專業(yè)英語期末考試

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)南 昌 大 學(xué) 考 試 試 卷【適用時間：20 14 20 15 學(xué)年第 一 學(xué)期 試卷類型： A 卷】教師填寫欄課程編號：Z6020X0013 課程名稱：專業(yè)外語開課學(xué)院：考試形式：適用班級：說明：題號一二三四五六七八九十總分累分人簽 名題分100得分考生填寫欄考生姓名：考生學(xué)號：所屬學(xué)院：所屬班級：所屬專業(yè)：單詞總數(shù)： Pricing, Water 水的價值A(chǔ)n acquaintance once said that every water faucet in Ne

2、w York City leaks. She was exaggerating, of course, but her point was that New Yorkers do not take the time or spend the money to repair leaks. Why? Most residents of the city pay a flat fee for their water. For a fixed monthly charge, residents can use as much water as they want. is zero. Hence, th

3、e wasted water costs them nothing, aside from the of listening to the drip. But why should anyone worry about the cost of water? 一位熟人曾說;紐約的每一個水龍頭都漏水。當(dāng)然她有些夸張，但是她想說的重點是紐約人不花費時間或金錢去修。為什么呢？因為這個城市的大部分居民付的公寓費用中包含了水費。每月付固定的費用，居民可以無限量用水。邊際成本為零。因此，除了厭煩聽滴水聲之外，浪費的水不花他們一分錢。The figure shows recent prices of an a

4、dditional 1,000 gallons per month in several U.S. cities in 2001, ranging from $1.25 to nearly $3.00. (Water rates in other countries often are considerably higher.) For most Americans, this is a very small part of their budgets. Even so, study after study has shown that most water users will indeed

5、 respond to a higher price by fixing leaks, using a instead of a hose to clean the driveway, and otherwise conserving water. Imposing a charge, or raising it, forces users to rethink, even if only informally, their marginal benefit/marginal cost computations and adjust consumption accordingly. 這份數(shù)據(jù)顯

6、示2001年在美國的若干個城市每個月額外1000加侖水的價格的范圍在1.25美元到接近3美元。（其他城市的水費經(jīng)常高出很多。）對于大多數(shù)美國人來說，這只是他們預(yù)算的一小部分。即便如此，一項又一項的研究顯示了大多數(shù)用戶真的將付更多的錢去修水龍頭，用掃帚而不是水管清理車道，亦或是儲水。計量收費，或是提高價格，會使用戶重新思考他們的邊際效益或是邊際成本，并相應(yīng)地調(diào)整消費，即使只是隨便想想。What is Waters True Cost? 什么是水的實際成本？Even when water utilities use a quantity charge instead of a fixed fee,

7、 they often set the quantity charge too low. Typical public water utilities design their rates to cover out-of-pocket costs, but such costs often fall short of the true economic value of extracting and distributing water. 即便用水采用計量收費取代了固定費用，他們經(jīng)常把收費設(shè)得很低。通常公共用水設(shè)置的價格會覆蓋實付成本，但是這樣的成本經(jīng)常達不到取水和運水的實際經(jīng)濟效益。Subs

8、idies. 資助First, governments often subsidize water infrastructure . Developers often must contribute ready-to-use water systems to the utility. These subsidies do not come directly from the and hence do not show up in their accounting records. 首先，政府經(jīng)常資助水利基層建設(shè)。開發(fā)者必須經(jīng)常為公共設(shè)施貢獻現(xiàn)成的供水系統(tǒng)。這些資助不是直接來源于公共事業(yè)公司，因

9、此并不是要炫耀他們的會計記錄。Capital Equipment. 資本設(shè)備（固定設(shè)備）Second, capital equipmentpumps, water mains, buildings, and so onis a major element of total water cost and tends to last for several decades. Replacing a water main built, for example, 40 years ago would cost almost six times the original cost because of

10、alone. Yet few if any utilities update the value of aging capital equipment when they add up costs. 其次，在過去的幾十年中固定設(shè)備是自來水成本的關(guān)鍵因素-水泵、自來水總管道、建筑物等等，例如由于通貨膨脹本身導(dǎo)致更換修建主管道的成本是四十年前的六倍，然而當(dāng)固定成本疊加的時，沒有任何實用方法更新設(shè)備老化Scarcity Value. 貨缺價值Third, water in the ground or in a stream is valuable because it is scarce. The

11、right to divert water from a stream or to pump it from an aquifer is an asset of growing value to utility companies But again is often ignored in standard accounting practice. One study estimated scarcity value to be at least as large as all other conventionally reckoned costs together. Similarly, a

12、ny environmental costs incurred in providing public water supplies should be added to water rates. 最后，地表水和小溪非常有價值在于他們稀缺，南水北調(diào)工程的從流或用水泵引水的權(quán)利是一項資產(chǎn)的價值增長給公共事業(yè)公司，但又常常被忽略的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)會計實務(wù)。一項研究估計要在一起至少和其他常規(guī)的計算費用一樣大的稀缺價值。同樣地，在提供公共供水系統(tǒng)的任何環(huán)境的費用應(yīng)添加到水費。Pricing as a Conservation Incentive 作為保護激勵定價For the reasons outlined a

13、bove, water rate schedules based on the utilitys out-of-pocket costs leave consumers paying less than they should. And since consumers pay too little, they use too much. 基于上面列舉的原因，基于實用程序的自付費用的水率計劃使得消費者支付的少于他們應(yīng)該交的。而且因為消費者支付太少，他們使用太多。However, an increasing number of water utilities have recognized the

14、 potential of pricing to provide an incentive for their customers to conserve water. Some (Seattle, Washington and southern California, for example) have refined the notion, charging higher rates during droughts or in dry seasons or for unexpectedly large quantities. 然而，越來越多的自來水公司已經(jīng)承認定價為他們的客戶可以節(jié)約用水提

15、供了一個潛在誘因，一些地方自來水公司像華盛頓州、西雅圖市和南部的加利福尼亞州重新定價，在干旱期間或在干旱季節(jié)或沒有大批量訂貨收取更高利率But if water is priced at its full economic cost, what about the poor? Several major cities have taken at least tentative steps toward establishing what is called an inclined-block water rate schedule, as shown here: 但是但如果水價在其充分的經(jīng)濟成

16、本，窮人呢？幾個主要城市已采取了至少初步步驟建立階梯價格的水率附表，如下所示：Ideally, customers under this system would pay a low rate for the first few thousand gallons used, but the rate would rise until they pay the full marginal cost for the last thousand gallons. The criterion of marginal benefits equals marginal costs would be met

17、, and yet even the poorest could afford at least a basic amount. 理想情況下，在這個階梯價格體系下的客戶只需支付低速率就可以使用幾千加侖水，但速率 會上升，直到他們?yōu)樽詈髱浊Ъ又Ц度康娜呺H成本，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的邊際效益的等于邊際費用，然而，讓即使最窮的用戶能至少一個基本自來水的使用量。Trending Toward Demand Management. 需求管理的趨勢On average, Americans use more than 1,000 gallons of water per day. The amount necessa

18、ry to sustain life processes is quite small, perhaps a few gallons per day. Of the difference, how much is really needed for bathing, laundry, housecleaning, car washing, lawn and garden care, filling the swimming pool, and so on? Clearly, if consumers are presented with the right incentive, they ca

19、n conserve on water use. 平均來看，美國人每天使用超過 1000 加侖的水，維持生命過程所需量很小，也許幾加侖每一天，區(qū)別在于，多少是真正用于沐浴、 洗衣、 打掃房間、 洗車、 草坪和花園的護理，灌裝游泳池，等等？顯然，如果現(xiàn)在適當(dāng)?shù)募钕M者，他們就可以節(jié)約用水。This article has considered mainly residential water users, but similar considerations apply to businesses and farms that use water. Farmers, for example,

20、have developed highly sophisticated means of conservation by determining exactly how much water each plant needs and applying just that amount, but adjusting for water costs. Hotels install low-flow showerheads and toilets. Car washes and many other businesses water. 這篇文章已被視為主要的居民水使用，與此同時類似的考慮適用于企業(yè)和

21、用水的農(nóng)場，舉個例子，農(nóng)民有由高度熟練的養(yǎng)護手段確定每一種作物需要多少水和使用多少量。但調(diào)整后的水成本，使得酒店安裝低流量蓮蓬頭和廁所，洗車和許多其他企業(yè)重復(fù)利用水。Most public utilities and other water-supply agencies try to accommodate growth in water demand by looking for additional water sources to develop; this is supply-side management. But growth can often be met by conser

22、vation in the use of existing sources; this is demand management. Some utilities go so far as to charge a premium during the dry season, for unanticipated high water demands, or during periods of drought. Pricing is a powerful tool of growing importance in the toolkits of water managers and environm

23、entalists. 大部分的公用事業(yè)和其他供水機構(gòu)嘗試通過尋找更多水源，以發(fā)展適應(yīng)水需求的增長，這是供應(yīng)方面的管理。但發(fā)展靠對現(xiàn)有水資源的利用保護，這是需求方面的管理。在干旱季節(jié)和期間甚至向一些公用事業(yè)單位收取額外的費用對非預(yù)期的高水的需求，定價是日益重要的水資源管理者和環(huán)保主義者工具包中的有力工具。EFFECTS OF SUBSIDIES 附加的影響As anyone who has seen the Gone with the Wind knows, cotton was once the of the southern United States. No more. Cotton, a very waterintensive crop, was well suited to the southern clima