邁向2030年的城市為所有人建設(shè)一個(gè)零排放、有彈性的地球

1、TABLE OF CONTENTSKey findingsForewordThe route to 203014City climate action is global and diverse16Ten years of city action: The global picture25Africa27Asia29Europe31Latin America33North America35OceaniaImportant NoticeThis report may be used by anyone provided that acknowledgment is given to CDP.

2、This does not represent a license to repackage or resell any of its contents without the express permission of CDP.CDP has prepared the data and analysis in this report based on responses to the Cities 2020 Questionnaire. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given by CDP as to the a

3、ccuracy or completeness of the information and opinions contained in this report. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. To the extent permitted by law, CDP does not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty

4、of care in reliance on the information contained in this report.All information and views expressed herein by CDP are based on their judgment at the time of this report and are subject to change without notice. Guest commentaries, where included in this report, reflect the views of their respective

5、authors; their inclusion is not an endorsement of them.The reference to a “city” in the report applies to any entity that submitted data through the Cities 2020 Questionnaire in the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. The analysis contains data from cities or, in some instances, groups of cities at

6、different administrative levels that reported in 2020. This includes metropolitan areas, combined authorities, and some regional councils.CDP refers to CDP Worldwide, a registered charity number 1122330 and a company limited by guarantee, registered in England number 05013650. 2021 CDP Worldwide. Al

7、l rights reserved.KEY FINDINGSIn 2020, there has been a 17x increase in city disclosure since 2011 812 cities have disclosed, compared to just 48 in 2011.Cutting emissions in line with 1.5oC1 67% of cities now have city-wide emissions inventories.1 58% of cities do not yet have a city-wide emissions

8、 reduction target.1 148 cities report that their targets are aligned with 1.5C, but only 52 of these reported an interim target.1 Over half (51%) of cities do not yet have a climate action plan.1 Reporting cities are generating around 692 million Megawatt-hours (MWh) of renewable energy from their e

9、mission reduction activities, enough to power almost 65 million homes for one year1.1 Renewable energy makes up 42%2 of reporting cities energy mix vs. a global average of 26%3.Building resilience to protect every person1 93% of cities are facing significant climate risks.1 43% of cities, representi

10、ng a projected population of over 400 million people by 2030, do not have an adaptation plan to tackle climate risk.1 For 74% of cities, climate change is increasing risks to already vulnerable populations.1 59% of cities have conducted a climate risk and vulnerability assessment.1 60% of cities cit

11、e substantive risk to their water security.1 Only 46% of cities include water security in their vulnerability assessment.1 Almost 50% of cities taking adaptation actions see a public health benefit from these measures.1 25% of cities cite budgetary capacity issues as a barrier to adaptation.Climate

12、planning to sustain action1 87% of cities are incorporating sustainability into master planning or are intending to do so in the next two years.1 Cities that incorporate sustainability into master planning identify more than twice (2.4x) as many opportunities from addressing climate change as cities

13、 that do not.1 Cities with climate action plans identify twice as many opportunities from addressing climatechange as cities that do not. These opportunities include business innovation and additional funding. These cities are also taking five times as many actions to reduce emissions as other citie

14、s.1 Cities identify over 1,000 climate projectsseeking finance, worth USD 72 billion4.1 76% of cities are collaborating with businesses on sustainability projects or are intending to do so in the next two years.The comparison to total homes powered is based on data from the HYPERLINK /greenpower/gre

15、en-power-equivalency-calculator EPA calculator.Note that this statistic incIudes 124 cities in Latin America where hydropower contributes significantIy to the energy mix. Without these Latin American cities, 32.3% of reporting cities energy mixis made up of renewable energy, which is still higher th

16、an the global average.3 HYPERLINK /data-and-statistics/charts/world-gross-electricity-production-by-source-2018 IEA, 2018.This is the totaI cost of the projects identified. Cities are seeking for investment for part of this cost USD 42 biIIion.FOREWORDKyra ApplebyGlobal Director of Cities, States an

17、d Regions, CDP2020 marked ten years of cities reporting climate and environmentaldata through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System.We have witnessed a profound change in climate action over the past decade.Local government action and ambition has increased, and national governments have also stepp

18、ed up. The signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015 was a turning point for city action the number of cities disclosing to CDP since 2015 has more than doubled, showing that cities are stepping up to the challenge of cutting emissions and building resilience to climate change.With the publication of t

19、he Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)s Special Report on 1.5C in 2018, this momentum continued, and we began to see an upswell in cities across the globe setting long-term ambitious targets. In many countries, cities targets are more ambitiousthan their national governments commitments

20、, such as in Santa Fe County in the United States, Greater Manchester in the United Kingdom, and Penampang in Malaysia. In 2020, 148 cities reported having targets aligned with a 1.5C future. This figure is set to grow in the coming years as cities develop their science-based climate targets.Since t

21、he beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, cities have been on the frontline of two complex global crises: tackling the pandemic and climate change simultaneously. Despite facing increased pressure and reduced resources during this time, 812 cities reported on their environmental impacts in 2020. It is

22、testament to the truly determined staff in cities across the globe who work tirelessly to takeaction on climate change in the face of extremely challenging circumstances.From all of us at CDP, we thank you for your efforts and your continuedcommitment to strong and meaningful environmental action.Wh

23、at began as a public health crisis has now developed into a social and economic crisis. COVID-19 has shone a light on inequalities and vulnerabilities,showing us that cities cant go back to business as usual we need to build back better.74% of cities report that cIimate change is increasing risk to

24、already vulnerable populations. City climate action must tackle social inequality too, ensuring fair and equitable protection from climate and public health threats.We now find ourselves in the second year of the decade of climate action. We are facing a climate emergency, and this is our last chanc

25、e to make rapid and deep cuts to global emissions,protect biodiversity, and ensure our cities provide safe and resilient places to live and do business.As we embark on the next ten years of climate action, we acknowledge that city progress has been steady, but there is still much work to do. We must

26、 prioritize a green recovery and ensurethat cities have the necessary support to decarbonize rapidly and build resilience to tackle climate risks. With the clock ticking down, the time for strong, decisive action is now.THE ROUTE TO 2030As we mark ten years of CDP cities disclosure, we reflect upon

27、the huge growth in reporting of data and action, with a 17-fold increase in the number of cities disclosing through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. As we look to the next 10 years, we must continue this upward trajectory towards a resilient future the health of the planet and its people depe

28、nd on it.The HYPERLINK https:/www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ latest climate science is clear. We must reduce gIobaI emissions by 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050 if we are to build a zero emissions and safe,resiIient pIanet for aII. Cities represent up to 70% of gIobaI emissions5 and have a vital role to p

29、lay. Yet cities cannot do it alone. Despite the powers they have, the bulk of a citys emissions typically come from sources over which it exercises no direct control6.Cities are stepping up to this challenge by choosing to coIIaborate with other stakehoIders. 76% of cities are already working with t

30、he private sector on sustainability projects, or plan to do so in the next two years.Cities have a dual role to play. To survive and thrive they must be resilient, healthy, and equitable places to live and work. To achieve this all cities should have a plan to adapt to cIimate change. AIthough 93% o

31、f reporting cities are facing significant climate hazards, putting their people and infrastructure at risk, currentIy 43% of cities do not yet have an adaptation plan to tackle these hazards.Robust, accurate, and timely disclosure of environmental data is essential if we are to credibly demonstrate

32、progress toward limiting global warming to 1.5C.To stay within safe limits, we must accelerate action today.Paris, FranceWe know that cities are on the front lines of the climate emergency. They are densely populated, and they account for 70% of gIobaI emissions. But they are aIso agents of change t

33、o buiId a new modeI of society. We, the mayors, we know how to act quickly on the ground, as close as possible to the people who are already being impacted by climate change.ANNE HIDALGOMayor of Paris, France HYPERLINK /global-report-on-human-settlements-2011-cities-and-climate-change GIobaI Report

34、on Human SettIements 2011: Cities and CIimate Change, UNHABITAT, 2011. HYPERLINK https:/6/cms/reports/documents/000/001/172/original/CDP_Thematic-Report_2016.pdf?1475744852 It Takes a City: The Case for Collaborative Climate Action, CDP, 2016.global average7from 32in 2011710 citiesincorporate sustai

35、nability into their master planning or plan to do sofrom 30in 2011459 citieshave an adaptation plan that identifies and manages climate risksof reporting cities energy mix42%vs.26%Renewables make upCities progress over the last ten years544 cities have city-wide emissions inventoriesfrom 30in 201133

36、9 citieshave city-wide emissions reduction targetsfrom 16in 2011399 citieshave climateaction plansfrom 210 in 2016Kolkata, India HYPERLINK /data-and-statistics/charts/world-gross-electricity-production-by-source-2018 Ibid., IEA, 2018HALVING EMISSIONS BY 2030Over the past ten years cities have made p

37、rogress in measuring their emissions, setting targets, andimplementing plans and actions to reduce emissions.Today, 544 cities have city-wide emissions inventories, up from 30 in 2011. 365 cities have city-wide emissions reduction targets, up from 16 in 2011.Most commonly reported actions cities are

38、 implementing to achieve their targets and reduce emissions (% of total and number of cities reporting each action)34%27617%142implement energy efficiency/ retrofit measuresimplement building codes and standards 21%17316%126use low or zero carbon energy supply generationare planning green space and/

39、or biodiversity preservation and expansion20%16215%118use on-site renewable energy generationare building recycling or composting collections and/or facilities19%156 14%116are installing LED/ CFL/ other luminaire technologiesseparate recyclables and organics from other waste18%14613%107Medelln, Colo

40、mbiaare improving fuel economy to reduce CO2 from motorized vehiclesare developing infrastructure for non-motorized transportCities actions are having an impactThe actions mentioned above and other actions already being taken by cities are expected to reduce more than 63 million metric tonnes of CO2

41、 per year, save 69 million MWh of energy every year, and generate 692 million MWh of renewable energy, enough to power almost 65 million homes for one year8.The way forwardWhile cities are making progress, there is still much work to be done. When it comes to cutting emissions, cities must set and d

42、eliver against science-based climate targets9 to determine their pathway for reducing emissions to net zero by 2050. In 2020, 148 cities reported a 1.5C-aligned target. While most of these targets were reported by North American (58) and European cities (49), we are seeing a more diverse group of ci

43、ties taking accountability for cutting their fair share of emissions, such as eThekwini in South Africa, Quito in Ecuador and Nairobi in Kenya.By ramping up their action, and cIoseIy coIIaborating withthe utilities sector and regulators, cities could achieveWhere cities should focus their effortsIn

44、most cities, buildings, transport, energy and waste are the areas that have the greatest potential to reduceemissions14. However, in 2020 just 50% of reporting cities were taking actions to reduce emissions in buildings, onIy 42% were tackIing transport emissions and onIy 34% were taking actions to

45、decarbonize the eIectricity grid. Our data shows there is still a gap between what is needed and what cities are doing.83% of cities are not implementing actions to reduce emissions in all four areas of highest impact50%406of cities are optimising energy use in buildings42%339of cities are enabling

46、next-generation mobilitya grid mix of 50 to 70% renewabIes by 203010. When it comes to achieving this target, cities reporting through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System are already outperforming the gIobaI average: 41.8% of their energy mix comes from renewable sources11 versus a global average

47、 of 26%12. This positive trend must continue as we approach 2030. With the cost of renewable energy now undercutting fossil fuel sources13, this is an area where cities can excel regardless of their financial situation.34%278of cities are decarbonizing the electricity grid33%271of cities are improvi

48、ng waste managementThe comparison to total homes powered is based on data from HYPERLINK /greenpower/green-power-equivalency-calculator the EPA calculator. HYPERLINK /take-action-now/take-action-as-a-city/ ScienceBased CIimate Targets: A Guide for Cities, SBTN, 2020. HYPERLINK /researches/mckinsey-c

49、enter-for-business-and-environment Focused Acceleration: A Strategic Approach to Climate Action in Cities to 2030, McKinsey and C40, 2017.Note that this statistic incIudes 124 cities in Latin America where hydropower contributes significantIy to the energy mix. Without these Latin American cities, 3

50、2.3% of reporting cities energy mixis made up of renewable energy, which is still higher than the global average.12 HYPERLINK /data-and-statistics/charts/world-gross-electricity-production-by-source-2018 Ibid., IEA, 2018. HYPERLINK /publications/2020/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2019 Renewable Power

51、 Generation Costs in 2019, IRENA, 2019. HYPERLINK /researches/mckinsey-center-for-business-and-environment Ibid., McKinsey and C40, 2017.KEEPING POPULATIONS SAFE93% of cities report that they are facing cIimate hazards like extreme heat, flooding and rainstorms, putting their peopIe and infrastructu

52、re at risk. AImost 70% of the worlds population will live in urban areas by 205015, meaning that to sustain future economic growth and remain safe and secure places for people to live and work, every city must deliver urgent climate action.Top five actions cities are taking to increase resilienceFac

53、ed with increasing extreme weather events, the number of cities developing climate risk and vulnerability assessments has increased from 40 in 2011 to 478 in 2020, and the number of cities developing adaptation plans to manage climate risks has risen from 30 in 2011 to 459 in 2020.More than two-thir

54、ds (571) of reporting cities cite climate risks of the highest severity. These include rainstorms (25.5%), heat waves (22%) and droughts (21.6%), aII of which are uprooting lives and livelihoods.20%18%15%14%10%# of cities reporting the action85110122143161Tree planting and/or creating green spaceFlo

55、od mappingCommunity engagement/education Developing crisis management plansincluding warning and evacuation systemsDeveloping hazard resistant infrastructuredesign and constructionAddressing barriers to adaptation020406080100120140160180200Despite the progress cities have made to build resilience th

56、rough risk assessments and adaptation planning, much more must be done to protect all populations from the worst impacts of climate change. It is city dwellers across the globe who find themselves on the frontlines of climate change, with some of the most vulnerable groups worst affected. For 74% of

57、 cities, cIimate change is increasing risks to already vulnerable populations.In total, 43% (353) of cities, representing a projected population of over 400 million people by 2030, do not yet have adaptation plans that tackle climate risks.Joining the dots between climate change and threats to water

58、 security, public health and social equality is crucial to effectively address these issues and ensure cities remain resilient, prosperous, and healthy placesfor generations to come.If cities are to make progress on building resilience to climate risks, these barriers must be addressed. To succeed,

59、this requires dialogue with funders, companies, national governments and communities.Top three adaptation barriers faced by cities25%205report budgetary capacity issues18%150cite housing issues17%134report poverty challenges15 HYPERLINK /development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urb

60、anization-prospects.html UN, 2018.Health and climate change20% of cities (166) report that they are facing a risk of infectious diseases16 due to climate change. 26% of these cities (43) say that they were not significantly impacted by this risk before 2020.Although there is no evidence of a direct