科技溝通第1-18章大綱

1、Chapter 13Laboratory ReportsTeaching ObjectivesOn completion of this Chapter, students should be able to:identify the types of laboratory reports;explain the communicative purposes of laboratory reports;understand the language features of laboratory reports;Teaching Objectivesget to know the structu

2、ral features of laboratory reports;learn the techniques for writing laboratory reports;understand the principles for writing laboratory reports;rules of practice for writing laboratory reports;Background & Lead-in實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告，是在科學(xué)研究中描述、記錄某一課題的實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和結(jié)果的報(bào)告。在學(xué)習(xí)和科研活動(dòng)中，為了檢驗(yàn)?zāi)撤N科學(xué)理論或假設(shè)，往往要進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。人們通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀察、分析、綜合、判斷，如實(shí)地

3、將實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和結(jié)果記錄下來(lái)，經(jīng)過(guò)整理而寫(xiě)成書(shū)面報(bào)告。Background & Lead-inThis chapter describes a general format for laboratory reports that you can adapt as needed. Laboratory reports are the most frequent kind of document written in engineering course and can count for as much as 25% of a course yet little time or attention

4、is devoted to how to write them well. Worse yet, each professor wants something a little different.1. Definition of Laboratory ReportsLaboratory reports document laboratory procedures and their results. Laboratory reports may be one component of a research project or may demonstrate technical capabi

5、lity and compliance with contracts.Classification of Laboratory Reports According to purpose there are Academic laboratory reports 學(xué)術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告Industry laboratory test reports 工業(yè)的實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告83Classification of Laboratory ReportsGenre Features of Laboratory Reports Communicative Purposes:Document your findings Co

6、mmunicate their significancePresent the results of research or testingLinguistic Features of laboratory ReportsObjective and impersonalSpecific and factualConsistent and coherentClear and concisePersuasive and convincingPage 85Formal Laboratory ReportsThe Cover Material : HYPERLINK cover material.do

7、c Title Page HYPERLINK table of contents.doc Table of contentsFormal Laboratory ReportsThe Body of the Report HYPERLINK abstract.doc Abstract HYPERLINK introduction,objectives and definition.doc Introduction HYPERLINK equipment.doc Equipment and Components HYPERLINK http:/www.ecf.utoronto.ca/writing

8、/handbook-lab.html HYPERLINK procedure.doc Procedure used HYPERLINK results.doc Results /Observations HYPERLINK discussion.doc Analysis and Discussion HYPERLINK conlcusion,discussion and summary.doc Summary/ HYPERLINK conclusion.doc ConclusionFormal Laboratory ReportsInformal Laboratory Reports The

9、name of the proceduresA data sheetCalculationsSee page 864. Techniques for Writing Laboratory ReportsTitle Page（標(biāo)題頁(yè)）：標(biāo)題的提煉和制作要明確、簡(jiǎn)練，直接反映所研究的對(duì)象、范圍、方向和問(wèn)題。Title page needs to contain the name of the experiment, the names of lab partners, and the date. Titles should be straightforward, informative, and

10、less than ten words 4. Techniques for Writing Laboratory ReportsThe Abstract(摘要):簡(jiǎn)明扼要說(shuō)明實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康囊饬x,重要發(fā)現(xiàn), 主要結(jié)論和理論方法。The Abstractsummarizes four essential aspects of the report: the purpose of the experiment (sometimes expressed as the purpose of the report), key findings, significance and major conclusion

11、s.4. Techniques for Writing Laboratory ReportsThe abstract often also includes a brief reference to theory or methodology. The information should clearly enable readers to decide whether they need to read your whole report. The abstract should be one paragraph of 100-200 words 4. Techniques for Writ

12、ing Laboratory ReportsThe Introduction (簡(jiǎn)介)is more narrowly focused than the abstract. It states the objective of the experiment and provides the reader with background to the experiment. State the topic of your report clearly and concisely, in one or two sentences:IntroductionA good introduction al

13、so provides whatever background theory, previous research, or formulas the reader needs to know. Usually, an instructor does not want you to repeat the lab manual, but to show your own comprehension of the problem. Example: The purpose of this experiment was to identify the specific element in a met

14、al powder sample by determining its crystal structure and atomic radius. Quick Introduction ReferenceMust Have: 1. Purpose of the experiment 2. Important background and/or theory May include: 1. Description of specialized equipment 2. Justification of experiments importanceIf the amount of introduct

15、ory material seems to be a lot, consider adding subheadings such as: Theoretical Principles or Background. HYPERLINK note on verb tense.doc Note on verb tenseEquipment and Apparatus 實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器和裝置When the laboratory equipment is commonly used by laboratories, or consists of simple components such as strain

16、 gauges應(yīng)變儀 and thermometers, you many include, without description, a list of equipment. This is typical for student laboratory reports. Laboratory Procedure or Process (實(shí)驗(yàn)程序或過(guò)程)Laboratory procedures use the imperative voice and include a step-by-step format with step numbers. Alternatively, process

17、 descriptions are the technical descriptions of laboratory procedures and may be stated in the present or past tense. Laboratory Procedure Confusing: Press the STOP button when the load drops abruptly. This may prompt the operator to press the STOP button before there is an abrupt drop in the load.C

18、lear: When the load drops abruptly, press the STOP button. HYPERLINK procedure.doc A sample procedure follows.Process DescriptionThe process description is either an explanation or history of the procedure. The present tense is used for an explanation, and, alternatively, the past tense is used for

19、a history. HYPERLINK process description.doc SampleData and Calculations數(shù)據(jù)和計(jì)算The data are the numerical quantities determined from reading the instruments during the experiment. These are usually recorded on data sheetstables with the nomenclature 命名法of the controlled and measured parameters 規(guī)范、參數(shù)of

20、 the experiment, respectively, as the row and column headings.Results(實(shí)驗(yàn)效果)Results are usually dominated by calculations, tables and figures; however, you still need to state all significant results explicitly in verbal form.Discussion (探討) Discussion is the most important part of your report, becau

21、se here, you show that you understand the experiment beyond the simple level of completing it. Explain. Analyze. Interpret. This part of the lab focuses on a question of understanding What is the significance or meaning of the results?”DiscussionAnalyze experimental error. Was it avoidable? Was it a

22、 result of equipment? If an experiment was within the tolerances, you can still account for the difference from the ideal. If the flaws result from the experimental design explain how the design might be improved.Explain your results in terms of theoretical issues. Often undergraduate labs are inten

23、ded to illustrate important physical laws. Usually you will have discussed these in the introduction. In this section move from the results to the theory. How well has the theory been illustrated? DiscussionRelate results to your experimental objective (s). If you set out to identify an unknown meta

24、l by finding its lattice格子框架、斜條結(jié)構(gòu) parameter and its atomic structure, youd better know the metal and its attributes. Compare your results to similar investigations. In some cases, it is legitimate to compare outcomes with classmates, not to change your answer, but to look for any anomalies異常現(xiàn)象 betwe

25、en the groups and discuss those. Analyze the strengths and limitations of your experimental design. Conclusion (結(jié)論):Conclusion can be very short in most undergraduate laboratories. Simply state what you know now for sure, as a result of the lab.References (參考文獻(xiàn)):References (參考文獻(xiàn)):這是指在實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告中參考和引用別人的材料

26、和論述。應(yīng)注明出處、作者、文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題、書(shū)名或刊名、卷期、頁(yè)碼，出版及日期等。References include your lab manual and any outside reading you have done.Sample Student Laboratory Report HYPERLINK SAMPLE.doc Sample Student Laboratory Report Informal Test ReportsPrinciples of Writing Laboratory ReportsBe concise in your choice of words. State

27、your ideas as directly as possible. Write to express, not to impress. Be positive in your information. Use appropriate style and tone. Avoid abbreviations unless the word is commonly abbreviated. Principles of Writing Laboratory ReportsAvoid unintentional repetition. Use of general rather than speci

28、fic words: Word use for precisionUse strong conjunctions. Remove overly descriptive words. Definition of Note-taking Note-taking is the practice of recording information captured from a transient (短暫的）source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture. The importance of taking notesExtend

29、 your attention span.When reading or listening, your mind may tend to wander off.Taking notes helps keep you focused on your subject area and to the task at hand. Remember what you have heard or read.Rather than being a passive listener or reader, note taking makes you an active learner. Techniques

30、for Taking NotesThe Cornell MethodPage Layout of the Outline Method Extrasensory perception(超感官知覺(jué)） 1. definition: means of perceiving 2. three kinds: a. telepathy: sending messages b. clairvoyance: forecasting the future c. psychokinesis: perceiving events external to situation 3. current status a.

31、no current research to support or refute b. few psychologists say impossible Time People Affair Consequence Before the Burglary Watergate- summer of 1972 Nixon in Watergate political scandalMel didnt repr. life as was; e.g., lang. of Ahab, etc. not of real life.Melville did not try to represent life

32、 as it really was. The language of Ahab, Starbuck, and Ishmael, for instance, was not that of real life. Business CommunicationChapter 6 SummarySummary is a bridge between reading and writing Chapter OutlineTask：Write a summary for the following paragraphBeautiful mountains like Tai Mountain, Lu Mou

33、ntain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on those mountains and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach to many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. Beautiful mountains like Mount

34、Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.One very effective way of studying material is to write down the significant points, the important facts.Definition of a SummaryA summary is a sh

35、ort version of a longer text, and it gives only the main points. A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition. The summary as a condensation is the digest of the main points in an original work.概要(summary)是一種對(duì)原始文獻(xiàn)（或文章）的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行濃縮的語(yǔ)義連貫的短文。The summary omits introduct

36、ory matter, details, examples, illustrationseverything except the major ideas and facts.Classification of SummariesDescriptive Summary 描述型概要Informative Summary 信息型概要Evaluative Summary 評(píng)價(jià)型概要Descriptive Summary 描述型概要A descriptive summary is often referred to as a descriptive abstract.In the descriptiv

37、e summary, you inject no personal feelings or thoughts, presenting the main points of the material objectively.See Sample6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4Informative Summary 信息型概要The informative summary tells what is in the work in a paragraph to several pages, depending on the length of the original. Present the

38、main points of the material objectively. The original work is condensed in two ways: the material is briefly rephrased or nonessential matter is cut out. See Sample 6-5Evaluative Summary 評(píng)價(jià)型概要A summary may comment on accuracy, completeness, and usefulness of a piece of writing. Include your own reac

39、tions, your thoughts and feelings, along with a report on the main facts in the material. It has no specific length. Generally the summary is no longer than 10 percent of the original. See Sample 6-6What kind of summary is it?Computer Crime The author addresses the criminology of computer crimewhy c

40、omputers are chosen as targets for criminal purposes and how to secure them against such unlawful uses. The strengths and weaknesses of existing prosecutorial and investigatory machinery are explored. Federal and state laws governing computer crime reanalyzed. The evidentiary problems in prosecuting

41、 and convicting computer criminals and current cases are examined.Key: It is a descriptive summary (Summary of a Book Review).Communicative Purposes of SummariesThe purposes of summaries is to inform, to present, the principal facts and conclusions given in the original work. Giving summaries is par

42、t of the work in the business community, such as reports, articles, speeches, or discussions being condensed for a superior too busy to read or hear the original. 概要的交際目的是讓讀者盡快了解文章的主要內(nèi)容。概要寫(xiě)作心得感想Objective and Faithful內(nèi)容客觀，忠實(shí)原文When one writes a summary, one should not interpret or comment. All one has

43、 to do is to give the gist of the authors exact and essential meaning.概要是使用讀者自己的語(yǔ)言對(duì)一篇較長(zhǎng)文章的基本內(nèi)容加以總結(jié)，不是對(duì)原文進(jìn)行釋義，或變換措辭，而是在原文內(nèi)容基礎(chǔ)上的提煉。概要中所有內(nèi)容要客觀，要忠實(shí)原文，既不能漏掉基本內(nèi)容，也不要隨意增加內(nèi)容。 The summary omits introductory matter, details, examples, illustrationseverything except the major ideas and facts. It reproduces the

44、 theme of the original with as few words as possible. 概要寫(xiě)作要求在正確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，用精煉的詞句高度濃縮文章的主要內(nèi)容和觀點(diǎn)，不應(yīng)包含細(xì)節(jié)、例證以及資料性、闡述性的內(nèi)容。Rewrite the following paragraph in a sentence:She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them

45、 during the winter vocation. She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.The length of a summary varies according to its purpose; however, it should generally be no more than one-third or one-fourth the length of the original. 嚴(yán)格遵守篇幅的限制，通常為原文篇幅的1/3或1/4。Task：Identify the topic sentenc

46、e of each of the following paragraphsThere are several reasons why Toby likes his new job. To begin with, he now has more free time. He goes to work later in the morning and gets home earlier in the evening. Furthermore, he now makes more money. His weekly pay check has increased from $75 to $130. A

47、bove all, he now has a better chance for advancement. The skills he is learning will help him to qualify for a much higher-paying position.例文主要說(shuō)明Toby喜歡新工作的原因，本段的主題句應(yīng)該是第一句：“There are several reasons why Toby likes his new job”。主題句陳述的中心是“為什么”的問(wèn)題。How can you protect yourself from the danger of lightnin

48、g? For one thing, when you are at home, keep away from the stove, fireplace, and windows. For another, dont take a bath or a shower during a storm, as water carries electricity easily. Third, if you are outdoors, get into a building or car, if possible. Fourth, stay off hilltop and away from any tre

49、e or tower that stands by itself. Fifth, if you cant get away quickly from a beach, a field, or other open place, lie down until the storm moves away.例文的主要內(nèi)容是告訴人們?nèi)绾尾拍鼙苊馐茏匀滑F(xiàn)象雷電的打擊，該段的主題句是：“How can you protect yourself from the danger of lightening？”。該主題句是以疑問(wèn)句的形式表達(dá)肯定的意思，即“There are several ways of pro

50、tecting yourself from the danger of lightening.”。Procedures for Writing a SummaryUnderstand the text;Underline the sentences that are important for the summary;Divide the text into paragraphs;Find headings for the different paragraphs;Write down key-words (not more than 20) which are important for t

51、he summary;Write the summary in your own words using conjunctions, relative clauses or participle constructions;Reread the original work; then check the summary for accuracy of fact and emphasis.Summary Writing1仔細(xì)閱讀原文，直到完全讀懂為止。2寫(xiě)下原文的中心思想。3每個(gè)摘要都應(yīng)該有標(biāo)題。Sales promotionsThe effects of promotional efforts

52、 on the last three months salesmicro computers Report on the value of micro computers in the accounts departmentrecent correspondence Summary of correspondence with Worldwide Dealers Company within the last 6 weeksSummary Writing4寫(xiě)下原文中其他的思想和要點(diǎn)。在這樣做的時(shí)候，1）必要的（essential）; 2）非必要但相關(guān)的（relevant but not ess

53、ential）; 3）不相關(guān)的（irrelevant）。在做摘要的時(shí)候，必須包括要點(diǎn)。5寫(xiě)初稿。初稿應(yīng)該包括所有要點(diǎn)。在這個(gè)階段你要決定你的摘要大致該多長(zhǎng)。找出下面段落中實(shí)質(zhì)性信息和非實(shí)質(zhì)性信息。 One method of conducting a market survey is known as “direct mail shot”. In other words, it is sending your companys advertisements or product information directly to the customers residence.Essential:

54、 First sentence (實(shí)質(zhì)信息：第一句)Inessential: Second sentence (非實(shí)質(zhì)信息：第二句)Summary Writing6修改初稿。你可以去除多余的字句，調(diào)整句子順序。7仔細(xì)檢查一遍拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法，并核對(duì)一下，要點(diǎn)是否都包括了。檢查概要中確切字?jǐn)?shù)、拼寫(xiě)、語(yǔ)法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。Problems and SolutionsA summary must agree with the original material in two ways: in the presentation of factual information and in the emphasis

55、given the information. Wood posts can be expected to last at least 30 years if they have been pressure treated and handled properly. Pressure-treated and properly handled wood posts last at least 30 years. Do not misrepresent the emphasis placed on information in the original material. Do not overem

56、phasize or underemphasize the information. Do not emphasize a minor point in the original report. Do the task on page 63 Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul

57、 disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.Summary Writing for Narrative and Exposition（記敘文和說(shuō)明文的概要寫(xiě)作）Temporary Help A Specialist ServiceDespite record unemployment, there are simply not enough adequately skilled secretaries in Manchester to cope with projected office needs in the

58、next few years. Secretarial work is one of the few areas of the economy that has expanded since 1960 regardless of recession.首先通讀原文標(biāo)題Temporary Help A Specialist ServiceThe Need for Temporary Secretarial Help in ManchesterSummary Writing省掉了原文中一些不必要的單詞、短語(yǔ)和填充物 simply, adequately in the next few years 把

59、第一段縮寫(xiě)到原文的一半 Secretarial work has expanded since 1960 and despite record unemployment there are still not enough skilled secretaries in Manchester to cope with projected office needs. w technologies have proliferated the volume of information that must be processed, transmitted, filed and retrieved.

60、So although roughly 80,000 secretaries now work in Manchester, most companies still need extra help for staff emergencies or special projects, such as year-end reports, stock audits, record conversion and the like.用一個(gè)綜括的思想代替大量的細(xì)節(jié)New technologies have proliferated the volume of information that must