蝦的營養(yǎng)需求與管理

1、Ahead of your needsShrimp Nutrient Requirements and feeding management蝦的營養(yǎng)需求和飼養(yǎng)管理Jacques Gabaudan, VMA 葛博頓 博士Omnivorous feeding behavior; active detritivore; forager, but not as aggressive as stylirostris.Diurnal and nocturnal feeding behavior 白天和夜間喂食習慣Low protein requirements in juvenile and sub-ad

2、ult phases (18-20% in the lab; 25-35% in the field) 幼蝦和小蝦階段對蛋白需求低（實驗室18-20%，野外25-35%）Feed conversions generally 1.0 1.4 under ideal conditions 在理想狀態(tài)下FCR通常為1.0-1.4Nutritional characteristics of L. Vannamei南美白對蝦的營養(yǎng)特征Protein & amino acids 蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸Digestive enzymes 消化酶Main digestive enzymes similar to st

3、omachless fishno pepsin無胃蛋白酶trypsin胰島素chymotrypsin胰凝乳蛋白酶astacin (not in vertabrates)蝦紅素carboxypeptidases羧肽酶Protease activity increases with dietary protein level 蛋白酶活動性隨著飼料蛋白水平的上升而增加Protein & amino acids 蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸Apparent digestibility of proteins 蛋白質(zhì)的表觀消化率CP digestibility in shrimps is at least as hi

4、gh as in fishCP digestibility of animal (marine) sources vegetable sourcesThis is due to cell wall components (fiber) antinutritional factors (antitrypsin factor, phytates, gossypol, etc)Few data available for farmed species. When not available, fish data should be considered as reasonable estimates

5、 養(yǎng)殖品種蛋白消化率的數(shù)據(jù)很少。在魚中的有關數(shù)據(jù)可以合理估計Protein & amino acids蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸Apparent protein digestibility, Asian seabass(Boonyaratpalin & Williams, 2000)Protein & amino acids蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸Protein sources for L. vanameiFish meal seem to have lower nutritional value for shrimp than for fishWheat gluten higly digestible but l

6、imiting in Lys, Met and ArgSoybean meal good source of protein. Inclusion levels can range from 20 to 50% and thus can replace part of the FM. Palatability of feed might decrease as SBM increases.Cottonseed meal is relatively palatable to P. vannamei but inclusion level 25% (or 1100 ppm free gossypo

7、l). CSM is low in Lys and MetPoultry by-product meal could replace up to 66% of the fish meal in an 8- week trial (final BW2.2g)Rapeseed meal Upper limit for growth and survival 15 % of the dietary proteinSupplementation with free aminoacidsCrustacea 添加自由氨基酸甲殼動物many investigators believe that free A

8、A are not efficiently used by juvenile shrimps.Teshima (1992) improved the efficiency by binding AA to proteins, making a plastein.Chen et al (1992) showed that microencapsulated crystalline arginine enhanced growth of P monodon as opposed to pure cristalline arginineLeaching seem to be the main rea

9、son for the poor results obtained with free AAHowever free AA can stimulate feed intake and thus improve shrimp performance without contributing to dietary protein valueSupplementation with free aminoacidsFish - 1 添加自由氨基酸魚類（一）Supplemental available lysine (% dry diet)Weight gain (g/fish)Free lysine,

10、 T1Protein-bound lysine, T2Zarate & Lovell 1997Comparison of the slopesshow that protein-boundlysine was 63 % more efficient than free lysineGrowth response of channel catfish fed diets containing increasingconcentrations of free lysine or protein-bound lysineSupplementation with free aminoacidsFish

11、 - 2 添加自由氨基酸魚類（二） L-lysine.HCl utilisation in rainbow trout is related to CP level :55% for CP = 35%71% for CP = 55% Rodehutscord et al 2000aL-lysine.HCl and L-lysine sulfate utilisation in rainbow trout is equivalent and averages 68% (CP=55%)Lovell (1998) suggests that fish do not utilize free AA w

12、ell because free AA are not absorbed at the same time as AA from the dietary proteinsProtein & amino acids蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸Protein requirement 蛋白質(zhì)需求Protein requirement depends on : 蛋白質(zhì)需求取決于：Optimum dietary requirement : 最佳日糧需求Protein & amino acids蛋白質(zhì)和氨基酸IAA 必須氨基酸Qualitative : - Same as those for vertabrates-

13、Cystine and tyrosine spare MET and PHEQuantitative :- Most requirements not determined- Recommendations based on shrimp muscle and clam compositionAkiyama et al. 1991; NRC 1993Lipid requirement脂類需求量Most studies indicate that best survival and weight gain is obtained with dietary level of one or a mi

14、xture of oils ranging from5 to 8 % and 16-18 MJ/kg*An excess of lipids increases the lipid concentration of the hepatopancreas which reduces the metabolic rateL. vannamei have a requirement for n-3 (linolenic) and n-6 fatty (linoleic) acids as well as for HUFA (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) 0.5% n-3 and 0.5%

15、 n-6HUFAS show a greater nutritive value than PUFASBest sources are : fish oil, linseed oil and soybean oilSources: DAbramo 1998 and Lim et al 1997* GEDietary cholesterol and soy lecithin (PL)飼料中的膽固醇和大豆磷脂Crustaceans cannot synthesize sterols de novo and therefore require a dietary source of sterols

16、for survival and growth.Cholesterol has a high nutrutive value as a source of sterols which are precursors of steroid and molting hormones.Phospholipids accelerate transport of cholesterol and other lipids and were found to be indispensible to support growth and survival.Interaction between choleste

17、rol and phospholipids is higly significant:Gong-Hui et al. 2000L. vannameiCarbohydrates碳水化合物Shrimp utilize carbohydrates for energy but efficiency varies with source and dietary level.Polysaccharides are better utilized than monosaccharidesCarbohydrates have a sparing effect on the utilization of pr

18、oteinsFew studies with L. vannameiMineral requirements 礦物需求Davis and Lawrence, 1997Interactions between Ca and PJuvenile L. monodon grew better with no supplemental Ca and 0.5% supp. Pthan with Ca and 0.5, 1.0 or more supp. P(Penaflorida, 1999)Ca should therefore be kept low in the formula in order

19、to minimize supplemental PVitamin requirements維生素需求量Per kg feedChemoattractants and feeding stimulants化學引誘劑和攝食刺激物 Shrimp/fish utilize “chemical signals” to identify and orient towards prey, vision Chemoattractants work from a distance while stimulants function upon contact with chemoreceptors Chemic

20、al classes : amino acids, nucleotides, small amines, small peptides, organic acids and hexoses. These chemicals are common metabolites of marine animals. Complex mixtures elicit stronger responses than individual chemicals.Sites for chemoreceptor cells in shrimpChemoattractants & feeding stimulants

21、of Crustacea 甲殼類的化學引誘劑和攝食刺激物I- ChemoattractantsFish mealfish solublesSquid mealSquid liver mealSquid oilShrimp mealShrimp head offalII- Feeding stimulantsArginineGlycineBetaineGlutamateGlucoseTaurineNucleotidesAstaxanthin Metabolism in Shrimp蝦類的蝦青素代謝Dietary intake of astaxanthin + precursorsConversi

22、on by shrimp to astaxanthinStorage in epidermis + hepatopancreas as astaxanthin estersConverted back to astaxanthin as needed for catabolismMaturation and gonadal developmentNormal requirementsIncreased requirements for stressCarotenoid content of shrimp depends on life history (P. monodon data)Lats

23、cha, 1988Yamada et al., 1990Effect of dietary astaxanthin on survival of penaeid shrimp飼料中蝦青素對蝦成活率的影響Tissue astaxanthin content is correlated to survival in post larval Penaeus monodon班節(jié)對蝦仔蝦成活率與組織中蝦青素含量相關1729390204060102030405060Shrimp astaxanthin concentration (mg/kg dry weight)Survival (%)R2 = 0.3

24、947P 0.001y = -2.69 + 1.51xPan et al. (1999)Dietary astaxanthin improves survival following ammonia stress in juvenile Penaeus monodon飼料中的蝦青素可提高經(jīng)過氨氮應激的班節(jié)對蝦幼蝦的成活率Chien et al. (in review)Hemolymph superoxide dismutase affected by dietary astaxanthin in juvenile Penaeus monodon 飼料中的蝦青素對班節(jié)對蝦幼蝦血液淋巴超氧化物Ch

25、ien et al. (in review)Astax-fecundity/g.ppt Effect of astaxanthin on fecundity of pond sourced Penaeus monodon broodstockFecundity (eggs/gram female)Analyzed dietary astaxanthin (ppm)2.350100Natural food control*50% squid, 50% musselPanganthihon-Kuhlmann et al., (1999)Example of a high performance 3

26、5% protein grow-out feed for intensive culture of vannamei 實例：精養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)中， 35%蛋白的南美白對蝦高效成長飼料0.07Vit C 35% 維生素C 35%2.0Wheat gluten meal 小麥麩0.12Choline chloride 氯化膽堿2.7Squid meal 魷魚粉0.2Vitamin premix 維生素預混料3.0Menhaden oil 曼哈頓魚油0.2Mineral premix 礦物預混料3.0Soy lecithin 大豆卵磷脂0.69Potassium phosphate dibasic 磷酸二氫鉀

27、3.0Brewers yeast 啤酒酵母0.69Calcium phosphate monobasic 磷酸一鈣10.5Soybean meal 豆粕2.0Binder 粘和劑24.5Fish meal 魚粉2.0Krill hydrolysate 磷蝦水解產(chǎn)物45.3Whole wheat 小麥Clifford, 200235% protein grow-out feed for semi-intensive and intensive culture of vannamei 精養(yǎng)和半精養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)中， 35%蛋白的南美白對蝦高效成長飼料0.2Choline chloride 氯化膽堿7.0Wh

28、eat middlings 次粉1.0Lecithin 卵磷脂8.0Shrimp meal 蝦粉1.0Tuna oil 金槍魚油10.0Wheat flour 小麥面粉1.5Dicalcium phosphate 磷酸二氫鈣 14.0Ground corn 玉米（破碎）2.0Vitamin mineral premix 維生素礦物質(zhì)預混料15.0Corn gluten meal 玉米粕2.0Brewers yeast 啤酒酵母16.0Soybean meal 豆粕4.0Menhaden (fish) meal 曼哈頓魚粉18.0Herring (fish) meal 青魚粉Clifford,

29、2002Composite %BW feeding curve ( 30C) compiled from major feed manufacturers in the Americas 30C時投飼量指南（綜合美洲主要飼料生產(chǎn)商的數(shù)據(jù)而得）1.9243.0122.0233.1112.0223.3102.1213.592.1203.882.2194.172.3184.462.4175.352.5166.142.6157.332.7149.522.81313.91% BW / daySize (g)% BW / daySize (g)Clifford, 2002“Peruvian method”

30、: 15-25 trays/ha; 100% of feed on trays; check all trays; measures actual consumption; labor-intensive; not commonIndicator method: 1-2 trays/ha.; sub-sampling; estimate consumption; low labor; most popularFeeding tray strategies投飼盤策略Checking feed trays 檢查投料盤Clifford, 2002Peruvian feed tray method 秘

31、魯投料盤方法Clifford, 2002Deploy 25-30 trays per ha. for 25 shrimp/m; add one tray/ha for each additional shrimp/m. This is equivalent to 10,000 shrimp/tray.Trays placed 20 m apart, 5-10 m from dike; position changed after each harvest.Weeks 1-2 of cycle: no trays3rd week: use trays, but no adjustmentsRemove uneaten feed, measure volumetrically, and convert to weight basis.Feed 3-6x/day, depending upon age of shrimp.Dont feed at night due to difficulty of reading trays.Workers motivated by bonuses linked to FCR and growth.Peruvian method Example fro