護(hù)，而第18條第1款和第18條第2款規(guī)定本公約特定情況下，選B選項(xiàng)“有條件地保護(hù)”；A選項(xiàng)“不受保護(hù)”，C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)其保護(hù)不確定”和D選項(xiàng)“保護(hù)”都不符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

88.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段ItthusreimplementedtheConventionbyprovidingextensiveprotectiontocopyrightholdersandrestoringworksthathadbeeninthepublicdomain,whileprovidinglimitedrightsto“relianceparties”thathadbeenexploitingthoseworkslegallywithoutpaymentorauthorization.Thisis,atitscore,thebasisofthechallengethathasreachedtheSupremeCourtinGolanv.Holder—namely,thatrestoringprotectiononpublicdomainworksviolatestheconstitutionalrightsofthoserelianceparties（因此，它重新實(shí)施了《公約》，為版權(quán)持有人提供了廣泛的保護(hù)，恢復(fù)了屬于公共領(lǐng)域的作品，同時(shí)為未經(jīng)付款或授權(quán)而合法利用這些作品的“信賴方”提供了有限的權(quán)利。這是最高法院在Golanv.Holder案中提出的質(zhì)疑的核心基礎(chǔ)，即恢復(fù)對(duì)公共領(lǐng)域作品的保護(hù)侵犯了這些信賴方的憲法權(quán)利）可知這些原文劃線句子中的信賴方指的是Golanv.Holder案中的原告，選D選項(xiàng)“他們是Golanv.Holder案的原告”，同時(shí)可知C選項(xiàng)“不受美國(guó)版權(quán)法保護(hù)”和原文不匹配，原文提到信賴方是合法利用這些作品；A選項(xiàng)“在使用作品時(shí)，請(qǐng)相信該作品不受保護(hù)”，B選項(xiàng)“依靠工作謀生”原文未涉及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

89.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干大意為：據(jù)《伯爾尼公約》第十八條的規(guī)定，當(dāng)作品在其原籍國(guó)仍然受到保護(hù)時(shí)，已經(jīng)在公共領(lǐng)域的作品必須重新受到保護(hù)___在因保護(hù)期限到期以外的原因而要求保護(hù)的國(guó)家，它不受保護(hù)。根據(jù)題干大意定位到原文最后一段Takentogether,Articles18(1)and18(2)providethataworkalreadyinthepublicdomainmustbeprotectedanew—thatis,removedfromthepublicdomainandplaced(back)intheexclusivedomainoftheforeigncopyrightholder(s)—onlyinthespecificcircumstancewhere:(1)thatworkbothremainsprotectedinitscountryoforigin,and(2)itisnotprotectedinthecountrywhereprotectionisclaimedforareasonotherthantheexpirationofatermofprotectionpreviouslygranted(e.g.,forfailuretocomplywitharegistrationrequirement).（綜上所述，第18條第1款和第18條第2款規(guī)定，已經(jīng)在公共領(lǐng)域的作品必須重新受到保護(hù)——即從公共領(lǐng)域移出并（重新）置于外國(guó)版權(quán)所有者的專有領(lǐng)域——只有在以下特定情況下：1作品在原產(chǎn)國(guó)仍受保護(hù)；2作品在因先前給予的保護(hù)期限屆滿以外的原因（例如，未能符合注冊(cè)要求）而要求保護(hù)的國(guó)家不受保護(hù)）可知當(dāng)1.作品在其原籍國(guó)仍然受到保護(hù)時(shí)，已經(jīng)在公共領(lǐng)域的作品必須重新受到保護(hù)，2.作品在因先前給予的保護(hù)期限屆滿以外的原因（例如，未能符合注冊(cè)要求）而要求保護(hù)的國(guó)家不受保護(hù)，是需要滿足的兩個(gè)情況，可以兩種情況都滿足，也可只滿足其中一種情況，選C選項(xiàng)“和/或”；A選項(xiàng)“或”，B選項(xiàng)“和”以及D選項(xiàng)“但”都不符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

90.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段最后一句Initsinitialimplementationact,CongressawardednoprotectiontoworksthathadfalleninthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates.（在最初的《實(shí)施法》中，國(guó)會(huì)沒有對(duì)在美國(guó)屬于公共領(lǐng)域的作品給予保護(hù)）以及第二段開頭ThiswaschallengedasaviolationoftheConventionprovisiononretroactiveprotectionofsuchworks.（有人質(zhì)疑這違反了《公約》關(guān)于追溯保護(hù)此類作品的規(guī)定）可知A選項(xiàng)“正式進(jìn)入公共領(lǐng)域的作品的版權(quán)保護(hù)”是會(huì)被質(zhì)疑的內(nèi)容，排除；根據(jù)第二段ItthusreimplementedtheConventionbyprovidingextensiveprotectiontocopyrightholdersandrestoringworksthathadbeeninthepublicdomain,whileprovidinglimitedrightsto“relianceparties”thathadbeenexploitingthoseworkslegallywithoutpaymentorauthorization.Thisis,atitscore,thebasisofthechallengethathasreachedtheSupremeCourtinGolanv.Holder—namely,thatrestoringprotectiononpublicdomainworksviolatestheconstitutionalrightsofthoserelianceparties.（因此，它重新執(zhí)行了《公約》，向版權(quán)持有人提供廣泛的保護(hù)，恢復(fù)屬于公共領(lǐng)域的作品，同時(shí)向在沒有支付或授權(quán)的情況下合法利用這些作品的“信賴方”提供有限的權(quán)利。這是最高法院在Golanv.Holder案中提出的質(zhì)疑的核心基礎(chǔ)，即恢復(fù)對(duì)公共領(lǐng)域作品的保護(hù)侵犯了這些信賴方的憲法權(quán)利）可知C選項(xiàng)“《伯爾尼公約》第18條的正確性”以及D選項(xiàng)“恢復(fù)對(duì)公共領(lǐng)域作品的保護(hù)的合憲性”是會(huì)被質(zhì)疑的內(nèi)容，排除；B選項(xiàng)“制定剝奪某些人權(quán)利的法律的立法權(quán)”原文沒有涉及。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

VI.ProcedureLaw

Evenifweweretoacceptthisdeflationaryviewofproceduraljusticeasourstartingpoint,itwouldnotfollowthatproceduresareunimportant.Ifwebeginwithcriteriaforajustoutcome,thenitfollowsthatoursystemofdisputeresolutionshouldbedesignedtodecidecontroversiesinaccordwiththesecriteria.Fromthebarepremisethatoutcomescountfromtheexpost(事后)perspective,wecanderiveaminimalnotionofproceduraljustice.Aperfectlyjustprocedurewouldguaranteecorrectoutcomes;aprocedurewouldbemoreorlessfairorjustinsofarasitapproximatesthisideal.Ifwetaketherulesofsubstantivelaw(torts,contracts,property,andsoforth)asappliedtothefacts(thestateoftheworld)asthecriteriaforjustoutcomes,thentheidealprocedurewoulddiscernthetruthaboutthefactsandapplythelawtothosefactswithone-hundredpercentaccuracy.Fromthemodestpremisethatoutcomescount,wecanderivetheviewthatproceduraljusticeisafunctionofaccuracy.

Thereare,however,obviousproblemswiththissimpletheory.Evenfromtheexpostperspective,formallegaloutcomes,suchasjudgmentsforplaintiffsanddefendants,arenottheonlyeffectsofadjudication.Disputeresolutionsystemsimposecostsonthepartiestothedisputeandonsocietyatlarge.Ifweenlargeourviewofoutcomestoencompassallofthecostsandbenefitsimposedbythelitigationsystem,thenourviewofproceduraljusticewillbeenlargedaswell.Anoutcomethatincludesadamageawardthatreflectsanaccurateapplicationofthesubstantivelawtothefactsmightnonethelessbeunjustiftheplaintiffwhowasentitledtoprevailhadtopaymoreinattorneys’feesthanthevalueofthejudgment.Adisputeresolutionsystemthatachievedone-hundredpercentaccuracywouldbeviewedasmonstrouslyunfairifitrequiredeachdisputanttodevoteherentirelifetoapainstakingprocessoffact-findingandconsumedthegreatbulkofthesocialproducttofinancetheenterprise.Theadditionoftheseuncontroversialpremisestoourmodestassumptionthatoutcomescountyieldstheconclusionthatevenfromtheexpostperspectiveafairproceduremust,ataminimum,strikeafairorreasonablebalancebetweenthebenefitsofaccurateoutcomesandthecostsimposedbythesystemofprocedures.

Proceduralperfectionisunattainable:noconceivablesystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy.Approachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable:asystemthatachievedthehighestpossibledegreeofaccuracywouldbeintolerablycostly.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,wecanknowthattheauthoris___.

2.AnidealprocedurewouldNOT___.

3.Theauthorthinksthatafairproceduremuststrikeafairorreasonablebalancethebenefitsandthecosts.Accordingtothe2ndparagraph,whichoneisNOTacostmentionedbytheauthor?

4.Fromthelastparagraphonecaninferthat___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rebuttingsomeone’sviewthatproceduresareunimportant

B.arguingthatproceduresareunimportant

C.distinguishingprocedurelawfromsubstantivelaw

D.settingthecriteriaforjustoutcomes

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.discernthetruthaboutthefacts

B.applythelawtothefactswithaccuracy

C.guaranteecorrectoutcomes

D.bedifferentevenifthesubstantivelawappliedisdifferent

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Anunjustawardwheretheplaintiffhastopaymorethanthevalueofjudgment.

B.Alife-longfact-findingprocesstoachieve100%accuracy.

C.Thegreatbulkofproductsproducedbyanenterprise.

D.Thesocialproductsconsumedtosupportthesystem.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.proceduralperfectionisunattainable

B.afairprocedurecanonlyexistwhenkeepingabalancebetweenbenefitsandcosts

C.approachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable

D.nosystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句Evenifweweretoacceptthisdeflationaryviewofproceduraljusticeasourstartingpoint,itwouldnotfollowthatproceduresareunimportant.（即使我們將這種關(guān)于程序正義的通縮觀點(diǎn)作為我們的出發(fā)點(diǎn)，也不會(huì)得出程序不重要的結(jié)論）可知選A選項(xiàng)“反駁一些人認(rèn)為程序不重要的觀點(diǎn)”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“爭(zhēng)論程序不重要”錯(cuò)誤，作者認(rèn)為程序是重要的；C選項(xiàng)“區(qū)分程序法和實(shí)體法”原文第一段未提及；第一段第二句Ifwebeginwithcriteriaforajustoutcome,thenitfollowsthatoursystemofdisputeresolutionshouldbedesignedtodecidecontroversiesinaccordwiththesecriteria.（如果我們從公正結(jié)果的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開始，那么我們的爭(zhēng)端解決制度就應(yīng)該根據(jù)這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)決定爭(zhēng)端）得知D選項(xiàng)“為公正的結(jié)果設(shè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”和原文不符合，原文沒有提到為公正的結(jié)果設(shè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Ifwetaketherulesofsubstantivelaw(torts,contracts,property,andsoforth)asappliedtothefacts(thestateoftheworld)asthecriteriaforjustoutcomes,thentheidealprocedurewoulddiscernthetruthaboutthefactsandapplythelawtothosefactswithone-hundredpercentaccuracy.（如果我們把適用于事實(shí)（世界狀況）的實(shí)體法規(guī)則（侵權(quán)行為、合同、財(cái)產(chǎn)等）作為公正結(jié)果的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，那么理想的程序?qū)⒈鎰e事實(shí)的真相和法律適用于那些事實(shí)，準(zhǔn)確率百分之百）可知A選項(xiàng)“辨明事實(shí)的真相”,，B選項(xiàng)“正確地將法律適用于事實(shí)”以及C選項(xiàng)“保證正確的結(jié)果”對(duì)應(yīng)原文，D選項(xiàng)“即使適用的實(shí)體法不同，也不一樣”原文未提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Anoutcomethatincludesadamageawardthatreflectsanaccurateapplicationofthesubstantivelawtothefactsmightnonethelessbeunjustiftheplaintiffwhowasentitledtoprevailhadtopaymoreinattorneys’feesthanthevalueofthejudgment.（但是，如果有權(quán)勝訴的原告支付的律師費(fèi)高于判決的價(jià)值，那么包括損害賠償裁決在內(nèi)的結(jié)果可能是不公正的，因?yàn)閾p害賠償裁決反映了實(shí)體法對(duì)事實(shí)的準(zhǔn)確適用）可知A選項(xiàng)“一種不公正的判決，原告必須支付比判決價(jià)值更多的錢”有提及；第二段Adisputeresolutionsystemthatachievedone-hundredpercentaccuracywouldbeviewedasmonstrouslyunfairifitrequiredeachdisputanttodevoteherentirelifetoapainstakingprocessoffact-findingandconsumedthegreatbulkofthesocialproducttofinancetheenterprise.（一個(gè)百分之百準(zhǔn)確的糾紛解決系統(tǒng)，如果要求每一個(gè)糾紛人一生都致力于一個(gè)艱苦的事實(shí)調(diào)查過程，并消耗大量的社會(huì)產(chǎn)品為企業(yè)融資，那么它將被視為極其不公平的）可知B選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)終生的事實(shí)調(diào)查過程，以達(dá)到100%的準(zhǔn)確性”，D選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)支持該系統(tǒng)”在原文中有提及；C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的大量產(chǎn)品”原文未涉及。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段Proceduralperfectionisunattainable:noconceivablesystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy.Approachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable:asystemthatachievedthehighestpossibledegreeofaccuracywouldbeintolerablycostly.（程序的完善是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的：任何一個(gè)可以想象的程序體系都不能保證完美的準(zhǔn)確性。接近程序上的完美是負(fù)擔(dān)不起的：一個(gè)達(dá)到盡可能高的準(zhǔn)確度的系統(tǒng)將是難以忍受的代價(jià)），結(jié)合第二段最后一句evenfromtheexpostperspectiveafairproceduremust,ataminimum,strikeafairorreasonablebalancebetweenthebenefitsofaccurateoutcomesandthecostsimposedbythesystemofprocedures（即使從事后的角度來(lái)看，公平程序至少必須在準(zhǔn)確結(jié)果的利益與程序制度所施加的費(fèi)用之間達(dá)成公平或合理的平衡）可知盡可能高的準(zhǔn)確度的系統(tǒng)是指準(zhǔn)確結(jié)果的利益與程序制度所施加的費(fèi)用之間達(dá)成高度平衡，則公平的程序只有在保持利益和成本之間的平衡時(shí)才能存在，選B選項(xiàng)“公平的程序只有在保持利益和成本之間的平衡時(shí)才能存在”；A選項(xiàng)“程序的完美是無(wú)法達(dá)到的”，C選項(xiàng)“接近程序的完美是無(wú)法承受的”以及D選項(xiàng)“沒有程序系統(tǒng)可以保證完美的準(zhǔn)確性”都是最后一段直接給出的信息，而不是推測(cè)得出的，不符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Thejudgeiscommittedtomaintaininga___ofimpartiality.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stance

B.motto

C.pretense

D.commotion

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)stance“立場(chǎng)；姿態(tài)；位置；準(zhǔn)備擊球姿勢(shì)”；B選項(xiàng)motto“座右銘，格言；箴言”；C選項(xiàng)pretense“借口；虛假；炫耀；自吹”；D選項(xiàng)commotion“騷動(dòng)；暴亂”。句意：法官致力于保持公正的___。本句表達(dá)“保持公正的立場(chǎng)”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.翻譯題

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

It’sanotherbad-airdayinBeijing.Youcanbarelysee.Youcanbarelybreathe.Butyoucanfeel—andeventaste—thegritfloatingintheair.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhassethealthylevelofAirQualityIndexat25micrograms,whileBeijingconsidersa300readingas“Bad”and500as“Hazardous.”Lastweekend,however,itbreached700!“I’mgettingitchy,”complainedmydaughterMichelle,visitingusfromNewYork.“Icouldfeelitatthebackofmythroat.”

LongtimeexpatriateresidentsintheChinesecapitaljokinglycallitthe“Beijingtickle(癢癢)”,anaggingcoughthattakesalongtimetoshrugoff.

【答案】北京又是一個(gè)空氣不好的日子。你幾乎看不見。你幾乎不能呼吸。但你能感覺到——甚至嘗到——漂浮在空氣中的沙礫。世界衛(wèi)生組織將空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)的健康水平定為25微克，而北京認(rèn)為300微克是“不好的”，500微克是“危險(xiǎn)的”。然而，上周末，空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)突破了700微克！“我有點(diǎn)癢！”米歇爾來(lái)紐約時(shí)抱怨道，“我能感覺到它在我的喉嚨后面。”

在中國(guó)首都的長(zhǎng)期外籍居民開玩笑地稱之為“北京癢癢”，需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能擺脫的持續(xù)咳嗽。

7.單選題

Ifyouknowwhatthetroubleis,whyyoudon’thelpthemto___thesituation?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.simplify

B.modify

C.verify

D.rectify

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)simplify“簡(jiǎn)化；使單純；使簡(jiǎn)易”；B選項(xiàng)modify“修改，修飾；更改（略微改變某事物，尤指為了使其更適合于某一特定目的）”；C選項(xiàng)verify“核實(shí)；查證”；D選項(xiàng)rectify“改正（糾正錯(cuò)誤的事物）；精餾；整流”。句意：如果你知道問題出在哪里，為什么不幫他們___情況。本句表達(dá)“幫助他們核實(shí)情況”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

IV.(CriminalLaw)

Theacrimoniousdebateovercapitalpunishmenthascontinuedforcenturies.Inrecentdecades,thedebatehasheatedupintheU.S.followingtheSupremeCourt-imposedmoratoriumoncapitalpunishment.Currently,severalstatesareconsideringachangeintheirpoliciesregardingthestatusofthedeathpenalty.Nebraska’slegislature,forexample,recentlypassedatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutions,whichwas,however,vetoedbythestate’sgovernor.Tenotherstateshaveatleastconsideredamoratoriumlastyear.ThegroupincludesOklahomawhoselegislaturewillsoonconsiderabillimposingatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutionsandestablishingataskforcetoresearchtheeffectivenessofcapitalpunishment.ThelegislatureinNebraskaandIllinoishasalsocalledforsimilarresearch.InMassachusetts,however,theHouseofRepresentativesvoteddownabillsupportedbythegovernortoreinstatethedeathpenalty.

Animportantissueinthisdebateiswhethercapitalpunishmentdetersmurders.Psychologistsandcriminologistswhoexaminedtheissueinitiallyreportednodeterrenteffect.EconomistsjoinedthedebatewiththepioneeringworkofEhrlich.Ehrlich’sregressionresults,usingU.S.aggregatetime-seriesfor1933-1969andstatelevelcross-sectionaldatafor1940and1950,suggestasignificantdeterrenteffect,whichsharplycontrastswithearlierfindings.ThepolicyimportanceoftheresearchinthisareaisborneoutbytheconsiderablepublicattentionthatEhrlich’sworkhasreceived.TheSolicitorGeneraloftheUnitedStates,forexample,introducedEhrlich’sfindingstotheSupremeCourt,insupportofcapitalpunishment.

CoincidingwiththeSupremeCourt’sdeliberation,ontheissue,Ehrlich’sfindinginspiredaninterestineconometricanalysisofdeterrence,leadingtomanystudiesthatusehisdatabutdifferentregressionspecifications—differentregressorsordifferentchoiceofendogenousvs.exogenousvariables.ThemixedfindingspromptedaseriesofsensitivityanalysesonEhrlich’sequations,reflectingafurtheremphasisonspecification.

Dataissues,ontheotherhand,havereceivedfarlessattention.Mostoftheexistingstudiesuseeithertime-seriesorcross-sectiondata.Thestudiesthatusenationaltime-seriesdataareaffectedbyanaggregationproblem.Anydeterrencefromanexecutionshouldaffectthecrimerateonlyintheexecutingstate.Aggregationdilutessuchdistincteffects.Crosssectionalstudiesarelesssensitivetothisproblem,buttheirstaticformulationprecludesanyconsiderationofthedynamicsofcrime,lawenforcement,andjudicialprocesses.Moreover,crosssectionalstudiesareaffectedbyunobservedheterogeneitywhichcannotbecontrolledforintheabsenceoftimevariation.

HashemDezhbakhshandPaulH.Rubin:“DoesCapitalPunishmentHaveaDeterrentEffect?”

63.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatintheUS___.

64.Whichofthefollowinggroupofpeoplethoughtthatcapitalpunishmenthadnodeterrenteffect?

65.Accordingtothe3rdparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

66.Inthe4thparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theexecutivebranchisinoppositeopinionwiththelegislatureatthestatelevelregardingdeathpenalty

B.severalstatesareconsideringreinstatethedeathpenalty

C.Oklahomadecidedtosuspenddeathpenaltyfortwoyears

D.somestates’legislaturehasalsocalledforresearchoncancellationofcapitalsentence

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Economistsandcriminologists

B.Psychologistsandcriminologists

C.Psychologistsandeconomists

D.EconomistsandEhrlich

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Ehrlich’sfindingcausedotherstoanalyzethedeterrenceeffectofdeathpenalty.

B.ManypeopleusedEhrlich’sdataintheiranalysisbutinadifferentway.

C.Thefindingofothers’researchwassimilar.

D.Ehrlichprovidedanequationinhisanalysis.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.crosssectionalstudiesaremoresensitivetoaggregation

B.time-seriesdataarenotinfluencedbyaggregation

C.unobservedheterogeneitycannotbecontrolledforintheabsenceoftimevariation

D.dataissuehadnotbeenpaidenoughattentionasitshouldbe

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】63.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段末ThelegislatureinNebraskaandIllinoishasalsocalledforsimilarresearch.InMassachusetts,however,theHouseofRepresentativesvoteddownabillsupportedbythegovernortoreinstatethedeathpenalty.（內(nèi)布拉斯加州和伊利諾伊州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)也呼吁進(jìn)行類似的研究。然而，在馬薩諸塞州，眾議院投票否決了州長(zhǎng)支持的恢復(fù)死刑的法案）可知行政部門與州一級(jí)的立法機(jī)關(guān)關(guān)于死刑的意見會(huì)有分歧，選A選項(xiàng)“在死刑問題上，行政部門與州一級(jí)的立法機(jī)關(guān)持相反意見”，同時(shí)可知D選項(xiàng)“一些州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)也呼吁研究取消死刑”錯(cuò)誤，一些州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)不贊同取消；B選項(xiàng)“若干國(guó)家正在考慮恢復(fù)死刑”在第一段未涉及；第一段Tenotherstateshaveatleastconsideredamoratoriumlastyear.ThegroupincludesOklahomawhoselegislaturewillsoonconsiderabillimposingatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutionsandestablishingataskforcetoresearchtheeffectivenessofcapitalpunishment.（其他十個(gè)州去年也至少考慮過暫停。該組織包括俄克拉荷馬州，該州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)很快將考慮一項(xiàng)法案，要求暫停執(zhí)行死刑兩年，并成立一個(gè)特別工作組來(lái)研究死刑的有效性）可知C選項(xiàng)“俄克拉荷馬州決定死刑緩期兩年執(zhí)行”錯(cuò)誤，俄克拉荷馬州只是考慮，并不是決定執(zhí)行。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

64.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Psychologistsandcriminologistswhoexaminedtheissueinitiallyreportednodeterrenteffect.EconomistsjoinedthedebatewiththepioneeringworkofEhrlich.（最初研究這個(gè)問題的心理學(xué)家和犯罪學(xué)家報(bào)告說(shuō)沒有威懾作用。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們以埃利希的開創(chuàng)性工作加入了這場(chǎng)辯論）可知最初是心理學(xué)家和犯罪學(xué)家報(bào)告說(shuō)沒有威懾作用，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們隨后加入辯論，選B選項(xiàng)“心理學(xué)家和犯罪學(xué)家”；A選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和犯罪學(xué)家”，C選項(xiàng)“心理學(xué)家和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家”以及D選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和埃利?！辈环显?。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

65.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段第一句CoincidingwiththeSupremeCourt’sdeliberation,ontheissue,Ehrlich’sfindinginspiredaninterestineconometricanalysisofdeterrence,leadingtomanystudiesthatusehisdatabutdifferentregressionspecifications—differentregressorsordifferentchoiceofendogenousvs.exogenousvariables.（與最高法院對(duì)該問題的審議一致，埃利希的發(fā)現(xiàn)激發(fā)了對(duì)威懾的計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析的興趣，導(dǎo)致許多研究使用了他的數(shù)據(jù)，但回歸規(guī)格不同——不同的回歸者或內(nèi)生變量與外生變量的不同選擇）可知A選項(xiàng)“埃利希的發(fā)現(xiàn)引起了其他人對(duì)死刑威懾效應(yīng)的分析”，B選項(xiàng)“很多人在他們的分析中使用了埃利希的數(shù)據(jù)，但是是以不同的方式”正確；第三段第二句ThemixedfindingspromptedaseriesofsensitivityanalysesonEhrlich’sequations,reflectingafurtheremphasisonspecification.（這些研究結(jié)果綜合對(duì)埃利希的經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)量公式進(jìn)行了靈敏度分析，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了參數(shù)的重要性）可知C選項(xiàng)“其他人的研究結(jié)果是相似的”錯(cuò)誤，并沒有說(shuō)其他人的研究結(jié)果是相似的，D選項(xiàng)“埃利希在他的分析中提供了一個(gè)方程”正確。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

66.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段第一句Dataissues,ontheotherhand,havereceivedfarlessattention.（另一方面，數(shù)據(jù)問題受到的關(guān)注要少得多）可知作者第一句話就表明觀點(diǎn)——研究分析中所利用的數(shù)據(jù)問題并沒有被給予足夠的重視，接下來(lái)作者論述大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有的研究使用的都是時(shí)間序列數(shù)據(jù)或截面數(shù)據(jù)，這兩種數(shù)據(jù)都各有弊端，選D選項(xiàng)“數(shù)據(jù)問題沒有得到應(yīng)有的重視”；第四段Crosssectionalstudiesarelesssensitivetothisproblem（橫斷面研究對(duì)這一問題不太敏感）可知A選項(xiàng)“橫斷面研究對(duì)聚集更敏感”錯(cuò)誤；第四段Thestudiesthatusenationaltime-seriesdataareaffectedbyanaggregationproblem.（使用國(guó)家時(shí)間序列數(shù)據(jù)的研究受到聚集問題的影響）可知B選項(xiàng)“時(shí)間序列數(shù)據(jù)不受聚合影響”錯(cuò)誤；第四段Moreover,crosssectionalstudiesareaffectedbyunobservedheterogeneitywhichcannotbecontrolledforintheabsenceoftimevariation.（此外，橫斷面研究受到未觀察到的異質(zhì)性的影響，這在沒有時(shí)間變化的情況下是無(wú)法控制的）可知C選項(xiàng)“在沒有時(shí)間變化的情況下，無(wú)法控制未觀察到的異質(zhì)性”邏輯關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.單選題

Weare___facedwiththenecessitytorecognizethathavingmorepeopleimpliesalowerstandardofliving.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.readily

B.smoothly

C.inevitably

D.deliberately

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)readily“容易地；樂意地；無(wú)困難地”；B選項(xiàng)smoothly“平穩(wěn)地；平滑地；順利地；流暢地；平靜地；均勻地”；C選項(xiàng)inevitably“不可避免地；必然地”；D選項(xiàng)deliberately“故意地；緩慢而謹(jǐn)慎地”。句意：我們___要認(rèn)識(shí)到有更多的人就意味著更低的生活水平。本句表達(dá)“不可避免地認(rèn)識(shí)到”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Forthepurposesoflimitingtheunauthorizeddistributionofintellectualproperty,theDMCA’sstatutoryimmunityforISPsiscarefullystructuredtoblockonlyactionsfordamages.AnothersectionoftheActprovidesforaprocessbywhichacourt,undercertainconditions,cangrantinjunctiverelief.InthecaseofasourceISP,theremaybeanorderrequiringaterminationoftheoffendingsource’saccountwiththeISPoraterminationoftherestoftheworld’saccesstotheuser’sassignedInternetdestination,iftheinfringingmaterialresidesthere.ForanOSP,aninjunctionmaybeframedasanorderrequiringterminationoftheOSPuser’saccountorremovalorblockedaccesstothematerialontheOSP’sservers.

ItmaybethisprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.Forexample,theMotionPictureAssociationofAmericasentalettertoHarvardUniversitycomplainingofallegedlyinfringingmaterialhostedbysomeoneontheHarvardnetwork.Harvard,inturn,discoveredthatthematerialinquestionwashostedbyanundergraduateonhisowncomputerattachedtotheHarvarddormitorynetwork.Harvardsentalettertothestudentalertinghimthatsuchhostingwasinviolationofitsnetworkpolicies,andthreateningsanctionsshouldthestudentcontinuetohostsuchmaterial.NoticesbypublisherstoISPsseekingactionbytheISPsagainstindividualusershavebecomeroutine,withfirmsspringinguptoaccepttheoutsourcedtaskofidentifyingpointsofinfringementwithinanetworkandgeneratingcomplaintletterstotherelevantISPs.SomepublishershaveevenattemptedtogetsourceISPs—universities,inparticular—tochangenetworkarchitecturetopreventtheuseofpeer-to-peernetworkingcompletely.Whilemosthavedeclinedtodoso,atleastoneuniversity,inthesameweekitsentalettertoapublisherrefusingtotakeaction,announcedanetworkbandwidthconservationpolicythatclampedmostout-goingInternettrafficfromstudentdormitories,effectivelydampeningtheuniversity’scontributiontoworldwidefilesharing/piracy.

Forenforcementpurposes,itmaybeeasiertofindandengageanISPregardingitslegalresponsibilitiesthanasinglesubscriberofthatISP.Butifarevelationofsubscriberidentityissought,successmerelypushestheenforcementproblembac