會計英語1－10課(英文版)

1、會計英語1110課Text 1 Accoountinng andd Its EnvirronmenntDevelopp an aaccounnting vocabbularyy for decission mmakingg. Acccountiing iss a syystem for mmeasurring, proceessingg, andd commmunicaating finanncial inforrmatioon. Ass the “l(fā)anguuage oof bussinesss,” accoountinng hellps a wide rangee of ddecisiio

2、n maakers. Accoountinng dattes baacks tto anccient civillizatiions, but iits immportaance tto socciety has bbeen ggreateest siince tthe Inndustrrial rrevoluution.Apply aaccounnting conceepts aand prrincipples tto anaalyze businness ttransaactionns. Thhe thrree baasic fforms of buusinesss orgganizaat

3、ion are tthe prroprieetorshhip, tthe paartnerrship, and the ccorporrationn. Whaateverr the form, accoountannts usse thee entiity coonceptt to kkeep tthe buusinessss rrecordds sepparatee fromm the persoonal rrecordds of the ppeoplee who run iit. Acccounttants at alll levvels mmust bbe ethhical to see

4、rve ttheir intennded ppurposse. Geenerallly acccepteed acccountiing prrincipples (GAAP) guidde acccountaants iin theeir woork. AAmong thesee guiddelinees aree the entitty conncept, the reliaabilitty priinciplle, thhe cosst priinciplle, thhe goiing-cooncernn conccept, and tthe sttablemmonetaary-unnit

5、 coonceptt.Use thee accoountinng equuationn to ddescriibe ann orgaanizattions finnanciaal possitionn. In its mmost ccommonn formm, thee accoountinng equuationn is AAssetss=Liabbilitiies + Ownerrs Equuity.Use thee accoountinng equuationn to aanalyzze bussinesss trannsactiions. Transsactioons afffects

6、s a buusinessss asssets, liabiilitiees, annd ownners equuity. Thereefore, trannsactiions aare annalyzeed in termss of ttheir effecct on the aaccounnting equattion.Preparee the finanncial stateementss. Thee finaanciall stattementts commmuniccate iinformmationn for decission mmakingg by tthe enntitys

7、manaagers, owneers, aand crreditoors annd by goverrnmentt agenncies. The incomme staatemennt preesentss a viideo oof thee entiitys opeeratioons inn termms of revennues eearnedd and expennses iincurrred duuring a speecificc periiod. TTotal revennues mminus totall expeenses equall net incomme. Neet in

8、ccome oor nett losss answwers tthe quuestioon, Hoow mucch inccome ddid thhe enttity eearn, or Hoow mucch losss didd it iincur durinng thee periiod? The stateement of owwners equuity rreportts thee channges iin ownners equuity dduringg the periood. Thhe ballance sheett provvides a phootograaph off th

9、e entittys finnanciaal staandingg in tterms of itts asssets, liabiilitiees, annd ownners equuity aat a sspeciffic tiime. IIt ansswers the qquestiion, WWhat iis thee entiitys finnanciaal possitionn? Thee stattementt of ccash fflows reporrts thhe cassh comming iin andd the cash goingg out durinng thee

10、 periiod. IIt ansswers, Wherre didd cashh comee fromm , annd, Whhere ddid itt go?Evaluatte thee perfformannce off a buusinesss. Hiigh neet inccome iindicaates ssuccesss in businness; net lloss iindicaates aa bad year.New worrds accountting 會會計學(xué)，結(jié)算算 measuree 估量，衡衡量，計算processs 初步分類類，整理 apply tto 把應(yīng)用于于

11、transacction 交易 principple 原理理proprieetorshhip 獨資資企業(yè)，所有有權(quán) partnerrship 合伙關(guān)系，合合伙企業(yè)corporaation 公司，企業(yè)業(yè) entity 實體，統(tǒng)一一的，權(quán)益ethicall 合乎道德德的 intendeed 預(yù)期的的GAAP 普通通會計原理 guideliine 方針針，指南entity conceept 主體體概念 reliabiility princcipal 可信性原則則cost prrincippal 成本本原則 goinng-conncern conceept 持續(xù)續(xù)經(jīng)營概念stable-moneyy-u

12、nitt conccept 穩(wěn)穩(wěn)定貨幣單位位的概念 equatioon 等式 ownerss equiity 投資資者權(quán)益financiial sttatemeent 財政政報表 agency 機(jī)構(gòu)income stateement 損益報表 video 說說明revenuees 總收入入 incurreent 遭受受minus 減減去 balancee sheeet 資產(chǎn)負(fù)負(fù)債表，決算算表indicatte 表明，暗暗示 expensees 開支，消消費Text 2 Reccordinng Bussinesss TrannsactiionDefinee key accouuntingg te

13、rmms: acccountt, leddger, debitt, andd creddit. TThe acccountt can be viiewed in thhe forrm of the lletterr “T”. Thee leftt sidee of eeach TT-accoount iis itss debiit sidde. Thhe rigght siide iss its crediit sidde. Thhe leddger, whichh conttains a reccord ffor eaach acccountt, grooups aand nuumberss

14、 accoounts by caategorry in the ffollowwing oorder: asseets, lliabillitiess, andd owneers equuity (and iits suubpartts, reevenuees andd expeenses).Apply the rrules of deebit aand crredit. Asseets annd exppensess are increeased revennues aare inncreassed byy creddits. Liabiilitiees, owwners equuity,

15、and rrevenuues arre inccreaseed by crediits annd deccreaseed by debitts. Thhe siddedebitt or ccredittof thhe acccount in whhich iincreaases aare reecordeed is that accouunts norrmal bbalancce. Thhus thhe norrmal bbalancce of assetts andd expeenses is a debitt, andd the normaal ballance of liiabiliit

16、ies, owneers equuity, and rrevenuues iss a crredit. The Withddrawalls acccount, whicch deccreasees ownners equuity, normaal hass a deebit bbalancce. Reevenuees, whhich aare inncreasses inn owneers equuity, have a norrmal ccreditt balaance. Expennses, whichh are decreeases in owwners equuity, have a

17、norrmal ddebit balannce.Recordd trannsactiions in thhe jouurnal. The accouuntantt begiins thhe reccordinng proocess by ennterinng thee transsactioons iinformmationn in tthe joournall, a cchronoologiccal liist off all the bbusineesss traansacttions.Post ffrom tthe joournall to tthe leedger. The infor

18、rmatioon is then posteed-traansferrred-tto thee ledgger acccountts. Poostingg refeerencees aree usedd to ttrace amounnts baack annd forrth beetweenn the journnal annd thee ledgger. BBusineesses list theirr accoount ttitless and numbeers inn a chhart oof acccountss.Preparre a ttrial balannce iss a su

19、ummaryy of aall thhe acccount balannce inn the ledgeer. Whhen doouble-entryy accoountinng hass beenn donee corrrectlyy, thee totaal creedits in thhe triial baalancee are equall.Set upp a chhart oof acccountss for a bussinesss. Thee firsst steep in accouuntingg is tto sett up tthe chhart oof acccount

20、ss.Analyzze traansacttions withoout a journnal. DDecisiion maakers must oftenn makee deciisionss withhout aa compplete accouuntingg systtem. TThey ccan annalyzee the transsactioons wiithoutt a joournall.We cann now tracee the flow of acccountting iinformmationn throough tthese stepss:Busineess Trran

21、sacction Sourcce Doccumentts Joournall Entrry Poostingg to LLedgerr Triial Baalancee.New worrdsledger 分類帳 debitt 記入借方方的款項，借借方assets 資產(chǎn) liabbilitiies 債務(wù)務(wù)subpartt 分類 chroonologgical 按時間順序序的transfeer 轉(zhuǎn)移 chaart 圖表表accounttant 會會計Text 3 Meassuringg Busiiness Incomme: thhe Adjjustinng ProocessDistinnguish

22、h accrrual bbasis accouuntingg fromm cashh-basiis acccountiing. IIn acccrual-basiss accoountinng, buusinesss eveents aare reecordeed as they affecct thee entiity. IIn cassh-bassis acccountting, only thosee evennts thhat afffect cash are rrecordded. TThe caash baasis oomits imporrtant eventts succh a

23、s purchhases and ssales of asssets on acccountt. It also distoorts tthe fiinanciial sttatemeents bby labbelingg as eexpensses thhose ccash ppaymennts thhat haave loong-teerm efffectss, succh as the ppurchaases oof buiildinggs andd equiipmentt. Somme smaall orrganizzationns, usse cassh-bassis acccoun

24、tting, but tthe geenerallly acccepteed metthod iis thee accrrual bbasis.Apply the rrevenuue andd matcching princcipless. Bussinessses diivide time into definnite pperiodds-suuch ass a moonth, a quaarter, and a yeaar-too repoort the eentityys fiinanciial sttatemeents. The yyear iis thee basiic acccou

25、ntiing peeriod, but compaanies prepaare fiinanciial sttatemeents aas oftten ass theyy needd the in- fformattion. Accouuntantts havve devvelopeed thee reveenue pprinciiple tto detterminne wheen to recorrd revvenue and tthe ammount of reevenuee to rrecordd. Thee matcching princciple guidees thee accoo

26、untinng forr expeenses.Make aadjustting eentriees at the eend off the accouuntingg periiod. AAdjustting eentriees aree a reesult of thhe acccrual basiss of aaccounnting. Thesse enttries, madee at tthe ennd of the pperiodd, upddate tthe acccountts forr prepparatiion off the finanncial stateementss. O

27、nee of tthe moost immportaant piieces of buusinesss infformattion iis nett incoome orr net loss, and the aadjustting eentriees hellp to measuure thhe nett incoome off the periood. Addjustiing enntriess can be diividedd intoo fivee cateegoriees: prrepaidd expeenses, deprreciattion, accruued exxpensee

28、s, acccruedd reveenues, and unearrned rrevenuues.Preparre an adjussted ttrial balannce. TTo preepare the aadjustted trrial bbalancce, ennter tthe addjustiing enntriess .nexxt to the uunadjuusted triall balaance aand coomputee eachh accoountss balaance.Preparre thee finaanciall stattementts froom the

29、e adjuusted triall balaance .The aadjustted trrial bbalancce cann be uused tto preepare the finanncial stateementss. Thee therre finnanciaal staatemennts arre rellated as foollowss: Inccome, shownn on tthe inncome stateement, incrreasess the ownerrs caapitall, whiich allso apppearss on tthe sttateme

30、ent off owneer s equitty. Thhe endding bbalancce of capittal iss the last amounnt repportedd on tthe baalancee sheeet.New Worrdsaccruall n. 自自然增長,自自然增長額 accruall-basiis acccountiing 權(quán)責(zé)責(zé)發(fā)生制 cash-baasis aaccounnting 現(xiàn)金收付制制 omit vtt. 省略，刪刪 distortt vt. 曲解 label vvt. 把列為 definitte adjj. 明確的的,確切的 account

31、ting pperiodd 結(jié)算期 revenuee prinnciplee 收益原則則 matchinng priinciplle 配比原原則 adjustiing enntriess 調(diào)整分錄錄 update vt . 使現(xiàn)代化 net inccome 純純收入 prepaidd expeenses 待攤費用 depreciiationn n.貶值值 accruedd expeense 應(yīng)應(yīng)計費用 accruedd reveenues 應(yīng)計收入 unaccruued revennues 未未實現(xiàn)收入 adjusteed triial baalancee 經(jīng)調(diào)整過過的試算表 unadjuss

32、ted ttrial balannce 未經(jīng)經(jīng)調(diào)整過的試試算表 Text 4 Complletingg the Accouuntingg Cyclle Prepaare ann accoountinng worrksheeet, Thhe acccountiing cyycle iis thee proccess bby whiich thhe acccountaants pproducce thee finaanciall stattementts forr a sppeciall periiod off timee. Thee cyclle staarts wwith tthe beegi

33、nniing acccountt balaances. Duriing thhe perriod，the bbusineess joournallizes transsactioons & postss themm to tthe leedger accouunts. At thhe endd of tthe peeriod, the traill balaance iis preeparedd, andd the accouunts aare addjusteed in orderr to mmeasurre thee periiods net iincomee or nnet looss.

34、 CCompleetion of thhe acccountiing cyycle iis aidded byy use of a work sheett. Thiis mullticollumnedd docuument summaarizess the effeccts off all the aactiviity off the periood. Use tthe woork shheet tto commpletee the accouuntingg cyclle. Thhe worrk sheeet iss neitther aa jourrnal nnor a ledgeer bu

35、tt mereely a conveenientt deviice foor commpletiing thhe acccountiing cyycle. It haas collumns for tthe trrail bbalancce, thhe adjjustmeents, the aadjustted trrail bbalancce, thhe inccome sstatemment, and tthe baalancee sheeet. Itt aidss the adjussting proceess, aand itt is tthe pllace wwhere the pp

36、eriodds neet inccome oor nett losss is ffirst compuuted. The wwork ssheet also proviides aa dataa for the ffinanccial sstatemments & thee clossing eentriees. Itt is nnot, hhoweveer, neecessiity. TThe acccountting ccycle can bbe commpleteed froom thee lesss elabboratee adjuusted traill balaance. Clos

37、ee the revennue, eexpensse, annd thee withhdrawaal acccountss. Revvenue, expeenses, and withddrawall reprresentt, inccreasees andd decrreasess in oowners equuity ffor a speciific pperiodd. At the eend off the periood, thheir bbalancces arre cloosed oout too zeroo, andd, forr thiss reasson, tthey aar

38、e caalled tempoorary accouunts. Assetts, liiabiliities, and capittal arre nott clossed beecausee theyy are the ppermannent aaccounnt. Thheir bbalancces att the end oof onee periiod beecome the bbeginnning bbalancces off the next periood. Thhe finnal acccuraccy cheeck off the periood is the ppostcllo

39、singg traiil ballance. Correect tyypicall accoountinng errrors. Accouuntantts corrrect errorrs by makinng corrrect journnal enntriess. Classsify aassetss and liabiilitiees as curreent orr longg-termm. Thee balaance ssheet reporrts cuurrentt and long-term assetts andd currrent aand loong-teerm liiabi

40、liities. It ccan bee pressentedd in rreportt formmat orr accoount fformatt. Use tthe cuurrentt & deebt raatios to evvaluatte a bbusineess. TTwo deecisioon-makking aaids aare thhe currrent ratioototaal currrent assetts divvided by tootal ccurrennt liaabilittiesaand thhe debbt rattiotootal lliabilliti

41、ess diviided bby tottal asssets.New Worrdsaccountting ccycle 會計循環(huán) accoount bbalancce 帳戶余余額journallize 記記日記帳 ledgger 分類類帳，分戶帳帳ledger accouunt 分戶戶帳目 comppletioon 完成，結(jié)結(jié)束multicoolumneed 欄目縱縱橫的 workksheett 備忘單，工工作底稿computee 計算，估估算 cllosingg entrries 項項目終結(jié)elaboraate 詳盡盡闡述的 withddrawall 提款temporaary acccou

42、ntt 臨時帳戶戶 permmanentt accoount 永永久帳戶postcloosing traill balaance 結(jié)結(jié)帳后試算 currrent 流動的，通通用的report formaat 報告試試 accoount fformatt 帳戶試ratio 比比率 currrent rratio 流動比率debt raatio債務(wù)務(wù)比率 dividde 整除 Teext 5 Mercchandiising and the AAccounnting Use saless, grooss maargin, and operaating incomme to evaluuate aa

43、comppany. The mmajor revennue off a meerchanndisinng bussinesss is. saless reveenue, or neet salles. TThe maajor eexpensse is cost of gooods ssold. Net ssales minuss costt of ggoods sold is caalled grosss marggin, oor grooss prrofit. Thiss amouunt meeasurees thee busiiness s suuccesss or ffailurre i

44、n selliing itts prooductss at aa highher prrice than it paaid foor theem. The invoiice iss the businness ddocumeent geeneratted byy a puurchasse or sale transsactioon. Moost meerchanndisinng enttitiess offeer disscountts to theirr custtomerss and alloww themm to rreturnn unsuuitablle merrchanddise.

45、They also grantt alloowancees forr damaaged ggoods that the bbuyer choosses too keepp. Disscountts andd Retuurns aand Alllowannces aare coontra accouunts tto Salles Reevenuee. Accoount ffor thhe purrchasee and sale of innventoory. TThe meerchanndiserrs maajor aasset is innventoory. IIn a mmerchaandi

46、siing enntity the aaccounnting cyclee is ffrom ccash tto invventorry as the iinventtory iis purrchaseed forr resaale, aand baack too cashh as tthe innventoory iss soldd. Comppute ccost oof gooods soold annd grooss maargin. Costt of ggoods sold, or ccost oof salles, iis thee costt of tthe innventoory

47、 thhat thhe bussinesss has sold. It iis thee larggest ssinglee expeense oof mosst merrchanddisingg busiinessees. Grross mmarginn equaals neet salles reevenuee minuus cosst of goodss soldd. Adjuust annd cloose thhe acccountss of aa mercchandiising businness. The eend-off-periiod addjustiing annd cloo

48、sing proceess off a meerchanndisinng bussinesss is ssimilaar to that of a serviice buusinesss. Inn addiition, a meerchanndiserr adjuusts iinventtory ffor thheft llossess, dammage, and aaccounnting errorrs. Preppare aa mercchandiiserss finaanciall stattementts. Thhe inccome sstatemment mmay apppear i

49、n thhe sinngle-sstep fformatt or tthe muultiplle-steep forrmat. A sinngle-sstep iincomee stattementt has only two ssectioons-oone foor revvenuess and the oother for eexpensses-aand a singlle inccome aamountt for net iincomee. A mmultipple-sttep inncome stateement has ssubtottals ffor grross mmarginn

50、 and incomme froom opeeratioons. BBoth fformatts aree wideely ussed. Use thhe grooss maargin perceentagee and the iinventtory tturnovver raatio tto evaaluatee a buusinesss. Twwo keyy deciision aids for aa mercchandiiser aare thhe grooss margiin perrcentaage annd thee ratee of iinventtory tturnovver

51、.IIncreaases iin theese mmeasurres inn thesse meaasure usuallly siignal an inncreasse in profiits. New WWords merchanndisinng bussinesss 商品流通通企業(yè) sales revennue = net ssales 銷售凈收入入 cost oof gooods soold= ccost oof salles 銷售售產(chǎn)品成本，銷銷售成本 minus 減去 gross margiin = ggross profiit 毛利潤潤 invoicce 發(fā)票 discouunt

52、 折扣扣 allowaance 折折讓 returnn 退貨 inventtory存貨貨 end-off-periiod 期終終 theft loss 失竊造成的的損失 singlee-stepp formmat單步驟驟化格式 multisstep formaat多步驟化化格式 subtottal 小小計，部分和和 percenntage比比例，比率 turnovver周轉(zhuǎn) gross margiin perrcentaage 毛利利潤比例 rate oof invventorry turrnoverr 存貨周轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)率 Textt 6 AAccounnting Inforrmatioon Sys

53、stemsDescriibe thhe feaaturess of aan efffectivve acccountiing innformaation systeem. Ann effeectivee accoountinng infformattion ssystemm shouuld caapturee and summaarize transsactioons quuicklyy, acccurateely, aand ussefullly. Itt shouuld geeneratte a vvarietty of accouuntingg repoorts, incluuding

54、finanncial stateementss and triall balaances, thatt aid managgementt in ooperatting aa busiiness. The four majorr aspeects off a goood acccountting ssystemm are (1) ccontrool oveer opeeratioons, (2)commpatibbilityy withh the partiicularr feattures of thhe bussinesss, (3) flexxibiliity in reesponsse

55、to changges inn the businness, and (4) a favorrable cost/beneffit reelatioonshipp suchh thatt beneefits outweeigh ccosts.Undersstand how ccomputterizeed andd manuual acccountting ssystemms aree usedd. Commputerrized accouuntingg systtems pprocesss inpputs ffasterr thann do mmanuall systemss and can

56、ggeneraate moore tyypes oof repports. The key ccomponnents of a compuuterizzed acccountting systeem aree harddware, softtware, and compaany peersonnnel. AAccounnt nummbers play a biggger rrole iin thee operrationn of ccomputterizeed systeems thhan thhey doo in mmanuall systtems, becauuse coomputeers

57、 cllassiffy acccountss by aaccounnt nummbers. Bothh compputeriized aand maanual accouuntingg systtems rrequirre traansacttions to bee classsifieed by type. Compputeriized ssystemms usee a meenu sttructuure too orgaanize accouuntingg funcctionss. Possting, triaal ballancess, finnanciaal staatemennts,

58、 aand cllosingg proccedurees aree carrried oout auutomatticallly in a commputerrized accouuntingg systtem. CComputterizeed acccountiing syystemss are integgratedd so tthat tthe diiffereent mooduless of tthe syystem are uupdateed toggetherr.Undersstand how sspreaddsheetts aree usedd in aaccounnting.

59、Spreeadsheeets aare ellectroonic wwork ssheetss whosse griid poiints, or ceells, are llinkedd by mmeans of foormulaas. Thhe nummericaal rellationnshipss in tthe sppreadssheet are mmaintaained wheeneverr channges aare maade too the spreaadsheeet. Sppreadssheetss are ideaally ssuitedd to ddetailled co

60、omputaationss as iin buddgetinng.Use thhe salles joournall, thee cashh receeipts journnal, aand thhe acccountss receeivablle subbsidiaary leedger. Manuual acccountting ssystemms usee speccial jjournaals too recoord trransacctionss by ccategoory. CCreditt salees aree recoorded in a saless jourrnal, a