#第1章船舶結(jié)構(gòu)和駕駛臺(tái)設(shè)備

1、Chapter 1 the Ship s 第 1 章 船舶結(jié)構(gòu)和Structure and Bridge 駕駛臺(tái)設(shè)備EquipmentsShip s StructureThe foremost part is called the bow and the rearmost part is called stern. When standing in a ship and facing the bow， the left-hand side is called port side and the right-hand side is called the starboard side.All p

2、ermanent housing above the main deck is known as superstructure. At the fore end is the forecastle. At the after end is the poop.The main part of a ship is the hull. This is the area between the main decks， the sides and the bottom. It is made up of frames covered with plating. The hull is divided u

3、p into a number of watertight compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going across the ship and along. Decks divide the hull horizontally. Those dividing up cargo spaces are known as tween-decks. The hull contains the engine room， cargo space and a number of tanks. In

4、 dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds， in liquid cargo ships it is divided into tanks. At the fore end of the hull are the fore-peak tanks and at the after end the after peak tanks. They are used for fresh water and water ballast. The space between the holds and the bottom of the hu

5、ll contains double bottom tanks. These are used for ballast water and fuel.The main deck covers the cargo spaces or holds. There are openings cut in the deck ， and these openings are the hatches， one to each船舶結(jié)構(gòu)船舶最前部分稱(chēng)為船首，最后部分稱(chēng)為 船尾。面向船首站在船上，左手一側(cè)稱(chēng)為左 舷，右手一側(cè)稱(chēng)為右舷。主甲板以上的所有永久性結(jié)構(gòu)稱(chēng)為上層 建筑。在前端是艏樓。在后部是艉樓。船舶的主要

6、部分是船體。這是主甲板、 翼板和船底圍成的區(qū)域。 它是由覆蓋有船殼板 的肋骨構(gòu)成的。 船體由甲板和艙壁分成許多水 密分艙。 艙壁是縱橫豎直鋼質(zhì)圍壁。 甲板水平 分隔船體。劃分貨物空間的甲板稱(chēng)為二層甲 板。船體包括機(jī)艙、貨物艙位和一些液體艙。 在干貨船上， 貨物艙位被分成貨艙， 在液貨船 上貨物艙位被分成液貨艙。 在船體的首端是艏 尖艙， 尾端是艉尖艙。 它們是用于裝淡水和壓 載水的。 船體的貨艙和船體之間的空間是雙層 底。它們是用于裝壓載水和燃料的。（be made up of 由構(gòu)成 ） （watertight compartment 水密分艙 ） （the fore-peak tank 艏

7、尖艙 ） （the after peak tank 艉尖艙 ） （double bottom tank 雙層底艙 ）主甲板覆蓋貨艙。甲板上有一些開(kāi)口， 這些開(kāi)口是艙口，一個(gè)貨艙一個(gè)艙口。船舶 使用起重機(jī)或吊桿將貨物吊入艙內(nèi)或卸出。hold. Ships use either cranes or derricks to lift the cargo into the hold and discharge it. A derrick is simply a strong boom ， made of steel or wood ，that can swing from side to side.

8、A wire from a powerful winch runs over a block at the head of the derrick. It qusi te a simple arrangement. A crane is usually a much more complicated and expensive piece of lifting machinery. But a lot of ships are fitted with cranes.The forecastle on a ship is a small extra deck above the main dec

9、k ， forward of number one hold ，right up in the bows. It carries the anchors and their cables. The windlass is for raising and lowering the anchors. There are the port and starboard cable stoppers on the forecastle. The cable comes up from the cable locker through the spurling pipe ， over the gypsy

10、on the windlass ， through the stopper and down through the hawse-pipe. Right forward of the forecastle is the jackstaff.The forecastle head is where the chief officer is stationed when the vessel is coming to a berth or a mooring. The second officer is on the poop， ready to look after the stern moor

11、ing lines or hawsers. In this way ， the two ends of the ship can be secured as precisely and quickly as possible. There is an ensign staff right aft of the poop.There are two open wings of the bridge. They project out to the full width of the ship on each side，port and starboard. In between is the w

12、heelhouse ； that ens closed for protection from the weather. And above the wheelhouse is the standard compass platform ， one good magnetic compass is put there as far as possible from the ship msa gnetic field. And that thes compass they call the “ standard”.The standard 吊桿是由鋼鐵或木材制作的簡(jiǎn)單堅(jiān)固的起重 桿，并能從一舷旋

13、轉(zhuǎn)到另一舷。連接強(qiáng)力絞 車(chē)的鋼絲纜經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)滑輪連接在吊桿頭上。 吊桿是一種簡(jiǎn)單的裝置。起重機(jī)通常是更復(fù) 雜和昂貴的起重機(jī)械。但是，許多船舶裝備 起重機(jī)。（hatch 艙口 ）（hold 貨艙 ）（boom 吊桿，懸臂 ） 船舶上的首樓是高出主甲板的一塊小的 額外甲板，位于 1 號(hào)艙前部，在船首的正上 方。艏樓上載有錨和錨鏈。起錨機(jī)用于起錨 和拋錨。艏樓上有左右制鏈器。錨鏈從錨鏈 艙出來(lái)經(jīng)過(guò)錨鏈管，繞過(guò)錨機(jī)滾筒，通過(guò)制 鏈器再向下到錨鏈筒。艏樓最前端是船首旗 桿。（cable stopper 制鏈器 ）（cable locker 錨鏈艙 ）（spurling pipe 錨鏈管 ）（gypsy 錨

14、機(jī)滾筒 ）（hawse-pipe 錨鏈筒 ） 當(dāng)船舶靠泊或系泊時(shí)， 艏樓是大副值班的 位置。 二副是在艉樓值班， 做好照料船尾系纜 或艉纜。這樣，船舶的兩頭的安全就能得到盡 可能快和準(zhǔn)確的保證。 艉樓的最后端有船尾旗 桿。（ensign staff 船尾旗桿 ） 駕駛臺(tái)有敞開(kāi)的兩翼。該兩翼向兩側(cè)， 即向左右舷突出船體整個(gè)寬度。兩翼中間是 操舵室；操舵室是封閉的以防止天氣的影響。 操舵室正上方是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)羅經(jīng)平臺(tái)。在這里放置 一部性能好的磁羅經(jīng)，并且盡可能遠(yuǎn)離船舶 磁場(chǎng)。這部羅經(jīng)被稱(chēng)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)羅經(jīng)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)羅經(jīng) 被認(rèn)為具有比主操舵羅經(jīng)小得多的自差。但 實(shí)際上，我們是一直使用陀螺羅經(jīng)的。沿著甲板有幾對(duì)系纜樁和帶

15、滾輪的導(dǎo)纜 器供系纜和拖纜通過(guò)。滾輪導(dǎo)纜器能夠減少 摩擦損壞；船東很高興普遍采用滾輪導(dǎo)纜器compass is supposed to have quite a lot less deviation error than the main steering compass. But actually we use a gyrocompass nearly all the time.There are several pairs of mooring bitts and fairlead fitted with rollers along the deck for wires and warps

16、. The roller fairleads can cut down chafe and friction ，so the owners are glad to reduce wear and tear ， by using roller fairleads all over the place.A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure amidships. She may have three holds forward of the bridge and two holds

17、 aft of the bridge. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. They are sowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are enough lifeboats ，on the port and starboard side amidships.A ship is made fast to the quayside by mooring lines. The standard mooring lines consist of headline， forwar

18、d breast line and forward spring line and stern line， aft breast line and aft spring line. Any of these lines may be doubled. Each line has a large eye spliced in the end. The eye is placed over a bollard on the quayside. If there is another line already on the bollard ， the eye of the second line s

19、hould be taken up through the eye of the first line before placing it over the bollard. This makes it possible for either line to be let go first.Bridge EquipmentAs soon as possible after joining a ship and before taking over the first watch， a watch officer must become familiar with all bridge and

20、associated chart room equipment， its use， operation，capacity，and limitations. Instructions and manuals issued with the equipment must be 來(lái)減少磨損。（mooring bitt 系纜樁 ）（fairlead 導(dǎo)纜器 ）（roller fairlead 滾輪導(dǎo)纜器 ）（wear and tear 磨損 ）（all over the place 到處，各處，滿(mǎn)地 ） 傳統(tǒng)的雜貨船的機(jī)艙和駕駛臺(tái)上層建筑 在船中。駕駛臺(tái)前有三個(gè)貨艙，駕駛臺(tái)后有 兩個(gè)貨艙。吊桿是由大桅

21、和將軍柱支撐的。 船舶在海上航行時(shí)，吊桿是沿艏艉方向停放 的。在左右舷和船中有足夠的救生艇。船舶是靠系纜靠泊在碼頭上的。通常系 纜是由艏纜、前橫纜、前倒纜和艉纜、后橫 纜和后倒纜組成的。任何一根纜可以是雙纜 的。每一根纜的末端插接一個(gè)大的眼環(huán)。眼 環(huán)是套在碼頭系纜樁上的。如果系纜樁上已 經(jīng)有一根纜了，第二根纜的眼環(huán)應(yīng)當(dāng)從第一 根纜的眼環(huán)中穿過(guò)再套在系纜樁上。這樣可 以使任何一根纜先解掉。（bollard 纜樁 ）（consist of 由組成 ）（be let go 解掉 ）駕駛臺(tái)設(shè)備值班駕駛員一到船在接第一班前，必須 熟悉所有駕駛臺(tái)和相關(guān)的海圖室設(shè)備及其用 法、操作、性能和局限性。必須學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)

22、備的 使用說(shuō)明書(shū)和操作手冊(cè)并嚴(yán)格遵守。駕駛臺(tái) 設(shè)備的型號(hào)因廠(chǎng)家不同而不同，故操作程序 差別很大。（take over 接班 ） 駕駛臺(tái)設(shè)備包括：雷達(dá)，磁羅經(jīng)，陀螺 羅經(jīng)，無(wú)線(xiàn)電測(cè)向儀，回聲測(cè)深儀， GPS 和 差分 GPS 接收機(jī)，舵機(jī)和自動(dòng)操舵儀， GMDSS ， VHF 等。1雷達(dá)雷達(dá) （無(wú)線(xiàn)電測(cè)向和測(cè)距 ）是通過(guò)發(fā)射微 波無(wú)線(xiàn)電能波束再測(cè)定反射回波的方法確定studied and closely followed. Since models of bridge equipment vary with the manufacture， there are a variety of diff

23、erent operational procedures.The bridge equipment includes ： radar ； magnetic compass； gyro compass； the radio direction finder ； echo sounder； GPS and DGPS ；steering gear and the automatic pilot； GMDSS equipments ；VHF etc.RadarRadar (Radio Direction And Ranging) is a method to determine distance an

24、d direction of objects by sending out a beam of microwave radio energy and detecting the returned reflections. The OOW must keep in mind that radar is more accurate as a ranging device than as a bearing device. Radar is a tremendous advantage both as a navigation aid and as an anticollision device.

25、It can be used in all conditions of visibility ， but is particularly useful in poor visibility and at night. Fixes can be obtained rapidly and anticollision solutions can provide tremendous peace of mind to the OOW. Radar can also be used to locate and track squall lines and other heavy weather. In

26、avoiding collisions the importance of visual bearings cannot be overstressed. Visual bearings and radar ranges provide the best early assessment of the possibility of a threat to a vessel. One radar must be on for early detection. A second radar should be on at a close range scale. Range scales must

27、 be appropriate for the circumstances. When a pilot is embarked it is important for the OOW to ensure that one radar is available for the pilot and the other is available for the master/OOW. The OOW must be aware of the possibility of shadow sectors due to the ships superstructure. 物標(biāo)的方向和距離的方法。值班駕駛員

28、必須 記住雷達(dá)測(cè)距離比測(cè)方位更準(zhǔn)確。雷達(dá)作為 導(dǎo)航設(shè)備和避碰裝置都有很大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。它可 以在任何能見(jiàn)度情況下使用，尤其適合能見(jiàn) 度不良和夜間使用。值班駕駛員利用雷達(dá)可 以很快獲得船位，避碰解算可以使駕駛員心 情平靜。雷達(dá)也可以用來(lái)定位和跟蹤航線(xiàn)和 惡劣天氣。 避碰時(shí)， 不能過(guò)分依賴(lài)目測(cè)方位。 目測(cè)方位和雷達(dá)距離能夠提供最好的威脅船 舶的危險(xiǎn)的早期判斷。一部雷達(dá)必須設(shè)置在 早期警告 （遠(yuǎn)距離擋 ），第二部雷達(dá)應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)置 在近距離擋。距離標(biāo)尺必須適合當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境。 當(dāng)引航員在船時(shí)，對(duì)值班駕駛員重要的一點(diǎn) 是保證一部雷達(dá)供引航員使用另一部雷達(dá)供 船長(zhǎng)和駕駛員使用。值班駕駛員必須知道由 于船舶上層建筑造成陰影

29、扇形的可能性。改 變航向可以顯露出雷達(dá)探測(cè)的這個(gè)扇形區(qū)。（keep in mind 謹(jǐn)記 ）（peace of mind 心情平靜 ）（shadow sector 陰影扇形 ）（squall line 颮線(xiàn) （一條狹窄地帶， 雷陣雨 區(qū)沒(méi)有鋒線(xiàn) ）（appropriate for 適于，合乎 ）（be aware of 知道 ） （unveil 顯露出 ） 無(wú)論雷達(dá)性能如何好，作為助航儀器的 價(jià)值完全取決于操縱雷達(dá)的人。為了正確理 解和解釋雷達(dá)影像，值班駕駛員必須熟悉雷 達(dá)性能和局限性。為了取得信心和在能見(jiàn)度 不良時(shí)正確使用雷達(dá)的程序，只要可能就要 在晴天進(jìn)行雷達(dá)實(shí)踐。（no matter h

30、ow 不管如何 ）（OOW （ officer on watch ） 值班駕駛員 ） 從雷達(dá)獲取的信息必須使用，以便能提 早采取措施防止出現(xiàn)的碰撞危險(xiǎn)。在任何情 況下，雷達(dá)的使用不能解除航海者根據(jù)航路 規(guī)則按照海員方式操縱船舶的責(zé)任。雷達(dá)變得更自動(dòng)化，對(duì)值班駕駛員更重A change of course can unveil these areas for radar detection.No matter how good a radar is ， its value as an aid will be entirely dependent upon the person who opera

31、te it. The OOW must be fully conversant with the radars capabilities and limitations in order to understand and interpret the radar picture correctly. It is important to carry out radar practice in clear weather whenever possible in order to obtain the confidence and routine that is necessary for pr

32、oper use of radar in restricted visibility.Information obtained from the radar must be used so that early steps can be taken to prevent any risk of collision from arising. The use of radar does not under any circumstance relieve the navigator of the obligation to maneuver in a seamanlike manner acco

33、rding to the provisions of Rules.As radar become more automated， it will be even more important for watch officers to keep abreast by continuing education and experience in professional practice.GPS and DGPSA global navigation satellite system is a satellite system that provides ships fitted with su

34、itable receivers with a means of obtaining continuous worldwide position ，time and speed information. The Global Positioning System (GPS) or Navstar operated by the United States and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) operated by the Russian Federation are currently available for civil

35、ian use on ships. GPS offers commercial users a global positioning capability with accuracy of the order of 100 metres. Differential GPS (DGPS) receivers apply corrections to raw GPS signals determined and transmitted by 要的是在專(zhuān)業(yè)實(shí)踐中不斷地培訓(xùn)和實(shí)踐。2 GPS 和差分 GPS 導(dǎo)航星全球定位系統(tǒng)是向配備有適合接 收機(jī)的船舶提供連續(xù)性全球性位置、時(shí)間和 速度信息的衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)

36、。 由美國(guó)操縱的 GPS 或 Navstar 和由俄羅斯操縱的 GLONASS 目前 正在被民用船舶使用。 GPS 向商業(yè)用戶(hù) 提 供 全 球 定 位 精 度 為 100 米。差分 GPS 接 收機(jī)對(duì)接收的 GPS 信號(hào)施加改正， 然后由陸 上監(jiān)測(cè)臺(tái)發(fā)射。差分信號(hào)可以經(jīng)衛(wèi)星或高頻 無(wú)線(xiàn)電線(xiàn)路發(fā)送給船舶。 在差分 GPS 覆蓋區(qū) 內(nèi)，在接收機(jī)天線(xiàn)處定位精度可達(dá) 10 米。 3回聲測(cè)深儀 該儀器發(fā)射水下聲脈沖并測(cè)量由一個(gè)傳 聲器接收的回波的時(shí)間。以英尺、米或拓為 單位的水深可以根據(jù)公式得出 (水深 = 聲速 1/2(發(fā)出聲波到收到回波時(shí)間 )，然后顯示 在一個(gè)顯示器上。顯示器包括旋轉(zhuǎn)閃爍燈、 電表

37、、數(shù)字讀數(shù)計(jì)或剖面測(cè)量?jī)x。無(wú)論哪種 顯示器，值班駕駛員應(yīng)當(dāng)明確使用的測(cè)量單 位和量程。每當(dāng)船舶航行在水深是有用的水 域和安全航行需要水深時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)使用該儀器。(elapsed time 共用時(shí) (間 ) 對(duì)有報(bào)警深度記錄儀的船舶，當(dāng)航行在 淺水區(qū)時(shí)和水深對(duì)增加船舶安全航行是有幫 助的所有其他情況時(shí)， 應(yīng)當(dāng)使用回聲測(cè)深儀?；芈暅y(cè)深儀在商船上沒(méi)有使用到其最大 性能。當(dāng)駛?cè)敫劭诨蚪咏壬罹€(xiàn)明顯的陸岸， 如 100 拓等深線(xiàn)， 回聲測(cè)深儀是非常有用的， 它能給值班駕駛員提供一條很好的位置線(xiàn)。 該位置線(xiàn)可以和天文位置線(xiàn)、目測(cè)方位線(xiàn)和 雷達(dá)距離一起使用獲得一個(gè)很好的定位。此 外，一條測(cè)深線(xiàn)可以用來(lái)判定船舶位置

38、。(line of position (LOP) 位置線(xiàn) ) 測(cè)深時(shí)應(yīng)注意：海圖上的水深沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò) 鹽度、密度或溫度的改正。此外，底質(zhì)可能 指示和海圖水深不同的水深。當(dāng)比較測(cè)深儀 水深和海圖水深時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)改正潮高和船舶吃terrestrial monitoring stations. Differential signals can be transmitted to ships via satellites or using HF radio links. Within DGPS coverage，positional accuracy of the order of 10 metres at

39、the receiver antenna is possible.Echo Sounder (Fathometer)This instrument produces an underwater sound pulse and measures the elapsed time until return of an echo which is received by a microphone. The depth，in feet， meters，or fathoms ， is interpreted according to an equation( depth = speed 1/2 time

40、 interval between sound pulse and echo) and then displayed on an indicator. Displays include rotary flashing light ， electrical meter，digital readout ， or bottom profile. Whatever the display ，it is essential that the OOW be certain what unit of measure and range is being used. This instrument shoul

41、d be used whenever the ship navigate in waters where the depths make it serviceable and where the safe navigation of the ship requires it.Where the ship carries a depth recorder with an alarm ，the echo sounder should be used when navigating in narrow waters and in all other circumstances where the d

42、epth of water makes it a useful aid that may increase the safe navigation of the ship.The echo sounder is not used to its maximum capability aboard the bridges of most merchant vessels. It can be very useful in an approach to port or when making a landfall where there are distinct depth contours，suc

43、h as the 100-fathom curve ， that can give an OOW an excellent line of position (LOP). This LOP can be utilized with a celestial LOP， visual bearing ， and/or radar range to provide an excellent fix. In addition ，a line of soundings 水。一個(gè)類(lèi)似的裝置是使用高頻聲波的聲吶 系統(tǒng)。聲吶系統(tǒng)，聲波信號(hào)可以向船首或船 舶兩側(cè)發(fā)射。從物標(biāo)，如水下礁石，反射回 來(lái)的回波的時(shí)間是船

44、舶到物標(biāo)距離的度量。 聲吶系統(tǒng)也可以被用于測(cè)量船舶相對(duì)海底的 速度。4. 無(wú)線(xiàn)電測(cè)向儀 (RDF) 無(wú)線(xiàn)電測(cè)向系統(tǒng)是工作在中頻段 (MF) 的 較高頻譜部分和高頻段的較低頻譜部分。岸 上全方向發(fā)射機(jī)和船舶上帶有方向敏感天線(xiàn) 的接收機(jī)可以使得無(wú)線(xiàn)電方位直接標(biāo)繪在海 圖上。由于無(wú)線(xiàn)電波是沿大圓傳播的，如果 距離小于 50 海里，可以不必進(jìn)行無(wú)線(xiàn)電方位 修正。 如果必須進(jìn)行改正后才能在墨卡托海 圖上標(biāo)繪，可以用公式或改正量曲線(xiàn)求得改 正量。手動(dòng)無(wú)線(xiàn)電測(cè)向接收機(jī)是用手轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)控制 按鈕直至接收到要測(cè)頻率信號(hào)的最弱信號(hào) (啞點(diǎn) )位置。采用定邊天線(xiàn)解決可能的 180 不確定性誤差。(the minimum

45、signal (null) 最弱信號(hào) (啞 點(diǎn))位置)( “sense” antenna 定邊天線(xiàn) ) 自動(dòng)測(cè)向接收機(jī)是用電子或機(jī)械方式改 正 180不確定性誤差的。值班駕駛員必須 保證調(diào)諧到要接收臺(tái)的正確頻率。 5甚高頻無(wú)線(xiàn)電話(huà)甚高頻無(wú)線(xiàn)電話(huà)工作在甚高頻 (30 300 MHz) 頻段。兩個(gè)最常用的頻率是國(guó)際遇 險(xiǎn)通信 16 頻道(156.8 MHz) 和船舶對(duì)船舶或 駕駛臺(tái)對(duì)駕駛臺(tái)通信 13頻道(156.65 MHz) 。 它們基本是視線(xiàn)頻率，受地球曲率和接收機(jī) 天線(xiàn)高度限制。值班駕駛員必須熟悉 VHF 程序并習(xí)慣 簡(jiǎn)短而清楚的無(wú)線(xiàn)電通話(huà)。 VHF 是一個(gè)非常 好的避碰裝置。當(dāng)船舶互相駛近

46、時(shí)，它能使 值班駕駛員心情平靜。船長(zhǎng)應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)值班駕may be used as a aid in determining a vessel s position.A precaution in taking soundings： these depths on charts are uncorrected for any variation in salinity ，density，or temperature. In addition ，the quality of the bottom may indicate a different depth than on the chart. Wh

47、en comparing soundings from the chart with the fathometer ，allowance for the height of the tide and the draft of the ship.A similar device is the sonar system ， which uses high frequency sound signals. In sonar the sound signal can be sent ahead or sideways. The time for the echo to be sent back fro

48、m an 駛員，甚至普通船員在和引航員聯(lián)系和安排 引航員登船時(shí)使用 VHF 。在和他船進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言通信時(shí)，在船舶識(shí)別 和接收到的信文的理解方面可能出現(xiàn)不確定 情況。在夜間，能見(jiàn)度不良或附近有兩艘以 上的船舶時(shí)，正確識(shí)別這兩艘船是必要的， 但是，這一點(diǎn)很少能保證做到。即使做到了 正確識(shí)別，通信雙方可能由于語(yǔ)言困難，無(wú) 論他們使用的語(yǔ)言如何流暢仍然存在誤解。 不準(zhǔn)確或含糊的表達(dá)的信文能產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的后 果。6羅經(jīng)磁羅經(jīng)：磁羅經(jīng)是安裝在駕駛臺(tái)上方的 船舶中線(xiàn)上并有一個(gè)潛望鏡，以便從操舵位object ， such as an underwater rock ， is a 置可以讀取羅經(jīng)讀數(shù)。磁羅經(jīng)自差應(yīng)當(dāng)在

49、每 measure of the object s distance from the shi次p. 改變航向和在一個(gè)穩(wěn)定航向上航行時(shí)確The sonar system can also be used to measure the speed of the ship over the seabed.Radio Direction Finding (RDF)Radio direction finding (RDF) systems operate in the upper part of medium frequency(MF) band and the lower part of the h

50、igh-frequency (HF) band. Shoreside non-directional transmitters and shipboard receivers with direction-sensitive antennas allow radio bearings to be plotted directly on a chart. Since radio waves travel great circles， a correction to the bearing is not necessary if the range is less than 50 miles. A

51、 correction ，if necessary on a Mercator chart ， can be found in formula or graphs.Manual RDF receivers are rotated by hand until the minimum signal (null) of a desired frequency is obtained. A “sense” antenna is used to resolve the ambiguity of a possible 180 error.Automatic receivers correct for th

52、is 180 ambiguity as these direction finders rotate a loop either electronically or mechanically. The 定，至少每個(gè)航行班測(cè)定一次。測(cè)定的結(jié)果 應(yīng)當(dāng)記入航海日志和自差簿中。應(yīng)當(dāng)保存羅 經(jīng)自差卡并置于駕駛臺(tái)上。陀螺羅經(jīng)：建議陀螺羅經(jīng)應(yīng)當(dāng)連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 如果由于某種原因停用，應(yīng)當(dāng)在使用前重新 啟動(dòng)并隨后進(jìn)行檢查以保證羅經(jīng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)穩(wěn)定和 讀數(shù)準(zhǔn)確。需要對(duì)羅經(jīng)進(jìn)行速度和緯度改正。 陀螺羅經(jīng)能支持許多分羅經(jīng)，包括位于應(yīng)急 舵處的分羅經(jīng)。駕駛臺(tái)上的分羅經(jīng)應(yīng)當(dāng)至少 每個(gè)班次和多次操縱后和主陀螺羅經(jīng)比對(duì)一 次。其他分羅經(jīng)

53、應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)常校對(duì)。如果可能， 每個(gè)班次應(yīng)當(dāng)使用天體方位或疊標(biāo)方位對(duì)磁 羅經(jīng)和陀螺羅經(jīng)誤差進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)并記錄。 7舵機(jī)和自動(dòng)舵值班駕駛員應(yīng)當(dāng)保證遵守國(guó)際海上人命 安全公約關(guān)于舵機(jī)的操縱和測(cè)試的要求。船 舶舵機(jī)的控制應(yīng)當(dāng)包括手動(dòng)和自動(dòng)操舵裝 置。如果裝有自動(dòng)舵，要求有一個(gè)操舵方式 選擇開(kāi)關(guān)用于自動(dòng)和手動(dòng)操舵轉(zhuǎn)換和一個(gè)手 動(dòng)超馳控制開(kāi)關(guān)用于允許駕駛員進(jìn)行瞬間手 動(dòng)操舵。(override control 超馳控制裝置，用于抵OOW must ensure the station is matched with the correct frequency.VHFVHF operate in very high

54、 frequency (VHF) band(30 300 MHz). The two most used frequencies can be found on channel 16(156.8 MHz) ， international distress， and on channel 13(156.65 MHz) ， ship-to-shipo r bridge-to-bridge. They are basically line-of-sight frequencies that are limited by the curvature of the earth and the heigh

55、ts of the respective antennae.Officers of the watch must be familiar with VHF procedures and get used to talking on the radio with brevity and clarity. It is a tremendous anticollision device which can give peace of mind to the officers of the watch on vessels that are approaching each other. Master

56、s should encourage OOWs，and even cadet，sto use VHF in contacting pilot services and arranging for pilot embarkation.In communicating by voice with other vessels uncertainties can arise over the identification of vessels and the interpretation of messages received. At night ， in restricted visibility

57、 ， or when there are more than two vessels in the vicinity the need for positive identification of the two vessels is essential but this can rarely be guaranteed. Even where positive identification has been achieved there is still the possibility of a misunderstanding between the parties concerned d

58、ue to language difficulties-however fluent they are in the language being used. An imprecise ， or ambiguously expressed， message can have serious consequences.CompassesMagnetic compasses：The magnetic compass is generally fitted above the bridge on the 消自動(dòng)控制的裝置或系統(tǒng) ） 只要周?chē)虻那闆r和天氣條件允許， 就應(yīng)當(dāng)使用自動(dòng)舵。值班駕駛員應(yīng)當(dāng)

59、牢記必 須始終遵守 SOLAS 公約的規(guī)定。值班駕駛 員必須監(jiān)督操舵方式從手動(dòng)操舵轉(zhuǎn)換到自動(dòng) 操舵或從自動(dòng)操舵轉(zhuǎn)換到手動(dòng)操舵。值班駕 駛員在接通自動(dòng)操舵前，應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行氣象和舵 角的設(shè)置調(diào)整。一旦設(shè)置為自動(dòng)操舵，必須 密切監(jiān)督操舵性能，看看上述設(shè)置是否達(dá)到 希望的效果，必要時(shí)，再進(jìn)行微調(diào)。在這段 時(shí)間，舵工必須站在舵旁并且?guī)椭O(jiān)督。當(dāng) 從自動(dòng)操舵轉(zhuǎn)換為手動(dòng)操舵時(shí)，值班駕駛員 必須考慮舵工是否就位和及時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換為手動(dòng)操 舵，以便以安全的方式處理潛在的情況。（in good time 及早地；準(zhǔn)時(shí)地 ） （bear in mind 記住 ） （prior to 在前，居先 ） 在每個(gè)班次的開(kāi)始 30 分鐘

60、；擁擠水域； 能見(jiàn)度不良；距駛近的他船、助航設(shè)施、障 礙物等 5 海里以?xún)?nèi)和其他需要謹(jǐn)慎的環(huán)境 時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用手動(dòng)操舵。舵令必須響亮、清楚，使舵工確切知道 要求他做什么。舵工必須按同樣的方式復(fù)誦 舵令。操舵必須始終監(jiān)督以保證舵令被舵工 正確復(fù)誦和執(zhí)行，所操縱的航向是正確的。 監(jiān)督操舵在引航水域尤為必要，保證保持航 向和舵令被正確執(zhí)行是值班駕駛員的責(zé)任。當(dāng)采用自動(dòng)舵操舵時(shí)，要操的航向需要 手動(dòng)設(shè)置在自動(dòng)操舵儀上，并且自動(dòng)操舵儀 將按該航向操舵直到新航向輸入為止。 8航向記錄器 航向記錄器應(yīng)當(dāng)顯示世界時(shí)，當(dāng)船舶在海上 時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)于中午將船位、風(fēng)向和氣象情況記 入記錄紙上。9（主機(jī) ）每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)指示器