考研英語真題翻譯必背

1、考研英語1993年試題與翻譯Section Use of EnglishAlthough interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be 1 contained in a single large bui

2、lding.The importance of interior design becomes 2 evident when we realize how much time we 3 spend_ surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be _4 as attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect 5 each place to be appropriate to its use. You wou

3、ld be 6 shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look 7 like the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldnt feel 8 right in a business office that has the appearance of a school.It soon becomes clear that the interior designers most important basic 9 concern is the function of the

4、 particular 10 space . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and 11 too few entries and exits will not work for 12 its purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be 13 decorated . Nevertheless, for any kind of space, the designer has to make many of the same ki

5、nd of 14 decisions . He or she must coordinate the shapes, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. 15 In addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served翻譯：盡管室內(nèi)設(shè)計自建筑業(yè)出現(xiàn)之初業(yè)已存在，但它發(fā)展成為一個專門的領(lǐng)域的歷史卻不長。

6、室內(nèi)設(shè)計師們的角色變得十分重要，部分原因在于單單一個大型建筑物就包含有諸多的功能。當(dāng)意識到我們有多少時間是在室內(nèi)度過時，室內(nèi)設(shè)計的重要性就凸現(xiàn)出來了。無論什么時候，當(dāng)需要呆在屋內(nèi)時，我們都希望我們的環(huán)境盡可能的宜人并且舒適。我們也期望室內(nèi)的每一個地方都被恰當(dāng)使用。如果你的臥室突然變得像餐館的店堂一樣，你肯定會感到驚訝。同樣，坐在一間裝飾得像教室一樣的商務(wù)辦公室里，你也不會感到舒服。很明顯，室內(nèi)設(shè)計者關(guān)注的最重要的基本問題就是某一特定空間的功能。例如，具有微弱的光線、劣質(zhì)的聲音調(diào)整品質(zhì)的劇院的內(nèi)部設(shè)計以及進(jìn)出口太少的劇院不會發(fā)揮其功能，不管它裝潢設(shè)計得多美麗。然而，無論任一類型的空間，設(shè)計者必須

7、作出許多相同的決定。他（她）必須協(xié)調(diào)從天花板至地板所有東西的形狀、照明及裝飾。此外，設(shè)計者通常必須根據(jù)需要滿足的功能選擇家具或設(shè)計嵌入式家具。Section Reading ComprehensionPassage 1Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederickin the thirteenth cen

8、tury, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the

9、 first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whos

10、e brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage

11、has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple

12、 words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about l, 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant

13、is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an

14、 order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the child s babbling ( 咿呀學(xué)語) ,

15、 grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.翻譯：語言是否如同食物這種

16、人們的基本需求一樣，沒有了它，在關(guān)鍵期的兒童會餓死和受到損害？從十三世紀(jì)弗雷德里克一世的極端實(shí)驗(yàn)來看，語言可能會是這樣。弗雷德里克一世期望發(fā)現(xiàn)如果沒有母語，兒童將說什么語言，他叫護(hù)士保持沉默。所有的嬰兒在第一年就夭折了。但是，顯然這不僅僅是缺少語言的問題。（長難句）真正缺乏的是良好的哺育。沒有良好的哺育，尤其是在生命的第一年，人的生存能力會受到嚴(yán)重的影響。當(dāng)今不會再存在如同弗雷德里克那樣欠缺的安排了。然而，一些兒童仍然在說話方面滯后。通常是母親對嬰兒發(fā)出的信號不敏感，而嬰兒的大腦已經(jīng)對快速學(xué)習(xí)語言做好了安排。（長難句）如果這些敏感的階段被忽略的話，那么學(xué)習(xí)技能的最佳時間將被錯過，同時人可能再也

17、不會那么容易地學(xué)習(xí)這些技能了。小鳥在合適的時候能夠很快地學(xué)會唱歌和飛翔，但一旦關(guān)鍵期錯過了，那么學(xué)起來就會既慢又難。專家指出人按照固定的順序并在一定的年齡進(jìn)入說話階段，但也有開始說話晚，最后成為高智商者的例子。（長難句）十二周的時候，嬰兒會笑并且發(fā)出類似元音的聲音；在十二個月的時候，他會說簡單的單詞并且聽懂簡單的指令；在十八個月的時候他有三到五十個詞匯量。在三歲的時候，他知道大約一千個能夠用來造句的單詞，到了四歲的時候，他的語言在風(fēng)格而不是語法方面與他父母的語言迥異。最近的研究結(jié)果表明，嬰兒生來就有說話的能力。與猴子大腦相比，嬰兒大腦之所以特殊在于其復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)能使兒童把對玩具熊這樣具體事物的視

18、覺及感覺與“玩具熊”這個詞語的聲音模式連接起來。更讓人難以置信的是這個小腦袋從周圍混雜的聲音里挑選出語言的順序，對其對進(jìn)行分析，再以新的方式對語言的各部分進(jìn)行組合、再組合的能力。但是說話需要引導(dǎo)，這依賴于兒童與母親的交流，在此過程中，母親識別兒童咿呀學(xué)語，抓東西和微笑等的信號并對這些信號做出反應(yīng)。母親對這些信號的不敏感性會削弱交流，因?yàn)閮和艽?，同時他們僅僅會發(fā)出明顯的信號。對兒童非語言信號的敏感對語言的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是必要的。Passage 2In general , our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a b

19、ureaucratic ( 官僚主義的)management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless

20、, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might

21、 find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.T

22、hose higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-resp

23、ect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavi

24、or, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to n

25、ineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves i

26、nto a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialitiesthose of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.翻譯：總的來說，我們的社會正在變成一個由官僚資本主義經(jīng)營指導(dǎo)的巨大企業(yè)，其中，人們

27、已經(jīng)變成機(jī)器里微不足道的、上好油的齒輪。心理學(xué)家和人類關(guān)系專家認(rèn)為，高工資、通風(fēng)良好的工廠、不斷播放的音樂等是使人正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的“潤滑油”。然而這些“潤滑油”并沒有改變?nèi)藗冏兊脽o能為力的事實(shí)，人們不能全身心地投入到他們的工作當(dāng)中，并且開始厭煩工作。事實(shí)上，藍(lán)領(lǐng)和白領(lǐng)們已經(jīng)變成了經(jīng)濟(jì)的木偶，隨著自動化機(jī)器和官僚主義管理的節(jié)拍而跳動。工人和雇工都很焦慮，不僅因?yàn)樗麄兏杏X到自己可能會失業(yè)，而且因?yàn)樗麄儾荒艿玫秸嬲臐M足或者對生活的興趣。他們平淡地活著、死去，沒能像情感和智力上很獨(dú)立并富有成果的人們那樣體驗(yàn)到人類存在的基本現(xiàn)實(shí)。（佳句）那些上層階級也同樣感到焦慮。他們內(nèi)心的空虛不少于他們的下屬。（長難句）

28、在某些方面他們甚至更加不安全。他們處于競爭非常激烈的一類。升職或落后不單單事關(guān)工資，更事關(guān)個人尊嚴(yán)。（佳句）當(dāng)申請第一份工作時，他們就經(jīng)歷了智力，以及正確協(xié)調(diào)服從性和獨(dú)立性的測試。（長難句）從那以后，他們就被以測試為重任的心理學(xué)家們以及評價他們的行為、社交能力、為人能力，等等的上司不斷地測試。這種需要不斷證明一個人和他們的競爭對手同樣優(yōu)秀或更加出色的局面造成持久的焦慮和緊張，而這正是不幸與疾病的根源。我是在建議回到我們工業(yè)化前的生產(chǎn)模式或十九世紀(jì)自由企業(yè)資本主義嗎？當(dāng)然不是?；氐揭粋€已經(jīng)過時的階段永遠(yuǎn)解決不了問題。我的建議是把以最大化生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)為目的的官僚資本主義管理的工業(yè)制度轉(zhuǎn)變成一個人本主

29、義的工業(yè)制度，在這里人及其潛力愛和理性的充分開發(fā)是所有社會安排的目的。生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)只是達(dá)到這個目的的手段，不能成為奴役人類的工具。（佳句）Passage 3When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. A granted patent is the result of a barg

30、ain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (壟斷) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal proce

31、ss of events.The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patents normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanent

32、ly public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high

33、 cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventors right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take

34、 ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new ideas” are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through nec

35、essity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine

36、car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.翻譯：當(dāng)發(fā)明家創(chuàng)造了一件發(fā)明，他可能做三件事情：他可能將這件發(fā)明公諸于世，也可能保守秘密，或者也可能為這件發(fā)明申請專利權(quán)。批準(zhǔn)了的專利是發(fā)明家和國家討價還價的結(jié)果，發(fā)明家享受一段時間的壟斷權(quán)，在這段時間之后，他必須公布其發(fā)明的所有細(xì)節(jié)。只有在極特殊的情況下專利的期限才可能被延長以改變事件的正常過程。迄令為止批準(zhǔn)的最長的延期授予了喬治瓦倫西，他1939年的彩色電視接收機(jī)電路系統(tǒng)的專利被延長至1971年，因?yàn)樵谠搶＠拇蟛糠钟行诶锔緵]有彩色電視節(jié)

37、目，因此該發(fā)明沒有獲利的希望。（長難句）由于一項(xiàng)專利在其有效期終止后將永遠(yuǎn)公之于眾，因此附屬于專利機(jī)構(gòu)的圖書館的書架上收藏有至少上百萬種發(fā)明想法供任何人免費(fèi)使用，如果它們已經(jīng)存在半個多世紀(jì)，有時候甚至被人們用于重新申請專利。事實(shí)上，專利專家經(jīng)常向希望避開使用有效專利的高昂代價的人們建議，避免侵犯任何其他發(fā)明者權(quán)利的一個萬無一失的辦法就是剽竊一個已經(jīng)失效的專利。同樣，由于已經(jīng)以任何其他形式發(fā)表的想法不能再用于申請專利，因此保守的做法是從其他公開的相關(guān)領(lǐng)域獲得靈感。許多現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的突破就是基于這樣的法律保障前提。任何密切參與專利和發(fā)明工作的人都很快了解到大部分“新”思想實(shí)際上都很陳舊。（佳句）正是出

38、于需要或奉獻(xiàn)，或由于得到新技術(shù)而使構(gòu)想轉(zhuǎn)換為商業(yè)行為，它們創(chuàng)造了新聞和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。（長難句）磁記錄理論的基本專利要追溯到1886年。許多關(guān)于電視機(jī)的最初想法都來自于19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初。甚至1904年一項(xiàng)馬在后面的馬車專利就預(yù)示了大眾后置發(fā)動機(jī)汽車的誕生。Part English-Chinese Translation(31) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply th

39、e mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a

40、 baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (32) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of

41、their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (33) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by m

42、eans of induction (歸納法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (34) And it is imagined by many that the operations of t

43、he common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frigh

44、tened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Motieres plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that

45、he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (35)Probably there is not one

46、 here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.翻譯：(31)科學(xué)研究的方法不過是人類思維活動的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以精確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)解釋的表達(dá)方式。

47、他們之間沒有其他差別，不過是科學(xué)家的思維操作模式與正常人的思維操作模式之間的一樣，這種差別有如面包師或賣肉者用普通磅秤稱他們物品的重量的操作方法與化學(xué)家用天平以及精確度量的重量單位進(jìn)行一個困難且復(fù)雜的分析之間的不同。(32)這并不是說面包師或賣肉者所用的磅秤和化學(xué)家所用的天平的構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上存在差別，而是說與前者相比，后者是一種更精密的裝置，因而在計量上必然更準(zhǔn)確。如果我給你一些熟悉的例子，或許，你可以更好地理解這點(diǎn)差異。(33)你們都多次聽說過，科學(xué)家是用歸納法和演繹法工作的，他們用這些方法，在某種意義上說，力求從自然界找出某些自然規(guī)律，然后他們根據(jù)這些規(guī)律，用自己的某種非同一般的本領(lǐng)

48、，建立起他們的理論。(34)許多人以為，普通人的思維活動根本無法與科學(xué)家的思維過程相比，認(rèn)為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專門訓(xùn)練才能獲得。聽了那些夸大的言語，你可能會認(rèn)為科學(xué)家的頭腦一定和其他人的大腦構(gòu)造不同；但是假如你沒有被這些言詞所嚇倒，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，你完全錯了；你還會發(fā)現(xiàn)，所有這些可怕的儀器你自己每天每時也在使用。在莫里哀的一個劇本中有這樣一個著名的插曲：作者讓主人公得知他整個一生中一直在說散文后，表現(xiàn)出無限的喜悅。同樣，我認(rèn)為，當(dāng)你一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)你一生中一直在按歸納法和演繹法的哲理辦事時，你也會感到安慰和欣喜的。(35)在座的諸位中，大概不會有人一整天都沒有機(jī)會進(jìn)行一連串復(fù)雜的思考活動，這些思考活動

49、與科學(xué)家在探索自然現(xiàn)象原因時所經(jīng)歷的思考活動，盡管復(fù)雜程度不同，但在類型上是完全一樣的?？佳杏⒄Z1994年試題與翻譯Section Use of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 of the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 likely breakdown is i

50、n the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words 3 prevents a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may 4 stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 which interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.

51、 6 Moreover , inaccurate or indefinite words may make 7 it difficult for the listener to understand the 8 message which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 unable to explain or describe in a 10 way that can be understood by his

52、 listeners.翻譯：關(guān)于語言，首先可以討論的最小單位是單詞。說話的時候，選詞是至關(guān)重要的。恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x詞可以消除交流過程中可能出現(xiàn)的障礙。通常，不慎重的詞語使用將阻礙說話者和聽話者之間的思想交流。說話者使用的詞語可能會引起聽者不愉快的反應(yīng)，干擾他的理解，因此，“傳送接收”系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障。此外，不準(zhǔn)確或不明確的詞語會使聽者難以理解正在傳遞給他的信息。說話人的常用詞匯中如果沒有詳細(xì)而精確的詞，就不可能用聽話人能理解的方式進(jìn)行解釋或描述。Section Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized a

53、round a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in c

54、ompetition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits an

55、d the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American

56、economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminat

57、ed from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the Am

58、erican economic system. The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the America

59、n economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 翻譯：美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是在基本上由私營企業(yè)組成并以市場為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的。在這個經(jīng)濟(jì)體制里，需要生產(chǎn)什么主要是由

60、消費(fèi)者在市場上花錢購買他們最需要的商品和服務(wù)決定的。（長難句）為了獲取利潤，私有企業(yè)主之間互相競爭，來生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品和提供這些服務(wù)。在競爭的壓力下運(yùn)作，追求利潤的動機(jī)很大程度上決定了生產(chǎn)商品和提供服務(wù)的方式。因此，在美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制中，消費(fèi)者個人的需求、商人對獲取最大利潤的追求以及消費(fèi)者渴望最大化自己的收入，所有這些共同決定了應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么和如何利用資源去生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。（長難句）在以市場為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)中的一個重要因素是反映消費(fèi)者需求以及生產(chǎn)者對消費(fèi)者需求作出反應(yīng)的機(jī)制。在美國經(jīng)濟(jì)中，這一機(jī)制是由價格體制提供，在價格體系中，價格隨消費(fèi)者的相對需求和出售者及生產(chǎn)者的供應(yīng)情況而上下浮動。（長難句）如果產(chǎn)品相