中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯-低滾動阻力輪胎

1、 附 錄附錄A：LOW ROLLING RESISTANCE TIRESAccording to the report,80% or more of a cars fuel energy is wasted by friction andother such losses. 1.5 to 4.5% of total gasoline use could be saved if allreplacement tires inuse had low rolling resistance. About 237 million replacement tires are sold in the U.S

2、. eachyear none has rolling resistance labeling.1. Americas Fuel Use, Its Impacts,and Opportunities for SavingsThe environmental impacts of Americas gasoline use are profound. With over 160million passenger cars and light trucks on the road, we burn about 126 billion gallons ofgasoline per year. Our

3、 fuel use continues to rise about 3% annually, propelled by continuedincreases in total number of vehicles, rising average distance driven per car, and fallingaverage fuel economy.Today, light-duty vehicles (cars & light trucks) are responsible for about 20% of thenitrogen oxides, 27% of the volatil

4、e organic compounds, 51% of the carbon monoxide, androughly 30% of all the carbon dioxide (the main greenhouse gas) emitted from humanactivities nationwide. Rising fuel use also has enormous implications for protection ofwilderness and public lands (vulnerable to increased exploration), water resour

5、ces(vulnerable to tanker and pipeline accidents), and national security. So the opportunity tosave money and improve environmental quality through fuel use reductions is clear.One of the most promising opportunities for fuel savings across the entire fleet ofexisting vehicles is to utilize low rolli

6、ng resistance tires instead of standard replacementmodels. This change improves the inherent efficiency of the vehicle, automatically savingfuel over the typical 30,000 to 50,000 mile lifetime of a set of tires.This report examines the opportunity for saving gasoline through use of improved tiretech

7、nology and recommends particular tire models for which our initial test data suggestenvironmental advantages. Its findings are applicable to government and corporate fleetmanagers as well as individual tire buyers.2. How Tires Can Reduce Fuel Consumption According to the National Academy of Sciences

8、, about 80 to 88% of the energy in avehicles gasoline tank is wasted in various thermal, frictional, and standby losses in theengine and exhaust system. This leaves only about 12 to 20% of the potential energyactually converted to vehicle motion. One of the key ways to improve that efficiency is tor

9、educe the rolling resistance of vehicle tires. This is not a measure of a tires traction or“grip” on the road surface, but rather simply indicates how easily a tire rolls down the road,minimizing the energy wasted as heat between the tire and the road, within the tire sidewallitself, and between the

10、 tire and the rim.Detailed modeling conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory concludedthat a 10% reduction in tire rolling resistance should yield fuel savings of about 1 to 2%,depending on driving conditions and vehicle type. According to research for the CaliforniaEnergy Commission, a

11、bout 1.5 to 4.5% of total gasoline use could be saved if allreplacement tires in use had low rollingresistance. This translates roughly into averagesavings of up to 30 gallons of gasoline savings per vehicle per year, or from $2.5 to $7.5billion worth of national average gasoline savings.As part of

12、their efforts to meet Federal fuel economy standards, automakers routinelyspecify low rolling resistance tires on their new vehicles. Between 1980 and 1994, thelowest rolling resistance tire models available achieved a 48% reduction in rolling resistance,and have likely continued to improve thereaft

13、er. These original equipment (OE) tire modelsare occasionally available in the replacement tire market, but often only by special order. Ingeneral, the tires marketed to the replacement tire market tend to place greater emphasis onlongevity and low price, and therefore often have higher rolling resi

14、stance than OE tires.Unfortunately both OE and replacement tires lack any sort of rolling resistance labelingcurrently, so fleet managers and consumers that wish to buy highly energy-efficient tireswhen their first set of OE tires wear out have been stymied. Even when tire makers claimthat particula

15、r replacement models are more fuelefficient than others, they do not always useconsistent test methods or independent laboratory data to back up those claims. About 237million replacement tires are sold in the U.S. each year for cars and light trucks, and none ofthem provides rolling resistance labe

16、ling.In 2002, the Energy Foundation funded Ecos Consulting to analyze the tire market,select representative models for rolling resistance testing, and work with Green Seal torecommend particular models that perform well while achieving low rolling resistance. Those findings are being published for t

17、he first time in this Choose Green Report.Additional background on Ecos Consultings key findings can be found in a separate reportpreparedfortheCaliforniaEnergyCommission,availableat/reports/2003- 01-31_600-03-001CRVOL2.PDF.3. Balancing Tire Resistance and Other ConsiderationsThe manufacture of tire

18、s, like other industrial processes, involves material extractionand production, as well as energy consumption and the emission of various pollutants. Eachof these manufacturing stages impacts the environment in different ways. However, tires,like a number of other consumer products, are actually res

19、ponsible for more environmentalimpacts in their use and ultimate disposition than in their manufacturing. They significantlyimpact the amount of fuel consumed by the vehicle to which they are attached, leading toglobal warming emissions as well as local and regional air pollution. They create partic

20、ulateair pollution in the process of wearing, and they can be a significant solid waste problem ifnot properly recycled.An analysis conducted by Italian tire manufacturer Pirelli (Figure 1) revealed thedominance of tire use in overall life-cycle energy consumption. Fully 82% of the lifecycleenergy u

21、se occurs from the tires contribution to vehicle fuel use, compared to roughly 18%associated with obtaining the raw materials and manufacturing the tire itself. Thus, a tiresrolling resistance is likely to be a larger factor in its life-cycle environmental impact than itscomposition, longevity, or u

22、ltimate fate, though those factors merit consideration as well.This report places greatest significance on the measured rolling resistance of tires,followed closely by consideration of the tires expected longevity and performancecharacteristics. A tire with high rolling resistance can cause profound

23、 environmental impact,even if it capably grips the road and lasts for 80,000 miles. By contrast, a very low ro llingresistance tire may not be worth recommending if its lifetime is unusually short or test dataindicate that it provides poor traction.Every tire currently on the market represents a bal

24、ance between a wide assortment ofdesired performance characteristics and price (we surveyed tires ranging from $25 to over$200 per tire). Careful balancing of these characteristics can yield not only ahigh-performing tire, but also one that is better for the environment than others currentlyavailabl

25、e on the market. 4.Rating Tire Rolling Resistance and Related FactorsRolling resistance has traditionally been measured through an official Society ofAutomotive Engineers (SAE) test procedure known as J1269. It measures the force requiredto roll a tire against a dynamometer at a fixed speed of 50 mi

26、les per hour. A newerprocedure, SAE J2452, promises improved accuracy by assessing rolling resistance at avariety of speeds, but no independent laboratory currently has the capability to conduct suchtesting in-house. As a result, all of our testing was conducted at a single independentlaboratory acc

27、ording to SAE J1269.The highest and lowest rolling resistance tires we tested differed in efficiency by 60%,indicating that tire choice can have a bigger impact on fuel economy than most peoplerealize. Rolling resistance differences of 20 to 30% are not uncommon among tires of anotherwise similar si

28、ze, type, and level of performance. This means an individual vehiclecould save up to 6% of its gasoline use if it were fitted with very efficient tires, paying forthe modest additional cost of low rolling resistance tires in approximately a year of fuelsavings. In other words, a typical compact car

29、such as a Ford Focus can improve its mileagefrom 30 mpg to 32 mpg simply by using lower rolling resistance tires. For a car averaging15,000 miles per year the fuel savings is about $50 (at $1.50 per gallon).All tires have imprinted information on their sidewalls indicating size, type, load, andspeed

30、 ratings, as described in Figure 2. The majority of tire models employ a “P”designation for passenger vehicle use, but some bear the “LT” designation for use with lighttrucks. In general, “P” tires appear to be gaining in popularity relative to “LT” tires of agiven size.In addition, the U.S. Departm

31、ent of Transportation requires each manufacturer to gradeits tires under the Uniform Tire Quality Grading System (UTQGS) and establish ratings forthe following characteristics: tread wear, traction, and temperature resistance. Unfortunately,the ultimate results published for each tire model are less

32、 “uniform” than they should be.The government specifies how each test should be conducted and prevents a manufacturerfrom claiming better performance than measured. However, it does not preventmanufacturers from claiming worse performance than measured. And, curiously enough,many do, primarily to am

33、plify marketing distinctions among their tires at different pricepoints and encourage buyers to move up from a “good” to a “better” or “best” model in aparticular category. Given the variability of ratings and the number of relevant factors, we have compiledour own composite metrics of performance f

34、or assessing tires, including the Federal ratingsnoted below and a variety of other published data.5.Rolling On to the FutureEfforts to differentiate replacement tires on the basis of rolling resistance are still intheir very early stages. Without data on the rolling resistance of all tire models ac

35、ross arange of sizes, it is impossible to say for sure if the models identified in this report representthe most efficient models or simply a subset of them. For now, consumers and fleetmanagers can start with the data shown here and request additional information directlyfrom retailers and manufact

36、urers. 附錄：低滾動阻力輪胎根據(jù)報(bào)告80的或更多的汽車的燃料是由摩擦和其他類似的損失所消耗的。翻新輪胎具有較低滾動阻力可節(jié)省1.5%至4.5燃料。每年約2.37億美元的翻新輪胎在銷往美國。1. 美國的燃料使用、影響和機(jī)遇儲蓄美國的汽油使用對環(huán)境的影響是深遠(yuǎn)的。擁有超過 1.6 億轎車和輕型卡車的道路上，每一年燃燒約 126 億加侖汽油。我們的燃料使用以約 3的速度繼續(xù)增長，在推動整體車輛數(shù)目持續(xù)增加和每輛汽車的平均距離上升帶動下，平均燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性下降。今天，輕型車（汽車和輕型卡車）的約20的氮氧化物，27的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物，一氧化碳的 51，大約 30的二氧化碳（主溫室氣體）全部是由全國人

37、類活動排放的。不斷上漲的燃料的使用也有保護(hù)荒野和（容易增加探索）公共土地，水資源（油輪和管道事故），國家安全產(chǎn)生巨大影響。因此，機(jī)會節(jié)省資金，提高燃料的使用，通過減少環(huán)境質(zhì)量是明確的。為橫跨整個(gè)車隊(duì)現(xiàn)有車輛節(jié)油最有希望的機(jī)會之一是利用而不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低滾動阻力輪胎置換模式。這一變化提高了車輛的固有效率，自動節(jié)省了典型的 3 萬至 5 萬英里的一套輪胎壽命燃料。該報(bào)告審查了通過改進(jìn)輪胎的節(jié)能技術(shù)的使用汽油的機(jī)會，特別是輪胎型號的建議而我們的初步測試數(shù)據(jù)表明，環(huán)境優(yōu)勢。其結(jié)果是適用于政府和企業(yè)車隊(duì)經(jīng)理以及個(gè)人輪胎買家。2.輪胎如何能降低油耗據(jù)美國國家科學(xué)院，約 80%至 88在汽車的油箱的能源被浪費(fèi)在各

38、種熱，摩擦和備用的發(fā)動機(jī)和排氣系統(tǒng)損失。只留下約 12%至 20%轉(zhuǎn)換為實(shí)際車輛運(yùn)動的勢能。減少車輛輪胎的滾動阻力是提高工作效率的主要途徑之一。這是不是一個(gè)輪胎的牽引或握 在路面的措施，而是簡單地說明如何輕松地輪胎在道路上卷，盡量減少在輪胎側(cè)“ ”壁本身之間的輪胎與路面之間的輪胎和輪輞的熱量浪費(fèi)的能源。詳細(xì)的建模由國家可再生能源實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行的結(jié)論是：根據(jù)駕駛條件和車輛類型，在輪胎滾動阻力減少 10應(yīng)產(chǎn)生約 1%至 2的燃油節(jié)省。據(jù)在美國加州能源委員會的研究，如果使用的所有更換輪胎具有低 1.5%至 4.滾動阻力，約 5汽油的使用總量可 節(jié)省。這相當(dāng)于大約為平均節(jié)省高達(dá) 30 汽油每車每年節(jié)約，或

39、由$ 2.5 至 750 億美元的全國平均汽油節(jié)約價(jià)值加侖。由于他們的努力，以滿足聯(lián)邦燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一部分，汽車制造商通常指定其新車低滾動阻力輪胎。 1980 年至 1994 年，最低的滾動阻力輪胎型號實(shí)現(xiàn)了滾動阻力減少 48，并有可能以后繼續(xù)提高。這些原始設(shè)備（OE）的輪胎模型，偶爾會在替換輪胎市場，但往往只能通過特殊訂貨。一般來說，輪胎銷售給更換輪胎市場往往把對長壽和低價(jià)格更加重視，因此往往有較高的 OE 輪胎的滾動阻力比。不幸的是兩個(gè) OE 和更換輪胎的滾動阻力沒有任何標(biāo)簽，目前，使車隊(duì)經(jīng)理和消費(fèi)者愿意購買高能源效率的輪胎時(shí)，他們的第一套 OE 輪胎磨損已經(jīng)陷入困境。即使輪胎制造商聲稱

40、，特別是更換車型比其他人更好的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性，他們并不總是一致的測試方法或使用獨(dú)立的實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù)支持這些說法。每年，約 2.37 億沒有提供滾動阻力的標(biāo)簽的更換輪胎銷往美國的汽車和輕型卡車。2002 年，能源基金會資助的 ecos 咨詢，分析輪胎市場，選擇滾動阻力測試代表車型，并與綠色標(biāo)記的工作建議，表現(xiàn)良好的同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)低滾動阻力特別車型。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)第一次被發(fā)表在此選擇綠色的報(bào)告。的 ecos 咨詢的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)其他背景中可以找到為加州能源委員會編寫的另一份報(bào)告，在 /reports/2003- 01 - 31_600 - 03 -001CRVOL2.PDF可查。3. 輪胎平衡性及其它注意事項(xiàng)輪胎的生產(chǎn)，像其他工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程，涉及重大的開采和生產(chǎn)，以及能源消耗和各種污染物的排放。這些制造每個(gè)階段以不同的方式影響環(huán)境。然而，輪胎，像其他消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量，實(shí)際上更多的環(huán)境影響在其使用和最終處置比他們負(fù)責(zé)制造。他們大大影響了車輛消耗的燃料量以它們所連接，導(dǎo)致全球變暖的排放以及當(dāng)?shù)睾蛥^(qū)域空氣污染。他們創(chuàng)造微粒在穿著過程中的空氣污染，他們可以是一個(gè)重大的固體廢物問題，如果沒有妥善回收。由意大利倍耐力輪胎制造商（圖 1）所作的分析顯示，輪胎在整個(gè)