2022年吉林在職攻讀碩士聯(lián)考考試模擬卷5測

1、2022年吉林在職攻讀碩士聯(lián)考考試模擬卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題，作答時間為180分鐘，總分100分，60分及格。）單位：姓名:考號：題號單選題多項選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分一、單項選擇題(共50題，每題2分。每題的備選項中，只有一個最符合題意)1. If you think you can make the pIanet better by clever shoppingf think again. You might make it worse. You probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself wit

2、h lots of opportunities to express your op ini ons. I f you are wor r i ed about the env i ronment, you m i ght buy organ i c food; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a disI ike of evi I multinationaI companies and rampant globaliza

3、tion by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, uni ike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time. Sadly, its not that easy. (41). PeopIe who want to make the world a better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits: transforming the pIan

4、et requires dul ler disci pl i nes, I ike pol it ics. Organ i c food, which is grown w i thout man-made pesticides and fertiIisers, is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendly than conventionaI intensive farming, which is heavily reliant on chemical inputs. But it al I depends on what y

5、ou mean by env i ronmentaI Iy fr iend Iy. Farming is inherently bad for the envi ronment: since humans took it up around 11 000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massive scale. (42) . Organic methods, which rely on crop rotation, manure and compost in place of ferti I iser, are far l

6、ess intensive. So producing the worlds current agr icultural output organicaI Iy wouId requi re several times as much land as is currently cultivated. There wouldnt be much room left for the rainforest. Fai rtrade food is designed to raise poor farmers incomes. It is sold at a higher price than ordi

7、nary food, with a subsidy passed back to the farmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because of overproduction, (43) .Surely the case for local food, produced as close as possible to the consumer in order to minimise food miles and, by extension, carbon emissions, is clear Surprisingl

8、y, it is not. A study of Britains food system found that nearly half of food-vehicle miles (i. e. , miles travel led by vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops. Most peopIe Iive closer to a supermarket than a farmers market, so more I oca I food cou I d mean more food

9、-veh ic Ie mi les. Mov i ng food around in big, careful ly packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the most eff ic i ent way to transport the stuffWhats more, once the energy used in production as we 11 as transport is taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green. (44

10、) . And the I oca I -food movements aims, of course, contradict those of the Fairtrade movement, by discouraging rich-country consumers from buy i ng poor-country produce. But since the I oca I-food movement looks suspiciously I ike old-fashioned protectionism masquerading as concern for the envi ro

11、nment, helping poor countries i s presumably not the point. (45), The problems I ie in the means, not the ends. The best thing about the spread of the ethicaI-food movement is that it offers grounds for hope. It sends a signaI that there is an enormous appetite for change and widespread frustration

12、that governments are not doing enough to preserve the envi ronment, reform worId trade or encourage development. 41 ()A. The aims of much of the eth i ca I -food movement-to protect the environment, to encourage deveIopment and to redress the distortions in gIobaI trade-are admi rable.B.By ma i nta

13、i n i ng the price, the Fai rtrade system encourages farmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifying into other crops and so depresses prices-thus achieving, for most farmers, exact I y the opposite of what the initiative is intended to do.Proper free trade would be by far the

14、best way to help, poor farmers. Taxing carbon would price the cost of emissions into the price of goods, and retai lers would then have an i ncent i ve to source I oca I I y if it saved energy.There are good reasons to doubt the claims made about three of the most popular varieties of ethicaI food:

15、organic food, Fairtrade food and local food.But fol lowing the green revolution of the 1960s greater use of chemical fertiIiser has tripled grain yields with very IittIe increase in the area of land under cultivation.F.And since only a smalI fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actuaI Iy goes

16、to the farmer-most goes to the retai ler-the system gives rich consumers an infIated impression of their largesse and makes alleviating poverty seem too easy.G.Producing lamb in New Zea I and and shipping it to Britain uses less energy than producing British lamb, because fanning in New Zea I and i

17、s less energy-intensive.2. The International Whaling Commission&rsquo； s (IWC) decision to retain its ban on whaling does not mean that the killings will stop. Quite the (1) . Save the Whale. It&rsquo； s a phrase which became annoying with (2), an unfavorable shorthand for liberal consciences. How a

18、ppalling, then, that in the year 2010, it should be pressed (3) service again, to fight the whaling nations： Norway and Iceland, who exempted themselves from the 1986 prohibition (4) by the IWC, and Japan, which hunts whales under cover of "； (5) research"；. I am completely (6) by this week&

19、rsquo；s events in Morocco, where talks broke down. In my heart, I agree with those who have (7) the news that this year&rsquo； s negotiations of the IWC have broken up, and (8) the prohibition would not be lifted (as the US proposed in a desperate (9) to break the deadlock). Yet reason (10) somethin

20、g else. If we do not (11) some kind of new control, the (12) will be able to go on with their slaughter (13) . Membership of the IWC is (14) , and the ban was only ever intended to be (15) . Japan, which has been buying the votes of nations with no interest in whaling (only in the 16 Japan offers in

21、 turn), will continue to press its case, having invested millions of dollars in its (17). Geoffrey Palmer, New Zealand&rsquo；s Commissioner at the IWC, has proposed a year-long (18) period. In the meantime, more whales will die. We stand at a crossroad for whales. We see the (19) existence of these

22、animals as an indicator of ecological threat. As symbols of an endangered world, they evoke, and provoke, a feeling that they have the same qualities as human on a scale equal to their size and supposed (20). To some this is so much sentimental words in the New Age.()conditionsituationreversecontras

23、t3. Those of us hurrying to finish our taxes by tomor row&r squo; s dead I ine wi I I probably be subjected to thoughts of the I. R. S. (Internal Revenue Service) as an al I-powerful bul ly. But the truth is, the government is not always a match for the tax advisors of wealthy people, so a lot of ta

24、xes wi I I go unpaid at the top of the income scale. Lawyers who represent high-income taxpayers earn more than 10 times what senior government lawyers doan obvious disadvantage for the government agencies in attracting and retaining top talent. The lawyers who write our tax rules are overworked and

25、 somet imes inexper ienced, so that they I eave loopholes that are exploited by more exper ienced private lawyers. And the government always loses cases which it shouId win, and provides private lawyers with precedents. As this vicious cycle shows, skimping （節(jié)約）on tax administration i s a fa Ise eco

26、nomy. Instead, if we substantially increase government salaries and staffing levels, we can raise more revenue, with lower tax rates and less waste. Four reforms shouId be adopted immediately. First, the government shouId focus on hiring taIented young lawyers, since the pay disparity with the priva

27、te sector is narrower for them. These efforts wi I I be more effective if Congress helps new graduates repay student loans, which often are more than $100,000. A loan repayment program would be a powerful recruiting device. Second, the government shouId tap another promising taI ent poo I recent ret

28、 i rees from private pract i ce to mentor young lawyers. The salary gap is less of an issue for retirees, and the opportunity to give back to the tax system can be quite appeaI ing. Third, the government shouId retain a smalI team of a dozen top tax lawyers at salaries closer to the market rate. The

29、y can serve as a rapid reaction force, deciding whether to shut down a new aggressive strategy i mmed i ate Iy or to let it be evaIuated through usual government channeIs. Fourth, the government shouId retain pr ivate lawyers to he Ip with high-priority projects. An important constraint is that lawy

30、ers who represent pr i vate c I i ents may view it as a conf I i ct to he I p the government. But this is not always true. Through bar associations, private lawyers already volunteer to review proposed changes in the tax law and offer ways to improve them. Tax academics can also be a valuable and co

31、nf I i ct-free source of expert i se, si nee they ord i nar i ly do not represent cl ients. And some tax I itigators (訴訟律師)may view it as a prestigious opportunity and a patriotic service to represent the government in a tax case that could set an important precedent.The tax system can be only as st

32、rong as the peopIe who run it, so the government has to recruit and retain the most promising talent. A tax system can be fai r and eff icient only when it is administered soundly.The text suggests that the wealthy peopIe in the U. S. ().A.SeIdom pay their taxes.Always hurry to finish thei r taxes b

33、y the dead Iine.EmpIoy advisors m avoid tax payments.D.Enjoy the same tax rate as peopIe with ordinary income.4.Astronaut Jim Voss has enjoyed many memorable moments in his career, including three space flights and one space walk. But he recalls with special fondness a decidedly earthbound experienc

34、e in the summer of 1980, when he participated in the NASA-AS-EE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program. Voss, then a science teacher at West Point, was assigned to the Marshall Space Flight Center&rsquo；s propulsion lab in Alabama to analyze why a hydraulic fuel pump seal on the space shuttle was working

35、 so well when previous seals had failed. It was a seemingly tiny problem among the vast complexities of running the space program. Yet it was important to NASA because any crack in the seals could have led to destructive results for the astronauts who relied on them. "； I worked a bit with NASA

36、engineers,"； says Voss, "；but I did it mostly by analysis. I used a handheld calculator, not a computer, to do a thermodynamic analysis. "；At the end of the summer, he, like the other NASA-ASEE fellows working at Marshall, summarized his findings in a formal presentation and detailed pap

37、er. It was a valuable moment for Voss because the ASEE program gave him added understanding of NASA, deepened his desire to fly in space, and intensified his application for astronaut status. It was not an easy process. Voss was actually passed over when he first applied for the astronaut program in

38、 1978. Over the next nine years he reapplied repeatedly, and was finally accepted in 1987. Since then he has participated in three space missions. The 50-year-old Army officer, who lives in Houston, is now in training for a four-month mission as a crew member on the International Space Station start

39、ing in July 2000. Voss says the ASEE program is wonderful for all involved. "； It brings in people from the academic world and gives NASA a special property for a particular period of time. It brings some fresh eyes and fresh ideas to NASA, and establishes link with our colleges and universities

40、,"； Voss explains, ftquot；There&rsquo； s an exchange of information and an exchange of perspectives that is very important. "；For the academic side, Voss says, the ASEE program also "；brings institutions of higher learning more insight into new technology. We give them an opportunity to

41、work on real-world problems and take it back to the classroom. Why was the hydraulic fuel pump seal important for the space shuttle ? ()Because previous seals all failed.Because it was very complex in running the space program.Because great care has to be taken of the hydraulic fuel pump sealing. D.

42、 Because any crack in the seals would cause disastrous results for the astronauts.5. In November the European Par Iiaments culture and educat ion committee is due to move forward on its proposed audiovisuaI media services directive, before sending it to the fulI par I lament in December. The new rul

43、es update and relax the TeI evision W i thout Frontiers directive of 1989, which opened Europes nationaI markets. But critics comp lain that they also seek to extend fusty regulations from the era of broadcast television to todays very d i fferent techno I og i es. Ru I es on advert i s i ng, the pr

44、otect i on of ch i Idren and so on could potent i a 11y also apply to al I kinds of video streams, including vi deo b I ogs, online games and mob i I e-v i deo serv i ces. Th i s cou I d have a chilling effect on innovation and risks stifling emerging technologies with rules designed for another age

45、t says Chris Marsden of RAND Europe, a th i nk-tank that has analysed the potent i a I i mpact of the proposed rules for Ofcom, Br itains media and te I ecoms regulator. Regulators have to be thoughtfuI. They cannot predict the future of television or the internetno one can, says Niklas Zennstr. m,

46、a co-founder of Skype, who is now setting up an internet te I ev i s i on f i rm. The proposed ru I es may be unrea I i st ic as we I I as onerous. The idea that websites can be regulated I ike broadcasters, which are requi red to keep strict records of what they show in order to help watchdogs inve

47、st igate complaints, is untenable. Fi rms could simply relocate outside the European Union to escape the new rules. Last week Ruth Hieronymi, a member of pari iament, said she wouId introduce wording that might help to overcome some of the objections. Behind the debate is the question of how best to

48、 balance competition and protection. Traditional broadcasters worry that they wi I I be shackled by regulations while brisk start-ups can do as they pleaseso they I ike the idea of extending regulation to thei r new rivals. But even if the rules are approved as they stand, they wi I I not come into

49、force unti I 2010. Such a long, slow process seems incongruous given the pace of technological change.According to the text, the new rules ().A.seek to revise the previous regulationB.comp I a i ned by many educatorsC.passed by European Par Iiament in 1989D.opened Europes nat i onaI markets6. People

50、 don&rsquo；t want to buy information online. Why Because they don&rsquo；t have to. No more than that because they&rsquo；re used to not paying for it. That&rsquo；s the conventional wisdom. Slate, Microsoft&rsquo； s online politics-and-cu 11ure magazine, is an oft-cited example of the failed attempts

51、to charge a fee for access to content. So far, for most publishers, it hasn&rsquo；t worked. But nothing on the Web is a done deal. In September graphics-soft-ware powerhouse Adobe announced new applications that integrate commerce into downloading books and articles online, with Simon &； Schuster

52、, Barnes and Noble, and Salon, corn among its high-profile partners. Some analysts put the market for digitized publishing at more than $100 billion. Of course, if the Internet can generate that kind of money&mdash； some might say almost any kind of money&mdash；people want in. And this couldn&rsquo；

53、t come at a better time. Newspaper and magazine writers in particular are increasingly frustrated by their publishers, which post their writings online but frequently don&rsquo； t pay them extra. So here&rsquo； s the good news： Fathrain. com, the third biggest book-seller on the Net&mdash； after Ama

54、zon, com and Barnesandnoble. corn&mdash；is now doing just what the publishing industry that made it a success fears. , it&rsquo；s offering a secure way to pay for downloadable manuscripts online. Fatbrain calls it offshoot eMatter. With it, the company&rsquo；s executives have the radical notion of o

55、usting publishers from the book-selling business altogether by giving writers 50% of each and every sale (To reel in authors, eMatter is running a 100% royalty promotion until the end of the year.) Suggested prices to consumers range from a minimum $ 2 to $ 20, depending on the size of the book to d

56、own1oad. "；This will change publishing forever!"； Chris MaeAskill, co-founder and chief executive ofFatbrain, declares with the bravado of an interior decorator. "；With eBay, anybody could sell antiques. Now anybody can be published. "； There&rsquo； s been no shortage of authors want

57、ing in. Within a few weeks, according to the company, some 2,000 writers signed on to publish their works. Some of this is technical stuff&mdash；Fatbrain got where it is by specializing in technical books&mdash； but there are some well-known writers like Catherine Lanigan, author of Romancing the St

58、one, who has put her out-of-print books and a new novella on the site. Another popular draw is Richard Bach, who agreed to post a 23short story to the site. Not everyone thinks downloadable documents are the biggest thing in publishing since Oprah&rsquo；s Book Club. "；I think it will appeal to s

59、ellers more than buyers,"； says Michael May, a digitalcommerce analyst at Jupiter Communications, which released a report that cast doubt on the market&rsquo；s potential. "；A lot of people are going to publish gibberish. The challenge is to ensure the quality of the work. "； Blaine Mathi

60、eu, an analyst at Gartner Group&rsquo； s Dataquest, says, "；Most people who want digital content want it immediately, I don&rsquo；t know if this model would satisfy their immediate need. Even authors may not find that Web distribution of their works is going to bring them a pot of gold. For one