論非言語交際中的情感表達方式-表情

1、成人高等教育本科生畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)題目：On the Means to Convey Emotion inNon-verbal CommunicationExpression 論非言語交際中的情感表達方式表情學生姓名： 鄧莉 學號：200910100006 系別： 外語系 專業(yè)：英語 學習形式：函授 指導教師： 崔曦 起止日期：2010.102011.5 2011年 5 月 28 日懷化學院成人高等教育畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)評分標準評價基元評價要素評價內(nèi)涵滿分值選題質(zhì)量25%目的明確符合要求符合培養(yǎng)目標，體現(xiàn)學科、專業(yè)特點和教學計劃的基本要求，達到畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）綜合訓練的要求。10理論意義或?qū)嶋H價

2、值符合本學科的理論發(fā)展，有一定的學術(shù)意義；對經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和社會發(fā)展的應用性研究中的某個理論或方法問題進行研究，具有一定的實際價值。10選題確當題目規(guī)模適當，難易度適中；有一定的科學性。5能力水平40%檢閱文獻資料能力能獨立檢閱相關(guān)文獻資料，歸納總結(jié)本論文所涉及的有關(guān)研究狀況及成果。10綜合運用知識能力能運用所學專業(yè)知識闡述問題。能對查閱的資料進行整理和運用。能對其科學論點進行論證。10研究方案的設(shè)計能力整體思路清晰；研究方案合理可行。5研究方法和手段的運用能力能運用本學科常規(guī)研究方法及相關(guān)研究手段進行實驗、實踐并加工處理，總結(jié)信息。10外文應用能力能閱讀、翻譯一定量的本專業(yè)外文資料、外文摘要和外文

3、參考書目（藝術(shù)類等專業(yè)除外）體現(xiàn)一定的外語水平。5論文質(zhì)量35%文題相符較好地完成論文選題的目的要求。5寫作水平論點鮮明，論據(jù)充分，條理清晰，評議流暢。15寫作規(guī)范符合科學論文的基本要求。用語、格式、圖表、數(shù)據(jù)、量和單位，各種資料引用的規(guī)范化（符合標準）。10論文篇幅文科5000字左右，理工科4000字。5說明：成績等級：90分100分為“優(yōu)秀”；80分89分為“良好”；70分79分為“中等”；60分69分為“及格”；60分以下為“不及格”。懷化學院2011屆成人教育畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）課題開題報告院(系)： 外語系 專業(yè)： 英語 學生姓名鄧莉?qū)W號200910100006班級課題名稱論非言語交際中

4、的情感表達方式表情On the Means to Convey Emotion in Non-verbal CommunicationExpression課題所屬領(lǐng)域的現(xiàn)狀The last decade has seen a tremendous upsurge in research and popular interest in the phenomena of non-verbal communication because when communicating, non-verbal messages can interact with verbal messages. Nov-ver

5、bal communication (NVC) is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. NVC can be communicated through gesture; body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact; object communication. At present, many scholars including anthropologis

6、ts, communication experts, psychologists, cross-cultural communication researchers, language teachers study non-verbal communication. They focus on three elements: facial expression, posture expression and intonation expression. In their joint efforts, some achievements have been made in non-verbal

7、communication. With the improvement of the material and spiritual life today, non-verbal communication is gradually gaining importance, which appears that research on the subject is extremely urgent and valuable. As a new branch of science, however, it is still unable to have a complete theoretical

8、system like mathematics, physics and to be widely studied. Neglecting its importance in communication is a common fault all over the world. 課題重點難點和特色i Catching the main aspects on the three types of emotion: facial expression, posture expression and intonation expression. Analyzing the differences o

9、f the three types in different areas.ii Ways of setting examples and comparisons are made to discuss the reasons for the differences.iii Ways to avoid cultural conflicts when using expression.計劃進度2010年10-12月 論文開題 2011年3月 論文一稿 2011年4月 論文二稿2011年5月 論文定稿2011年6月 論文答辯指導教師意見 簽名：年 月 日教研室意 見簽名年 月 日說明：開題報告作為畢

10、業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）答辯委員會對學生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一，此報告應在導師指導下，由學生填寫，將作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）成績考查的重要依據(jù)，經(jīng)導師簽署意見及教研室審查后生效。懷化學院2011屆成教畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）指導教師評閱表系、部： 外語系 學生姓名鄧莉?qū)W 號200910100006班 級專 業(yè)英語指導教師姓名崔曦課題名稱論非言語交際中的情感表達方式表情On the Means to Convey Emotion in Non-verbal CommunicationExpression評語：（包括以下方面，限200字以上）學習態(tài)度、工作量完成情況；檢索和利用文獻能力、外文翻譯和計算機應用能力；學

11、術(shù)水平或技術(shù)水平、綜合運用知識能力和創(chuàng)新能力；該論文以非言語交際中的情感表達方式表情為研究對象，分別闡述了三種不同的情感表達方式：面部表情、姿態(tài)表情和語調(diào)表情，通過論述在不同文化中表情使用的異同提出了在使用表情過程中有效避免文化沖突的方法。 論文選題比較適當，符合英語專業(yè)要求，觀點正確， 能獨立查閱文獻，具有收集、整理各種信息及獲取新知識的能力，查閱文獻有一定的廣泛性，但缺少獨創(chuàng)性的思想。 論證內(nèi)容比較充分，例證豐富，對與課題相關(guān)的理論和實際問題有一定的認識，但缺乏論證深度。論文結(jié)構(gòu)基本合理，層次較為清晰，英語表達比較通順，但存在少量語法錯誤。論文格式符合規(guī)范要求，態(tài)度認真，按時完成論文。是否

12、同意論文送審指導教師簽字： 年 月 日懷化學院2011屆成教畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）評閱教師評閱表系、部： 外語系 學生姓名鄧莉?qū)W 號200910100006班 級專 業(yè)英語評閱教師姓名論文題目論非言語交際中的情感表達方式表情On the Means to Convey Emotion in Non-verbal CommunicationExpression評語：（包括以下方面）對論文學術(shù)評語（包括選題意義；文獻利用能力；所用資料、實驗數(shù)據(jù)和計算結(jié)果可靠性；創(chuàng)新成果及寫作規(guī)范化和邏輯性。注意對其中可能存在的剽竊、論據(jù)作假等把好關(guān)，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)請詳細說明）選題質(zhì)量優(yōu)（ ），良（ ），中（ ），及格（ ），

13、不及格（）能力水平優(yōu)（ ），良（ ），中（ ），及格（ ），不及格（）論文質(zhì)量優(yōu)（ ），良（ ），中（ ），及格（ ），不及格（）綜合評價等級中是否同意參加答辯 評閱人（簽名）： 年 月 日懷化學院2011屆成教畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）答辯成 績 評 定 表 系、部（公章）： 外語系 學生姓名鄧莉?qū)W號200910100006班級答辯日期論文題目論非言語交際中的情感表達方式表情On the Means to Convey Emotion in Non-verbal CommunicationExpression指導教師崔曦成 績 評 定等級評 定總 評教師1教師2教師3教師4教師5課題介紹思路清晰，語言

14、表達準確，概念清楚，論點正確，實驗方法科學，分析歸納合理，結(jié)論嚴謹，設(shè)計（論文）有應用價值。優(yōu)秀良好中等及格不及格答辯表現(xiàn)思維敏捷,回答問題有理論根據(jù)，基本概念清楚，主要問題回答準確大、深入,知識面寬。必答題優(yōu)秀良好中等及格不及格自由提問優(yōu)秀良好中等及格不及格答辯綜合評定等級最終評定意見：答辯委員會主任簽名： 年 月 日 論非言語交際中的情感表達方式表情On the Means to Convey Emotion in Non-verbal CommunicationExpression 姓名： 鄧莉?qū)W號：200910100006系別： 外語系 專業(yè)：英語學習形式：函授 指導教師：崔曦起止日期

15、：2010.102011.5 （注：漢字標題用小二號字、黑體；英文題目用小三號字。姓名、學號等用三號宋體。）論非言語交際中的情感表達方式表情姓名：鄧莉 學號：200910100006 專業(yè)：英語摘要在人類歷史的長河中，非言語交際的研究一直未形成一個完整的體系。但隨著社會的進步，人類也越來越重視非言語在人際交往中的重要作用。美國著名心理學家Mehrabian指出：人的情感信息只有7%靠言語傳遞，38%由聲調(diào)表達，55%通過肢體語言傳達。本文闡述了表情的三種類別：面部表情，姿態(tài)表情和語調(diào)表情以及不同文化下表情使用的異同，提出了如何避免在使用表情過程中產(chǎn)生的文化沖突的方法。通過列舉，對比和比較等多種

16、手法強調(diào)表情在人際交往中的重要作用。提醒人們要學會理解和運用各種表情，避免文化差異所帶來的誤解和沖突，為構(gòu)建和諧社會的目標而努力。關(guān)鍵詞非言語交際；表情；面部表情；姿態(tài)表情；語調(diào)表情 Nonverbal communication; Look; Facial expressions; Attitude expression; Intonation expression On the Means to Convey Emotion in Non-verbalCommunicationExpressionAbstract In humans long history, the study of n

17、on-verbal communication is still unable to have a complete theoretical system. But with the development of the society, people pay more attention to non-verbal elements in interpersonal communication. Mehrabian pointed out that: three elements account differently for our liking for the person who pu

18、ts forward a message concerning their feelings: words account for 7%, tone of voice accounts for 38%, and body language accounts for 55% of the liking. This thesis presents the three types of expression involving facial expression, posture expression and intonation expression. By comparing expressio

19、ns in different cultures, it proposes some ways of avoiding cultural conflicts when using expression. Several figures of speech are used in this thesis such as citing examples, compare and contrast. Through discussion, people should know that expression plays an important role in communication and l

20、earn to understand and use various kinds of expression. Only in this way can we avoid misunderstanding and conflicts brought by culture differences and can we take a further step toward the aim of building a harmonious society.Keywords non-verbal communication；expression； facial expression；posture e

21、xpression；intonation expressionIntroductionNowadays, people have many ways, such as sending E-mails, making phone calls, chatting with the MSN to keep in touch with their family members, friends, colleagues and other persons. While, the most common way is still face-to-face communication with words

22、spoken and hands waving. Scholars usually use a strict sense of the term “verbal”, meaning “of or concerned with words,” and do not use “verbal communication” as a synonym for oral or spoken communication. Thus, vocal sounds are not considered to be words. Sign languages and writing are generally un

23、derstood as forms of verbal communication, as both make use of words although like speech, both may contain paralinguistic elements and often occur alongside non-verbal messages. On the contrary, Non-verbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and recei

24、ving wordless messages. Non-verbal communication can be communicated through body language, eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, symbols and even can occur through any sensory channel sight, sound, smell, touch or taste. Non-verbal communication is imp

25、ortant as “When we speak (or listen), our attention is focused on words rather than body language. But our judgment includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and non-verbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive or negative in and of themselves, rather, the situation

26、 and the message will determine the appraisal.” (Givens, 2000) 6 HYPERLINK /wiki/Charles_Darwin o Charles Darwin Charles Darwin conducted the first scientific study of non-verbal communication which argued that all mammals show emotion reliably in their faces. Studies now range across a number of fi

27、elds, including, HYPERLINK /wiki/Linguistics o Linguistics linguistics, HYPERLINK /wiki/Semiotics o Semiotics semiotics and HYPERLINK /wiki/Social_psychology o Social psychology social psychology. At the same time, many scholars including anthropologists, communication experts, psychologists, cross-

28、cultural communication researchers, language teachers devoted in the field of non-verbal communication. In their joint efforts, some achievements have been made in non-verbal communication. As a new branch of science, however, it is still unable to have a complete theoretical system like mathematics

29、, physics and to be widely studied. Argyle (1988)2 did many researches into non-verbal communication and finally concluded there are five primary functions of non-verbal bodily behavior in human communication: to express emotions, to express interpersonal attitudes, to accompany speech in managing t

30、he cues of interaction between speakers and listeners, self-presentation of ones personality and rituals (greetings). In face-to-face communication 65% of the information is communicated through non-verbal means.And according to Mehrabian (1972)8, three elements account differently for our liking fo

31、r the person who puts forward a message concerning their feelings: words account for 7%, tone of voice accounts for 38%, and body language accounts for 55% of the liking. So, non-verbal communication is playing an important role in human communication.It is widely known that expressions can hardly b

32、e the same from culture to culture, but a large proportion may be universally understood. In different culture types, even though people use gestures, eyes, body, tone and other non-verbal media to convey information, the meaning of non-verbal information is not exactly the same all over the world a

33、nd there is no Universal Dictionary to explain the non-verbal information around the world. The reason is that non-linguistic information is ever-changing and it often dues to culture, gender, personal information and location. In other words, the information except language can never be understood

34、accurately without the specific circumstances. But it is sure that no matter what kind of human society is “non-language language” can express thoughts and strong emotion beyond the words. To analyze the different ways of non-verbal communication among people can greatly improve peoples understandin

35、g. Observing people is always a happy thing to do, and understanding the significance of the results of the observation can often give us inspiration. If being sensitive to human behaviors besides language and knowing that those things, even in the same society, will also have various explanations a

36、nd different levels, we certainly can understand and accept human behaviors from other cultures.Therefore, to emphasize the importance of expression in interpersonal communication, this thesis focuses on the discussion of the three expression types: facial expression, posture expression and intonati

37、on expression and tries to compare and contrast them in difference cultures. Then, the paper presents some ways to help people to have a better use of expressions when communicating with foreign friends.I. Types of ExpressionExpression is an external reflection related to humans feeling and emotion.

38、 It plays an important role in human communication. According to different subjects, it has different types. Based on psychology, experts divided expression into three main parts: facial expression, posture expression and intonation expression.1.1 Facial ExpressionA facial expression results from on

39、e or more motions or positions of the muscles of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of non-verbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information among humans, but also occur in most other mammals and

40、 some other animal species. Human can adopt a facial expression as a voluntary action. However, because expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary. It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions, even when it would be strongly desirable to do so.

41、The close link between emotion and expression can also work in the other direction; it has been observed that voluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated emotion.1.1.1 EyesAs the saying goes “the eyes are the window to the soul”. Eyes are the most important organ on humans f

42、ace to convey peoples emotion. On different occasions, eyes can, for example eyes smiled when someone is happy or excited; looked dragged at others when angry; gazing at a place when surprised, express various feelings. Besides to convey emotion, eyes can also be used to communicate with others when

43、 it is not convenient to talk. Through eyes, approval or disapproval, acceptance or refusal, like or dislike will be seen clearly because facial muscles can be consciously controlled in all areas of the face except the eyes. The eye muscles are not as readily controlled, so the ocular response revea

44、ls not only the truth but also much about a persons individual personality structure. Eye contact is an aid to social interaction.1.1.2 Other OrgansApart from eyes, other organs on face are also essential not only for humans lives but also for interpersonal communication.Nose: It is common in some c

45、ountries to make an insulting movement with their noses. Brushing the thumb against the nose is a “tough guy” gesture usually meaning to provoke another.Mouth: The shape of mouth is an important clue for feelings and emotion. For example, gnash ones teeth means angry and widely open ones mouth and e

46、yes means surprise.Eyebrows: Raised eyebrows are indicated peoples surprise or frighten while frowned means unhappy or unsatisfied.Chin: Raised chin implied aggressive and rubbed ones chin can be understood as masking his or her worry. Sometimes, a direction may be pointed by chin. For example, when

47、 the arms are doing something else, the head is turned in the corresponding direction and the chin is slightly jerked up in the pointed direction. This is also used as a greeting in some regions in the US and Europe, usually among young men.Furthermore, what the real meaning of peoples facial expres

48、sing should depend on the situation is. The face as a whole indicates much about human moods as well. Specific emotion states, such as happiness or sadness, are expressed through a smile or a frown respectively. There are seven universally recognized emotions shown through facial expressions: fear,

49、anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness.1.2 Posture ExpressionPosture expression is a form of non-verbal communication made with a part of the body, used instead of or in combination with verbal communication. The language of posture expression allows individuals to express a vari

50、ety of feelings and thoughts, from contempt and hostility to approval and affection. Most people use posture expression in addition to words when they speak, the use of it as language by some ethnic groups is more common than in others, and the amount of such posture expression is considered cultura

51、lly acceptable and varies from one location to the next.Posture expression has different means of classification and different types of it are distinguished.1.2.1 Two Types of Posture Expression in the UsageAccording to the usage, posture expression can be classified into two types.One type is the s

52、o-called emblems or quotable gestures. These are culture-specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words. Communities have repertoires of such posture expression. A single emblematic gesture can have a very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary

53、 to highly offensive.The other type is the one we use when we speak. It is closely coordinated with speech. The meaningful part of the posture expression is temporally synchronized with the co-expressive parts of speech. 15For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing will be synchronous w

54、ith the word “threw” in the utterance “and then he threw the ball right into the window.” Others like the so-called beat gestures are used in conjunction with speech and keep time with the rhythm of speech to emphasize certain words or phrases. This type of posture expression is integrally connected

55、 to speech and thought processes.1.2.2 Three types of Posture Expression by Different Body PartsPosture expression can be classified into three parts according to the use of different body parts: hand gesture, body gesture and head gesture. Hand gestures, performed by one or two hands, is the most n

56、umerous category of gestures due to the ability of the human hand to acquire a huge number of clearly discernible configurations, the fact of importance for the sign languages. Body gestures, this is moving the body in a certain way when orally communicating.Head gestures, this is moving the head in

57、 a certain way when orally communicating. 1.3 Intonation ExpressionIntonation expression refers to the non-verbal elements of speech vocal pitch, intonation, and speaking tempo that can be used to communicate attitudes, convey emotion, or modify meaning. It is the study of non-verbal cues of the voi

58、ce. It is a part of non-verbal communication because it is not related to the content or verbal message but the other attributes of speaking which include the pitch, the tone, the volume, tempo, rhythm, articulation, resonance, nasality and even the accent of the speaker collectively known as prosod

59、y.When people communicate with each other, intonation is a really important element. Early work on intonation expression emerged in the 1950s with the pioneering research of George Trager and Henry Lee Smith, who noted that kinesics (body movements) and vocalics (voice quality and other aspects of t

60、he voice) are part of the language system. Building on their work, other researchers focused on vocal pauses (hems, ahs, coughs), speaking rate, volume, and quality. Since that time, intonation expression has been studied and applied to numerous domains including psychiatry, child development, court