2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-北京航空航天大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)89

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-北京航空航天大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.寫作題

Haveyoueverattemptedtoquestionacademicauthorityinyourlearningandresearchprocess?Whatdoyouthinkaretheappropriateattitudestowardsacademicauthority?Writeanessayofnolessthan150wordstoexplainyouropinionsonthisissue.

【答案】ACriticalAttitudeTowardsAcademicAuthority2.單選題

Thosepersonswhosereligious（）heavilyreliedonrituals，suchasinfantbap-

tism,weremorelikelytosupporttheDemocrats.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.confession

B.condemnation

C.establishment

D.acknowledgement

【答案】A

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：那些宗教（）極為依賴諸如嬰兒洗禮等儀式的人更可能支持民主黨。A選項(xiàng)confession懺悔，承認(rèn)；B選項(xiàng)condemnation譴責(zé)，定罪；C選項(xiàng)establishment建立；D選項(xiàng)acknowledgement承認(rèn)，確認(rèn)。A選項(xiàng)confession符合句意。

3.單選題

Aslongasnationscannotthemselvesaccumulateenoughphysicalpowertodominateallothers,theymustdependon（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.allies

B.resources

C.freedom

D.education

【答案】A

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：只要國(guó)家本身不能積蓄足夠的力量來(lái)支配其他的人，他們就必須依賴于（）。

allies同盟國(guó)；resources資源，物力；freedom自由，自主；education教育。選項(xiàng)A“同盟國(guó)”符合句意。

4.單選題

We（）afigureofamanclingingtothemastoftheship.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.discerned

B.dispatched

C.dissipated

D.diminished

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：我們（）那個(gè)倚靠在船桅桿的人。discerned認(rèn)出，識(shí)別；dispatched派遣，分派；dissipated驅(qū)散，放蕩；diminished減少，縮小。因此，A項(xiàng)符合句意。

5.單選題

Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould（）hisownplanforimproving

thelivingconditionsofthesepeople.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.puton

B.putout

C.putin

D.putforward

【答案】D

【解析】短語(yǔ)辨析。句意：如果這里有人不同意我的意見(jiàn)，他應(yīng)該提出自己的計(jì)劃來(lái)改善這些人的生活條件。

6.單選題

Superficialdifferencesbetweenthespecialproblemsandtechniquesofthephysicalsciencesandthoseofthebiologicalsciencesaresometimescitedasevidenceforthe（）ofbiologyandfortheclaimthatthemethodsofphysicsarethereforenotadequatetobiologicalinquiry.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.autonomy

B.vitality

C.purposefulness

D.obsolescence

【答案】A

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：自然科學(xué)和生物科學(xué)的特殊問(wèn)題和技術(shù)之間的表面差異有時(shí)會(huì)被用來(lái)證明生物學(xué)的（），并且用來(lái)說(shuō)明自然科學(xué)的方法對(duì)生物科學(xué)的探究是不夠的。

autonomy自治，自治權(quán)；vitality活力，生氣，生命力；purposefulness目的性；意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)；obsolescence退化，荒廢。A選項(xiàng)表示將兩門學(xué)科之間的一些淺顯區(qū)別用于證明生物學(xué)是獨(dú)立的，符合題意。

7.單選題

ThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe（）fromfalltowinter.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.transmission

B.transformation

C.transition

D.transfer

【答案】C

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：我很喜歡季節(jié)變更，但是我最喜歡的時(shí)間是秋冬的。transmission傳遞；transformation變形，轉(zhuǎn)化；transition轉(zhuǎn)變，過(guò)渡時(shí)期；transfer遷移、傳遞。因此，C項(xiàng)符合句意。

8.單選題

Arecentsurveyshowsthat,whileninety-fourpercentofcompaniesconductingmanagement-train-ingprogramsopenthemtowomen，womenare（）onlyseventy-fourpercentofthosepro-grams.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.protestingagainst

B.participatingin

C.displeasedby

D.allowedin

【答案】B

【解析】短語(yǔ)辨析。句意：最近的調(diào)查顯示，盡管有94%的公司向婦女開(kāi)放管理培訓(xùn)課程，婦女在這項(xiàng)目中也只有74%的（）。

protestingagainst抗議；participatingin參與；displeasedby不開(kāi)心；allowedin被允許。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

9.單選題

ThenewtechnologicalrevolutioninAmericannewspapershasbroughtincreased（），awiderrangeofpublicationsandanexpansionofnewspaperjobs.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Circulation

B.reproduction

C.manipulation

D.penetration

【答案】A

【解析】句意：美國(guó)報(bào)紙的新技術(shù)革命帶來(lái)了（）、覆蓋面拓寬和新聞工作的增加。A選項(xiàng)circulation發(fā)行量；B選項(xiàng)reproduction復(fù)制；生殖；C選項(xiàng)manipulation操縱，控制；D選項(xiàng)penetration滲透，A符合句意。

10.單選題

Vacationpoliciescontinuetobeasourceof（）betweenmanagementandtheworkers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.disturbance

B.resistance

C.contraction

D.friction

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：休閑度假政策仍然是管理層和工人之間（）的根源。

disturbance干擾，騷亂；resistance阻力，電阻，抵抗；contraction收縮，緊縮；friction

摩擦。D選項(xiàng)符合句意。

11.單選題

Thedevelopmentofthesegenetechnologiesmaybefarinthefuture,but（）themoralandsocialissuesraisedbythemshouldbediscussed,foronceatechnologyhasbeeninvented,itmaybedifficulttostoporcontrol.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.presently

B.summarily

C.seriously

D.hesitantly

【答案】A

【解析】副詞辨析。句意：這些基因技術(shù)可能在未來(lái)會(huì)有很大的發(fā)展，但是應(yīng)該討論的是道德和社會(huì)問(wèn)題。因?yàn)橐坏┌l(fā)明了這種技術(shù)，就很難停止或控制。presently目前；summarily即刻地；seriously嚴(yán)肅地；hesitantly遲疑地。因此，A項(xiàng)符合句意。

12.單選題

Theirviewthatwomenarethenatural（）ofmoralityisnotmyview.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.guardians

B.guards

C.guides

D.soldiers

【答案】A

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：他們認(rèn)為，女人是道德的天然，但我不認(rèn)同。guardians守護(hù)者、保護(hù)人；guards守衛(wèi)、后衛(wèi)、護(hù)衛(wèi)隊(duì)、禁衛(wèi)軍；guides引導(dǎo)、向?qū)?；soldiers軍人。故選A。

13.單選題

Havinghadherasaprofessorandadviser,Icantellyouthatsheisan（）forcewhopushesherstudentstoexcelfarbeyondtheirownexpectations.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inspirational

B.educational

C.excessive

D.instantaneous

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞辨析。inspirational鼓舞人心的；educational教育的；excessive過(guò)度的；instantaneous即刻的。句意是：由于她是我的教授兼指導(dǎo)老師，不妨告訴你，她具有一種（

）力量，激發(fā)著她的學(xué)生超越自我的期望。因此，A選項(xiàng)符合句意。

14.單選題

ThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe（）fromfalltowinter.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.transition

B.transmission

C.transformation

D.transfer

【答案】A

【解析】名詞辨析。transition轉(zhuǎn)變，過(guò)渡，變遷；transmission傳播；transformation變化，轉(zhuǎn)換；transfer轉(zhuǎn)移。句意是：我很喜歡四季的交替，但我最喜歡秋到冬的（）。因此，A選項(xiàng)transition符合句意。

15.單選題

IthinkKimwouldbegreatforthejob.Herworkrecordis（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.impeccable

B.enriched

C.rudimentary

D.tarnished

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞辨析。句意：我認(rèn)為Kim可以勝任這份工作。她的工作記錄是（）。

impeccable無(wú)瑕疵的，沒(méi)有缺點(diǎn)的；enriched濃縮的，強(qiáng)化的；rudimentary基本的，殘遺的

未發(fā)展的；tarnished生銹的，有污點(diǎn)的。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

16.單選題

Accordingtogovernmentstatistics，menofallsocialclassesinBritainvisitpubsquiteregularly,（1）thekindofpubtheygotomaybedifferentandtheirreasonsforgoingthere（2）too.Nowadaystheyoftentaketheirwivesorgirl-friends,which（3）tobethecase.ThefactisthatthetypicalEnglishpubischanging,partly（4）thelicensinglawsnotbeingsostrictasthey（5）,butalsobecausepublicansaretryingto（6）awaywiththeoldVictorian（7）ofthepuband（8）providecoupleswithanatmospherewheretheycanbothenjoythemselves.Pubusednottoopen（9）atcertaintimes.Theresultwasthattheywereusually（10）withmenwhoseemedtobedrinkingasmuchaspossibleinthetime（11）Butthatkindofpubisrapidlybecomingathingofthepast.

Curiouslyenough,theoldBritishlicensinglaws,whichforeignersfoundsoobjectionableandab-surd,were（12）introducedasa（13）measuretostopworkersdrinkingintheFirstWorldWar.（14）,thestrongPuritanical（15）inParliamenttook（16）o￡thelawand（17）it.

Openinghoursare（18）limitedtoeighthoursaday,butthepublicancannowchoosewhichhours（19）himbest.Andthesedaysyoucanevengetacupofcoffeeifyouprefer（20）beer.ButinspiteofthisthePuritanswouldneverdreamofadmittingthatapubcouldbecomearepeatableplace.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.and

B.though

C.when

D.as

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.disagree

B.diverge

C.vary

D.deviate

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.usednot

B.notused

C.used

D.isused

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.because

B.becauseof

C.for

D.inthat

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.were

B.are

C.used

D.hadbeen

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.take

B.do

C.keep

D.go

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.sight

B.image

C.appearance

D.perception

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.then

B.instead

C.further

D.still

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.except

B.exceptfor

C.only

D.onlyfor

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.covered

B.crowded

C.full

D.plenty

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.available

B.proper

C.probable

D.accessible

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.ordinarily

B.generally

C.originally

D.formerly

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.perpetual

B.temporary

C.uniform

D.temperate

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.Nevertheless

B.However

C.Afterwards

D.Furthermore

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.factor

B.element

C.component

D.atom

問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)

A.advantage

B.profit

C.use

D.charge

問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)

A.retained

B.contained

C.maintained

D.protected

問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)

A.even

B.just

C.but

D.still

問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)

A.suit

B.match

C.meet

D.agree

問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)

A.against

B.for

C.with

D.to

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:B

第7題:B

第8題:B

第9題:A

第10題:B

第11題:A

第12題:C

第13題:B

第14題:C

第15題:B

第16題:A

第17題:A

第18題:D

第19題:A

第20題:D

【解析】1.邏輯推理。句意：據(jù)英國(guó)政府統(tǒng)計(jì)，所有社會(huì)階級(jí)的人都會(huì)頻繁光顧酒吧，他們選擇的酒吧

類型可能不同?？崭袂昂缶渥訛樽尣疥P(guān)系。故B項(xiàng)正確。

2.詞義辨析。句意：盡管他們選擇的酒吧類型可能不同，去的理由也。disagree不同意；diverge偏離；vary不同；deviate脫離，出軌。And為并列連詞，因此，空格處應(yīng)表達(dá)跟different相似的含義。故選C。

3.語(yǔ)法分析。句子想表達(dá)的是：與以往情況不同，他們現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常帶著他們的妻子和女朋友去酒吧。因此，空格處應(yīng)為否定，排除C，D項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)usednot后面接tobethecase表示“過(guò)去不是這樣”，符合句意且語(yǔ)法正確。

4.語(yǔ)法分析。句意：事實(shí)是典型的英國(guó)酒吧正在改變，部分原因是特許經(jīng)營(yíng)法不如之前那么嚴(yán)格。

C、D項(xiàng)后面應(yīng)接完整的從句，而空后為動(dòng)詞ing形式，故選B。

5.語(yǔ)法分析。句意：特許經(jīng)營(yíng)法不如之前那么嚴(yán)格。因此此處應(yīng)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而主語(yǔ)是“they”，因此A項(xiàng)“were”正確。

6.詞義辨析。句意：同時(shí)也因?yàn)榫频昀习逑胍f維多利亞時(shí)代酒吧的形象。doawaywith廢除；takeaway帶走，擺脫；keepaway使離開(kāi)；goawaywith私奔。故B項(xiàng)符合句意。

7.詞義辨析。句意：想要擺脫舊式維多利亞時(shí)代的酒吧。sight視力；image形象；appearance外貌；perception知覺(jué)。故B項(xiàng)符合句意。

8.邏輯推理。句意：想要擺脫舊式維多利亞時(shí)代的酒吧形象，為伴侶提供一個(gè)雙方都能玩得開(kāi)心的環(huán)境。前后并無(wú)遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。B項(xiàng)instead表示“取而代之的是”，符合句意。

9.詞義辨析。句意：除了在特定時(shí)間段，其他時(shí)間酒吧均不開(kāi)門。except除了；exceptfor除了……以外；only只有；onlyfor要是沒(méi)有。B和D選項(xiàng)中都有介詞for，后面應(yīng)接名詞或動(dòng)名詞，因此排除，C項(xiàng)only不符合句意。故選A。

10.詞義辨析。句意：結(jié)果是酒吧里經(jīng)常人，人們總是在酒館開(kāi)門的時(shí)間內(nèi)盡情暢飲。Becrowdedwith搭配表示“擠滿”。而C，D項(xiàng)也表示“擠滿的”，但它們與介詞“of”搭配。故選B。

11.詞義辨析。句意：在的時(shí)間內(nèi)盡情暢飲。available可利用的，可獲得的；proper適合的；probable可能的；accessible可進(jìn)入的。D選項(xiàng)為干擾項(xiàng)，而D項(xiàng)后面接名詞時(shí)要接介詞to。故選A。

12.詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渲v述了英國(guó)營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照法律的歷史以及后來(lái)情況。因此，C項(xiàng)originally“最初”正確。

13.詞義辨析。句意：一戰(zhàn)期間引進(jìn)的法律，只是的措施以阻止工人飲酒。perpetual永遠(yuǎn)的；temporary暫時(shí)的；uniform始終如一的；temperate溫和的。因此，B項(xiàng)符合句意。

54.邏輯推理。句意：，強(qiáng)大的清教徒……。Nevertheless然而；However然而；Afterwards后來(lái)；Furthermore此外?？崭窈蟊硎竞髞?lái)發(fā)生的事情，故選C。

55.詞義辨析。factor因素；element社會(huì)的某一集團(tuán)，組成集團(tuán)的個(gè)體；component組成部分；atom原子?？崭裉幹盖褰掏絼?shì)力，故選B。

56.固定搭配。句意：國(guó)會(huì)中的清教徒勢(shì)力利用這一法律。Takeadvantageof為固定搭配，表示“利用”。

57.詞義辨析。句意：國(guó)會(huì)中的清教徒勢(shì)力利用這一法律，使得這一條款保留了下來(lái)。retained保留；contained包含；maintained維修；protected保護(hù)。故選A。

58.邏輯推理。句意：開(kāi)業(yè)時(shí)間仍然限定在八個(gè)小時(shí)。even甚至；just只是；but但是；still仍然。故選D。

59.詞義辨析。句意為“但是現(xiàn)在酒店老板可以選擇最自己的時(shí)間段。suit適合；match與……相配；meet遇見(jiàn)；agree同意。因此，A項(xiàng)符合句意。

60.固定搭配。prefersth.tosth.為固定搭配，表示比起后者，更喜歡前者。

17.單選題

Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andothercreatures—learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”；andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages,hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological“drives”asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords，ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort，nototherwise.

Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproducere-sultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements，suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponseinsituationwherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplayoflights一andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.

Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadethein-terestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandbubble”whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightoflightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccessthattheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem，inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich（）.

2.Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy（）.

3.InPapousek’sexperimentbabiesmadelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto（）

4.Thebabieswould“smileandbubble”atthelightsbecause.（）.

5.AccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflec-tionof（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.aredirectlyrelatedtopleasure

B.willmeettheirphysicalneeds

C.willbringthemafeelingofsuccess

D.willsatisfytheircuriosity

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.wouldmakelearnedresponsewhenitsawthemilk

B.wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrink

C.wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilk

D.wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrink

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.havethelightsturnedon

B.berewardedwithmilk

C.pleasetheirparents

D.bepraised

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic“drives”

B.thesightofthelightswasinteresting

C.theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelights

D.theysucceededin“switchingon”thelights

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworld

B.thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneeds

C.theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblem

D.afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskills

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第二段指出：Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.嬰兒學(xué)會(huì)做某些動(dòng)作，是因?yàn)檫@些動(dòng)作在周圍世界能產(chǎn)生成功結(jié)果，除此之外，并無(wú)其他獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。據(jù)此可知，嬰兒能學(xué)會(huì)做那些會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)成功的感覺(jué)的事情，C項(xiàng)正確。

2.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Papousek,studies”定位至第三段：Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure（有足夠牛奶喝的嬰兒盡管會(huì)拒絕牛奶，但仍會(huì)愉快地繼續(xù)做學(xué)會(huì)的動(dòng)作）。因此，沒(méi)有得到牛奶的嬰兒會(huì)繼續(xù)做簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作，C項(xiàng)正確。

3.根據(jù)題干定位至第三段：Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplayoflights（普塞克很快發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果他們的動(dòng)作能“打開(kāi)”燈，四個(gè)月大的嬰兒也能學(xué)會(huì)左右轉(zhuǎn)頭）。因此，讓嬰兒轉(zhuǎn)頭是為了把燈打開(kāi)，A項(xiàng)正確。

4.根據(jù)題干“smileandbubble”定位至第四段：theywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandbubble”whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightoflightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccessthat...bringitunderintentionalcontrol（當(dāng)打開(kāi)光源時(shí)，嬰兒們盡管會(huì)“咯咯笑著吐泡泡”，但他們有時(shí)不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭來(lái)緊盯燈光。普塞克推斷，讓嬰兒們感到愉悅的主要原因，并不是燈光，而是解決問(wèn)題、掌握技巧獲得的成就感，是人類具有認(rèn)識(shí)世界和有意識(shí)控制世界的基本欲望）。據(jù)此可知，嬰兒會(huì)笑是因?yàn)樗麄兂晒Φ卮蜷_(kāi)了燈，D項(xiàng)正確。

5.根據(jù)題干定位至第四段：Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightoflightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccessthattheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol（普塞克推斷，讓嬰兒們感到愉悅的主要原因，不是燈光，而是解決問(wèn)題、掌握技巧獲得的成就感，是人類具有認(rèn)識(shí)世界和有意識(shí)控制世界的基本欲望）。據(jù)此可知，嬰兒從成功完成某件事中獲得的樂(lè)趣反映了人類想要了解和控制世界的基本欲望。

18.單選題

AcenturyagointheUnitedStates,whenanindividualbroughtsuitagainstacompany,publicopiniontendedtoprotectthatcompany.Butperhapsthisphenomenonwasmoststrikinginthecaseoftherailroads.Nearlyhalfofallnegligencecasesdecidedthrough1896involvedrailroads.Andtherailroadsusuallywon.

Mostofthecasesweredecidedinstatecourts,whentherailroadshadtheclimateofthetimesontheirsides.Governmentsupportedtherailroadindustry;theprogressrailroadsrepresentedwasnottobesloweddownbyrequiringthemoftentopaydamagestothoseunluckyenoughtobehurtworkingforthem.

Courtdecisionsalwayswentagainstrailroadworkers.Mr.Farwell,anengineer,losthisrighthandwhenaswitchman’snegligenceranhisengineoffthetrack.ThecourtreasonedthatsinceFarwellhadtakenthejobofanengineervoluntarilyatgoodpay,hehadacceptedtherisk.Thereforetheaccident,thoughavoidablehadtheswitchmenactedcarefully,wasa“pureaccident”.Ineffectarailroadcouldneverbeheldresponsibleforinjurytooneemployeecausedbythemistakeofanother.

InonecasewhereaPennsylvaniaRailroadworkerhadstartedafireatawarehouseandthefirehadspreadseveralblocks,causingwidespreaddamage,ajuryfoundthecompanyresponsibleforallthedamage.Butthecourtoverturnedthejury’sdecisionbecauseitarguedthattherailroad’snegligencewastheimmediatecauseofdamageonlytothenearestbuildings.Beyondthemtheconnectionwastooremotetoconsider.

Asthecenturyworeon,publicsentimentbegantoturnagainsttherailroads—againsttheireconomicandpoliticalpowerandhighfaresaswellasagainsttheircallousness（無(wú)情）towardindividuals.

1.Whatdoestheword“negligence”meaninthepassage?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueinFarwell’scase?

3.Whatmusthavehappenedafterthefirecasewassettledincourt?

4.ThefollowingarousedpublicresentmentEXCEPT（）.

5.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ignorance

B.arrogance

C.carelessness

D.depression

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Farwellwouldnothavebeeninjurediftheswitchmanhadbeenmorecareful.

B.Thecourtarguedthatthevictimhadacceptedtherisksincehehadwillinglytakenhisjob.

C.Thecourtdecidedthattherailroadshouldnotbeheldresponsible.

D.Farwellwasinjuredbecausehenegligentlyranhisengineoffthetrack.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Therailroadcompensatedforthedamagetotheimmediatebuildings.

B.Therailroadcompensatedforallthedamagebythefire.

C.Therailroadpaidnothingforthedamagedbuilding.

D.Therailroadworkerpaidforthepropertydamagehimself.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.politicalpower

B.highfares

C.economicloss

D.indifference

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.RailroadoppressingindividualsintheUS.

B.HistoryoftheUSrailroads.

C.Railroadworkers’workingrights.

D.Lawcasesconcerningtherailroads.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)題干“negligence”定位至第三段：Mr.Farwell,anengineer,losthisrighthandwhenaswitchman’snegligenceranhisengineoffthetrack（法威爾先生是鐵路公司的一名工程師，由于一名扳道工因negligence而導(dǎo)致機(jī)車脫離軌道，法威爾失去了右手）。由此推測(cè)negligence意為疏忽，過(guò)失。ignorance無(wú)知，愚昧，arrogance傲慢，carelessness粗心，疏忽，depression沮喪；經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條。據(jù)此可知，C項(xiàng)正確。

2.文章第三段指明是一位扳道工由于疏忽而導(dǎo)致機(jī)車脫離軌道，法威爾失去了右手，而非法威爾本人。D項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。

3.題干問(wèn)的是法院對(duì)火災(zāi)案的判決結(jié)果。第四段指出：ajuryfoundthecompanyresponsibleforallthedamage.Butthecourtoverturned...Beyondthemtheconnectionwastooremotetoconsider（陪審團(tuán)裁決鐵路公司負(fù)責(zé)全部損失，但法院推翻了陪審團(tuán)的決定，認(rèn)為鐵路公司的疏忽只是直接導(dǎo)致最鄰近的建筑物受到損失，因而只對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)任，而離得較遠(yuǎn)的房屋的損失則不在賠償范圍）。因此，鐵路公司只賠償最鄰近的建筑物受到的損失。

4.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞resentment定位至最后一段：Publicsentimentbegantoturnagainsttherailroads—againsttheireconomicandpoliticalpowerandhighfaresaswellasagainsttheircallousnesstowardindividuals（公眾輿論開(kāi)始反對(duì)鐵路公司——反對(duì)他們?cè)诮?jīng)濟(jì)和政治上的權(quán)力、高票價(jià)以及他們對(duì)個(gè)人的冷漠無(wú)情。據(jù)此可知，C選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)損失”不包括在里面。

5.本文主要討論的是與鐵路公司有關(guān)的法律案件。

19.單選題

Unfortunately,hisdamagingattacksontheramificationsoftheeconomicpolicyhavebeen（）byhiswholeheartedacceptanceofthatpolicy’sunderlyingassumptions.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.supplemented

B.undermined

C.redeemed

D.diverted

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：不幸的是，他對(duì)這項(xiàng)政策基本假設(shè)的衷心接受

了他之前對(duì)其分支的猛烈抨擊。supplemented增補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)充；undermined破壞，削弱；redeemed救贖，贖回，彌補(bǔ)；di-verted呼叫轉(zhuǎn)移，釋放。選項(xiàng)B“破壞”符合句意。

20.單選題

Thedifferencesbetweenthemaleandfemaleofthisspeciesbecomemore（）withage.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.divisible

B.pronounced

C.dictated

D.assured

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞辨析。這一物種雄性和雌性之間的差異隨著年齡的增加變得越發(fā)（）。

divisible可分的，可分割的；pronounced顯著的，斷然的，講出來(lái)的；dictated口述的；assured確定的，自信的。此題中與“差異”搭配的形容詞，只有選項(xiàng)B“顯著的”符合句意。

21.單選題

Hundredsoflocalresidentssigneda（）againstclosingtheswimming-pool.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.petition

B.perceive

C.partition

D.participation

【答案】A

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：數(shù)百名當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈炇鹆艘环莘磳?duì)關(guān)閉游泳池的請(qǐng)?jiān)笗?。因此選A。

22.單選題

Theunpleasanttasteofthemedicineprescribedbyafamousdoctor（）inhis

mouthforhours.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.rests

B.waited

C.prolonged

D.lingered

【答案】D

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。rests休息；waited等待；prolonged延長(zhǎng)；lingered逗留。句意：那位名醫(yī)開(kāi)的藥的討厭味道在他嘴里（）了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。因此D選項(xiàng)符合句意。

23.單選題

Hisideasareinvariablycondemnedas（）byhiscolleagues.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.imaginative

B.ingenious

C.impractical

D.theoretical

【答案】C

【解析】句意：他的想法總是被同事們認(rèn)為（）。condemn意為“譴責(zé)，反對(duì)”，表明其后的形容詞應(yīng)為貶義詞。A選項(xiàng)imaginative想象的，虛構(gòu)的；B選項(xiàng)ingenious聰明的，精巧的；C選項(xiàng)impractical不切實(shí)際的，不實(shí)用的；D選項(xiàng)theoretical理論上的。C選項(xiàng)impractical符合句意和邏輯。

24.單選題

Inrecentyears,teachersofintroductorycoursesinAsianAmericanstudieshavebeenfacingadilemmanonexistentafewdecadesago,whenhardlyanytextsinthatfieldwereavailable.Today,excellentanthologies（文選）andotherintroductorytextsexist,andbooksonindividualAsianAmeri-cansarepublishedalmostweekly.Evenprofessorswhoareexpertsinthefieldfinditdifficulttode-cidewhichofthesetoassigntostudents；non-expertswhoteachinrelatedareasandarelookingforwritingsforandbyAsianAmericantoincludeinsurveycoursesareinanevenworseposition.

Acomplicatingfactorhasbeenthecontinuinglackofspecializedone-volumereferenceworksonAsianAmericans,suchasbiographicaldictionariesordesktopencyclopedias.Suchworkswouldena-blestudentstakingAsianAmericanstudiescourses（andprofessorsinrelatedfields）tolookupbasicinformationonAsianAmericanindividuals,institutions,history,andculturewithouthavingtowadethrough（費(fèi)力地閱讀冗長(zhǎng)或艱深的材料）mountainsofprimarysourcematerial.Inaddition,given

suchworks,AsianAmericanstudiesprofessorsmightfeelmorefreetoincludemorechallengingAsianAmericanmaterialintheirintroductoryreadinglists,sincegoodreferenceworksallowstudentstoac-quireontheirownthebackgroundinformationnecessarytointerpretdifficultorunfamiliarmaterial.

1.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

2.The“dilemma”(Line2，Para.1)canbestbecharacterizedasbeingcausedbythenecessitytomakeachoicewhenfacedwitha（）

3.Biographicaldictionariesanddesktopencyclopediasare（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisimpliedabouttheintroductorycoursesinAsianAmericanstudiesafewdecadesago?

5.Accordingtothepassage,theexistenceofgoodone-volumereferenceworksaboutAsianAmeri-canscouldresultin（）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.respondingtoacriticism

B.describingacourseofstudy

C.discussingaproblem

D.evaluatingapastcourseofaction

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.lackofacceptablealternatives

B.lackofstrictstandardsforevaluatingalternatives

C.preponderanceofbadalternativesascomparedtogood

D.multitudeofdifferentalternatives

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.primarysourcematerials

B.introductorytexts

C.excellentanthologies

D.referencematerials

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Therangeofdifferenttextbooksthatcouldbeassignedforsuchwasextremelylimited.

B.Thetextsassignedasreadingsinsuchcourseswereoftennotverychallengingforstudents.

C.Studentsoftencomplainedaboutthetextsassignedtothem,insuchcourses.

D.Suchcourseswereofferedonlyatschoolswhoselibrarieswererichinprimarysources.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.increasedagreementamongprofessorsofAsianAmericanstudiesregardingthequalityofthesourcesavailableintheirfield

B.anincreaseinthenumberofstudentssighingupforintroductorycoursesinAsianAmericanstudies

C.increasedaccuracyinwritingsthatconcernAsianAmericanhistoryandculture

D.theinclusionofawiderrangeofAsianAmericanmaterialinintroductoryreadinglistsinAsi-anAmericanstudies

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨題。本文主要講述了亞美研究中教授基礎(chǔ)課程的老師一直面臨著不知道向?qū)W生推薦哪本教科書的困境。因此C項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段指出：Evenprofessorswhoareexpertsinthefieldfinditdifficulttodecidewhichofthesetoassigntostudents（即使是這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專家也很難推薦教科書），因此，D項(xiàng)“面臨多種選擇的困境”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Biographicaldictionariesanddesktopencyclopedias”定位至第二段：Acomplicatingfactorhasbeenthecontinuinglackofspecializedone-volumereferenceworksonAsianAmericans,suchasbiographicaldictionariesordesktopencyclopedias（一個(gè)復(fù)雜的原因是在亞裔美國(guó)人身上一直缺乏專門的一卷參考書，如傳記詞典或桌面百科全書）。因此，D項(xiàng)referencematerials（參考資料）正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段指出：Inrecentyears，teachersofintroductorycoursesinAsianAmericanstudieshavebeenfacingadilemmanonexistentafewdecadesago,whenhardlyanytextsinthatfieldwereavailable（近幾年來(lái)，亞美研究入門課程的教師們面臨著幾十年前不存在的兩難境地，當(dāng)時(shí)幾乎沒(méi)有這方面的教材）。因此，A項(xiàng)“能用作教科書的資料極其有限”正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段指出：sincegoodreferenceworksallowstudentstoacquireontheirownthebackgroundinformationnecessarytointerpretdifficultorunfamiliarmaterial（因?yàn)楹玫膮⒖假Y料可以讓學(xué)生獲得必要的背景信息并解讀難的不熟悉的資料）。因此D項(xiàng)“包含在更廣泛的亞美研究的閱讀書目中”正確。

25.單選題

Lymediseaseiscausedbybacteriathatare（）bydeertick.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.emitted

B.transmitted

C.communicated

D.distributed

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。B選項(xiàng)transmitted意為“傳播，傳染（疾?。薄＞湟猓喝R姆病是一種由鹿蜱傳播的細(xì)菌所（）的疾病。A選項(xiàng)emitted發(fā)出，發(fā)射；B選項(xiàng)transmitted傳播，傳染（疾?。籆選項(xiàng)communicated傳達(dá)，表達(dá)；D選項(xiàng)distributed分配，散布。B選項(xiàng)transmitted符合句意

26.單選題

Recentresearchhasclaimedthatanexcessofpositiveionsintheaircanhaveanilleffectonpeople’sphysicalorpsychologicalhealth.Whatarepositiveions?Well,theairisfullofions,electri-callychargedparticles,andgenerallythereisaroughbalancebetweenthepositiveandthenegativecharged.Butsometimesthisbalancebecomesdisturbedandalargerproportionofpositiveionsarefound.Thishappensnaturallybeforethunderstorm,earthquakeswhenwindssuchastheMistral,HamsinorSharavareblowingincertaincountries.Oritcanbecausedbyabuild-upofstaticelec-tricityindoorsfromcarpetsorclothingmadeofman-madefibers,orfromTVsets,duplicatorsorcom-puterdisplayscreens.

Whenalargenumberofpositiveionsarepresent,intheairmanypeopleexperienceunpleasanteffectssuchasheadaches,fatigue，irritability,andsomeparticularlysensitivepeoplesuffernauseaorevenmentaldisturbance.Animalsarealsoaffected,particularlybeforeearthquakes,snakeshavebeenobservedtocomeoutofhibernation,ratstofleefromtheirburrows,dogshowlandcatsjumpabout

unaccountably.ThishasledtheU.S.GeographicalSurveytofundanetwork,ofvolunteerstowatchanimalsinanefforttoforeseesuchdisastersbeforetheyhitvulnerableareassuchasCalifornia.

Conversely,whenlargenumbersofnegativeionsarepresent,thenpeoplehaveafeelingofwell-being.Naturalconditionsthatproducetheselargeamountsarenearthesea,closetowaterfallsorfountains,orinanyplacewherewaterissprayed,orformsaspray.Thisprobablyaccountsforthebeneficialeffectofaholidaybythesea,orinthemountainswithtumblingstreamsorwaterfalls.

Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeionsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionizers:smallportablemachines,whichgeneratenegativeions.Theyclaimthationizersnotonlycleanandrefreshtheairbutalsoimprovethehealthofpeoplesensitivetoexcesspositiveions.Ofcourse,therearethedetractors,otherscientists,whodismisssuchclaimsandareskepticalaboutnegative/posi-tiveionresearch.Thereforepeoplecanonlymakeuptheirownmindsbyobservingtheeffectson

themselves,oronothers，ofanegativerichorpoorenvironment.Afterallitisdebatablewhetherde-pendingonseismicreadingstoanticipateearthquakesismoreeffectivethanwatchingthecat.

1.Whateffectdoesexceedingpositiveionizationhaveonsomepeople?

2.Inaccordancewiththepassage,staticelectricitycanbecausedby（）.

3.Ahighnegativeioncountislikelytobefound（）.

4.Whatkindofmachinecangeneratenegativeionsindoors?

5.Accordingtothepassage,somescientistsbelievethat（）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theythinktheyareinsane.

B.Theybecomeratherbad-tempered.

C.Theybecomeviolentlysick.

D.Theyaretootiredtodoanything.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.usinghome-madegoods

B.wearingclothesmadeofnaturalmaterials

C.walkingoncarpets

D.cleaningcomputerscreens

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.nearaparkinglot

B.closetoaslow-flowingriver

C.insomebarrenmountains

D.byarotatingwatersprinkl