量子力學(xué)歷史1

1、History of quantum mechanicsandits new development1birthday of quantum mechanicsMax Planck (1858-1947) Nobel Prize 191814 December 1900Planck (age 42) suggests that radiation is quantizedE = hn h = 6.626x10-34 Js21897 Thompson (age 41) Nobel Prize 1906 measures the electron plum pudding model 1905 E

2、instein (age 26) proposes the photon1911 Rutherford (age 40) infers the nucleus Status of physicsAlbert Einstein (1879-1955) Nobel Prize 192131913, Bohr (age 28) constructs a theory of atom1921 Bohr Institute opened in Copenhagen (Denmark)It became a leading center for quantum physics(Pauli, Heisenb

3、erg, Dirac, ) Niels Bohr (1885-1962) Nobel Prize 1922old quantum theory4matrix formulation of quantum mechanicsWerner Heisenberg(1901-1976)Nobel Prize 1932 1925 at Gttingen (Germany) M. Born (age 43) W. Heisenberg (age 23) P. Jordan (age 22) Max Born (1882-1970)Nobel Prize 1954 5wavefunction formula

4、tion of quantum mechanicsErwin Schrdinger (1887-1961)Nobel Prize 1933 1923 De Broglie (age 31) matter has wave propertiesLouis de Broglie (1892-1987) Nobel Prize 1929 1926 Schrdinger (age 39) Schrdinger equation6 1926 Erwin Schrdinger in Austria Carl Eckert (age 24) in AmericaProved: wave mechanics

5、= matrix mechanics (Schrdinger and Heisenberg theories equivalent mathematically) Schrdingers wave mechanics eventually became the method of choice, because it is less abstract and easier to understand than Heisenbergs matrix mechanicsNeumann (mathematician) invented operator theory Largely because

6、of his work (publish his book in 1932), quantum physics and operator theory can be viewed as two aspects of the same subject. wave mechanics = matrix mechanics7Paul Dirac (1902-1984)Nobel Prize 1933 1925 Pauli (age 25) Pauli exclusion principleWolfgang Pauli (1900-1958)Nobel Prize 1945 1928 Dirac (a

7、ge 26) Dirac equation (quantum+relativity)81927 Solvay Conference Held in Belgium, the conference was attended by the worlds most notable physicists to discuss the newly formulated quantum theory.9It was applied to atoms, molecules, and solids. It solved with ease the problem of heliumIt was used to

8、 explain chemical bondingIt resolved various questions: structure of stars, nature of superconductors, : Even today it is being applied to new problems. applications of quantum mechanicsQuantum mechanics has been tremendously successful !10量子力學(xué)相對論原子、分子凝聚態(tài)原子核量子場論天體、宇宙起源激光、光纖晶體管、集成電路核能、放射性規(guī)范場、標準模型超導(dǎo)大統(tǒng)

9、一信息能源光、電磁場超對稱弦?量子引力?黑洞11量子力學(xué)量子計算不斷的發(fā)展巨大的應(yīng)用潛力半經(jīng)典物理量子信息量子密碼量子通訊宏觀量子態(tài)高溫超導(dǎo)波色愛因斯坦凝聚相干原子納米材料結(jié)構(gòu)量子點線12 在原理和基礎(chǔ)方面,仍然存在著至今尚未完全理解、物理學(xué)家普遍的困惑的根本性問題A number of scientists, including Schrdinger, de Broglie, and most prominently Einstein, remained unhappy with the standard probabilistic interpretation of quantum mec

10、hanics.13任何能思考量子力學(xué)而又沒有被搞得頭暈?zāi)垦５娜硕紱]有真正理解量子力學(xué) Anyone who has not been shocked by quantum physics has not understood it. - Niels Bohr14 There was a time when the newspapers said that only twelve men understood the theory of relativity. I do not believe there ever was such a time. There might have been a

11、 time when only one man did, because he was the only guy who caught on, before he wrote his paper. But after people read the paper a lot of people understood the theory of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than twelve. On the other hand, I think I can safely say that nobody understands

12、 quantum mechanics. Richard Feynman 15 1.玻爾-愛因斯坦波粒二象性爭論(1927年) 2.薛定諤的死貓-活貓佯謬(1935) 3.愛因斯坦-波多斯基-羅森的EPR佯謬(1935). 4.馮.諾意曼和威格納的測量假說(1932) 5.玻姆的隱變量理論(1952)和Bell不等式(1964) A. Aspect,et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 49 (1982) 91.量子力學(xué)的基本問題16最近的若干精巧實驗1.Which-Way 實驗 Nature, 395, 33 (1998); Nature,391,871 (1998).2. Schrodinger 貓態(tài) Science, 272, 1131 (1