植物學(xué)課件2011第七節(jié)花的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)及生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育

1、Section 7 Morphology, structure and development of flower 第七節(jié) 花的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)及生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育 The flower is a characteristic system of reproductive organs of angiosperms (syn. flowering plants) in which two basic processes of sexual reproduction, meiosis and the fusion of male and female gametes occur resulting in the

2、 production of a new generation, the embryo. 1. Morphology of flowers 花的形態(tài)學(xué) 花是被子植物的生殖器官，是適應(yīng)于生殖的變態(tài)短枝，花的各部分為變態(tài)葉。1.1 花的組成 花梗 花托 花萼 花冠 雄蕊群 雌蕊群 禾本科植物花的組成（單子葉） 外穎 穎片（小總苞） 內(nèi)穎 外稃（苞葉） 稃片 小穗 內(nèi)稃（小苞葉） 花（1幾朵） 漿片（花被）穗 雄蕊群 雌蕊群 小穗軸 穗軸 小 麥 穗、小 穗、花 的 組 成穗小穗花小穗穗軸小穗軸外穎內(nèi)穎小花漿片外稃內(nèi)稃雌蕊雄蕊其它單子葉植物的花:1.2 花的類型* 離萼 合萼 副萼 * 離瓣 合瓣

3、無(wú)瓣 * 雙被 單被 無(wú)被 * 兩性 單性 無(wú)性1.3 花的對(duì)稱性： *輻射對(duì)稱花：花瓣或花被片排列整齊，過(guò)花心可作2多個(gè)對(duì)稱面的花。-整齊花 *兩側(cè)對(duì)稱花：花瓣或花被片排列不整齊，但過(guò)花心能作一個(gè)對(duì)稱面的花。-不整齊花 *不對(duì)稱花：通過(guò)花心不能作出對(duì)稱面的花。-不整齊花輻射對(duì)稱兩側(cè)對(duì)稱1.4 花冠形態(tài)頭狀花序中的舌狀花和管狀花1.5 雄蕊形態(tài)1. 6 雌蕊形態(tài)1. 7 子房形態(tài)1. 8 胎座形態(tài) 2. Flower bud differentiation and development 花芽分化和發(fā)育 1234桃花芽分化1. 萼片原基； 2. 花瓣原基； 3. 雄蕊原基； 4. 雌蕊原基一種

4、毛茛花芽在雌蕊形成初期的分生組織 1 = sepal primordium;萼片2 = petal primordium;花瓣3 = stamen primordium;雄蕊4 = carpel primordial;心皮5 = procambium；原形成層 Floral organ development in periwinkle (Vinca minor) 長(zhǎng)春花的花芽分化 Floral organ development under SEM 掃描電鏡下的花芽分化 Inflorescences are initiated in a floral apex in the same acr

5、opetal sequence as in flowers. 花序的分化也是向上的.showing the initiation and early developmental stages of a compound umbel （復(fù)傘形花序）and its flowers in carrot (Daucus carota 胡蘿卜Pattern of inflorescence and flowers development in the head. 頭狀花序The youngest flowers are in the center found in Calendula officinal

6、is（金盞菊）Note the unusually wide meristem.Pattern of inflorescence and flowers development in complex spike. 復(fù)穗狀花序和花發(fā)育的模式A生長(zhǎng)錐；B. 生長(zhǎng)錐伸長(zhǎng)期;C.苞原基分化期（單棱期）; D. 小穗分化期開(kāi)始; E. 小穗分化期末期;F. 穎片分化期; G. 小花分化期; H. 一個(gè)小穗（正面觀）;I.雄蕊分化期;J.雌蕊形成期. 1.苞片原基;. 小穗原基;. 穎片原基;. 小花原基;. 雄蕊原基;.雌蕊原基 3 . Structure and development of stam

7、en 雄蕊的結(jié)構(gòu)與發(fā)育 3. 1 Origin of stamens - modified leaves 雄蕊的起源 - 變態(tài)的葉子 Cross-sectional view of gooseberry （Ribes sp.） flower, showing anthers parts醋栗花橫切示花藥結(jié)構(gòu)Five anthers, each with four pollen sacs (花粉囊） (microsporangia， 小孢子囊), bearing pollen grains are shown. 1 = connective; 藥隔2 = anther vascular bundl

8、e; 花藥維管束3 = pollen sac wall; 花粉囊壁4 = style; 花柱5 = petal; 花瓣6 = sepal 萼片3. 2 Structure and development of anther 花藥的發(fā)育與結(jié)構(gòu)A-E. 花藥的發(fā)育過(guò)程；F. 一個(gè)花粉囊放大，示花 粉母細(xì)胞;G. 已開(kāi)裂的花藥，示花藥 的構(gòu)造1.原表皮；2.孢原細(xì)胞；3.造孢細(xì)胞；4.藥室內(nèi)壁（纖維層）5.絨氈層；6.中層；7.花粉母細(xì)胞；8.藥隔維管束；9.藥隔基本組織； 10.花粉粒; 11. 表皮10Development process of microgametophyte of flow

9、ering plants 有花植物雄配子體發(fā)育過(guò)程（1）表皮藥隔基本組織藥隔維管束藥室內(nèi)壁中層絨氈層花粉母細(xì)胞未 成 熟 花 藥 的 結(jié) 構(gòu)a、表皮； b、藥室內(nèi)壁； c、中層； d、絨氈層 Development process of microgametophyte of flowering plants 有花植物雄配子體發(fā)育過(guò)程（2）藥隔維管束表皮藥隔基本組織花粉粒纖維層成 熟 花 藥 的 結(jié) 構(gòu)3. 3 花粉母細(xì)胞發(fā)育形成花粉粒1） Meiosis 減數(shù)分裂花粉母細(xì)胞小孢子四分體四分體：田字型四分體四面體型四分體2）花粉粒的發(fā)育3）成熟花粉粒的結(jié)構(gòu)4）成熟花粉粒的類型二胞花粉粒三胞花粉

10、粒掃描電鏡下的花粉粒形態(tài)3. 4 Activity of pollen and pollen Tube 花粉活力與花粉管活力 與植物的遺傳有關(guān)，但受環(huán)境影響 ，低溫有利于其活力的保存。Pollen plants花粉植物 4. Development and structures of pistil 雌蕊的發(fā)育與結(jié)構(gòu) 4.1 雌蕊的起源心皮 Carpel is modified leaf 心皮是變態(tài)的葉子1） Single pistid - from one carpel 單雌蕊（單心皮）e.g. Fabaceae 豆科 (Leguminosae) Prunus (Rosaceae) 李屬（薔薇

11、科）Cercis chinensis (Redbud 紫荊)Prunus Prunus salicina (李)2）Apocarpous gynoecium - from more than one simple carpel but not united 離生心皮雌蕊群e.g. Rosoideae 薔薇亞科 Magnoliaceae 木蘭科Ranunculaceae 毛茛科 Magnolia denudata 白玉蘭Ranunculus japonicus 毛茛Duchesnea indica 蛇莓3）Syncarpous pistil - from more than one carpel

12、 but united - compound pistil 合生心皮雌蕊 - 復(fù)雌蕊e.g. Most Angiosperm 大多數(shù)被子植物But there are different types: Dianthus sp. 石竹屬3）Syncarpous pistil - from more than one carpel but united - compound pistil 合生心皮雌蕊 - 復(fù)雌蕊Polyponum sp. 蓼屬Gypsophila sp. 霞草屬Alternanthera sp. 蓮子草屬11231231231、柱頭；2、花柱；3、子房 1) 柱頭：雌蕊頂端接受花

13、粉的部位；其表皮細(xì)胞向外伸長(zhǎng)成 毛狀，稱乳突細(xì)胞。 2) 花柱 ：連接柱頭與子房，是花粉管到達(dá)子房的通道。 3) 子房 ：雌蕊基部膨大的部分，由子房壁、子房室、胎座 和胚珠組成。柱頭花柱子房4.2 Composition of pistil 雌蕊的結(jié)構(gòu)組成Wet stigma 濕柱頭 e.g. Nicotiana 煙草屬 Citrus 柑橘屬Dry stigma 干柱頭 Brassica 油菜屬 Gossypium 棉屬Types of style柱頭類型Types of style花柱的類型Solid style 實(shí)心型 e.g. Gossynium 棉屬Hollow style 空心型Ci

14、trus 柑橘屬花柱道花柱溝引導(dǎo)組織Structures of ovary 子房的結(jié)構(gòu) Position of ovary 子房的位置There are three types of ovary positions:A superior ovary (e.g. tulip 郁金香) is situated on the receptacle above the points of origin of the perianth parts and androecium（雄蕊群）. In an inferior ovary (e.g. daffodil 水仙 ) the other floral

15、parts are attached at the top of the ovary. Calyx, corolla, and androecium fused to form a flower tube, or hypanthium (花筒）. Some plants (e.g. Sambucus 接骨木) is a half-inferior ovary in which the hypanthium is adnate to only the lower half of the ovary. 子房的結(jié)構(gòu)：Ovary wall（子房壁）Ovary locule（子房室）Ovules（胚珠）

16、Placenta（胎座）Dorsa suture & bundle背縫線和背束Ventral suture & bundle腹縫線和腹束Lilium sp. ovary 百合子房橫切子房壁子房室胎座胚珠子 房 橫 切 面 結(jié) 構(gòu)棉 屬Placentae are variously positioned within the ovaries of different plants.The type of placentation depends on the structure of the ovary.特立中央中軸側(cè)膜胎座類型對(duì)植物的分類是重要的。Polycarpous ovary & par

17、ietal placentation in poppy 罌粟的多心皮子房與特殊的側(cè)膜胎座Fused margins of numerous carpels grow deeply into a one-locular ovaryCentral-angular placentation in bilocular ovary and in trilocular ovary 2室子房和3室子房的中軸胎座4. 3 Structures and development of ovule 胚珠的發(fā)育與結(jié)構(gòu)Chalaza 合點(diǎn)Nucellus 珠心Embryo sac 胚囊Outer integument外

18、珠被Inner integument 內(nèi)珠被Micropyle 珠孔Funiculus 珠柄The most common type of megaspore- & megagameto-geneses show here is a bitegmic tenuinucellate anatropous ovule, appearing in the majority of plants.1）Development of ovule 胚珠的發(fā)育(1)最常見(jiàn)的大孢子發(fā)生類型是：雙珠被、薄珠心、倒生胚珠 DivisionSome cells near ovary wall - - nucellusO

19、vule primordium 珠心 - funiculus 珠柄both integuments 雙珠被develop bitegmic(nu = nucellus). Note the lack of the integuments. (ii = inner integument; oi = outer integument)2）Development of ovule 胚珠的發(fā)育(2)A big cell in nucellusstarts development Arehesporial孢原細(xì)胞A embryo-sac mother cell, EMC 胚囊母細(xì)胞Growth dire

20、ctlyParietal cell周緣細(xì)胞Sporogenous cell造孢細(xì)胞crassinucellus珠心Mitosisembryo-sac mother cellMost plantsLilium sp.Megasporegenesis starts with meiotic division of the diploid megasporecyte 二倍體大孢子母細(xì)胞開(kāi)始減數(shù)分裂Ends with the formation of tetrad of haploid megaspores（單核胚囊）. Of tetrad spores (四分體）only a chalazal on

21、e （合點(diǎn)那個(gè)） es functional-other three degenerate.3）Development of ovule 胚珠的發(fā)育(3)EMCCarex sp. 莎草科苔屬Process of from EMC to tetrad spores in LiliumProcess of from EMC to tetrad spores in ZeaTypes of megasporogenesis 大孢子發(fā)生的類型Polygonum type 蓼型(單孢型）In 70% angiosperme, tetrad spores (四分體）only a chalazal one （

22、合點(diǎn)端那個(gè)） es functional Megaspore (大孢子），other three degenerate點(diǎn)（解體）.Megaspore - 3 times of mitosis - 8 nucleus - mature (Single nuclear embryo sacembryo sac)seven cells embryo sac includes the egg and two synergids (representing the egg apparatus in the micropylar region of the sac), the central cell a

23、nd, in the chalazal region, three antipodals. Structure of mature embryo sac 成熟胚囊的結(jié)構(gòu)three antipodals 反足細(xì)胞 the central cell 中央細(xì)胞Synergids助細(xì)胞 chalazalmicropylarthe eggOrthotropous crassinucellate bitegmic ovules in (Polygonum sp.) . 直生的雙珠被、厚珠心胚珠O = obturator, II = inner integument, OT = outer integume

24、nt, S = synergids, N = nucellus (megasporangium), E = egg cell, SN = secondary nucleus of central cell, ES = embryo sac, A = antipodals, H = hypostase, C = chalaza, VB = vascular bundle, and F = funiculus Structure of mature embryo sac - megagametophyte成熟胚囊- 雌配子體的結(jié)構(gòu) Seven cells and eight nucleusAnatropous tenuinucellat