現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞語法作用

1、關(guān)于現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的語法作用第一張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月一、形 式主動形式被動形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done 過去分詞只有一種形式。 現(xiàn)在分詞：第二張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月二、 功 能1作表語2作定語3作狀語4作賓語補(bǔ)足語5. 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式和被動形式6. 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)第三張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月1作表語。現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征或?qū)傩?；過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，如： The news was exciting. The situation is encourag

2、ing. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. Dont get excited.注：已經(jīng)成為形容詞的分詞，可以用 very 修飾；沒有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用 much 或 quite，有時也可用very much，如： Im very much pleased. Hes very much worried about his health.第四張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月注：過去分詞作表語時，應(yīng)注意與被動結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別

3、。 系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀態(tài)或具有的性質(zhì)、特點；被動結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動作，指主語所承受的動作。此外還有：系表結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過去時態(tài)；b. 一般不帶狀語； c. 可以有不及物動詞的過去分詞。被動結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 有多種時態(tài)，常與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)一致；b. 可以帶時 間、方式或 by 短語作狀語；c. 必須是及物動詞。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài)) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (動作) Im interested in chess. I was i

4、nterested by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 第五張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月2作定語： 單獨作定語，應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon ou

5、r respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注：分詞作定語時，意義上接近于一個定語從句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情況下，可以用分詞短語作定語，這時分詞短語應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意義上也相當(dāng)于一個定語從句，如： Who is the man standin

6、g (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 第六張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生的時間有兩種情況：a. 表示正在進(jìn)行的動作, (變?yōu)閺木鋾r要用進(jìn)行時態(tài)), 如： Tel

7、l the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?b. 表示經(jīng)常性的動作, 或現(xiàn)在 (或當(dāng)時) 的狀態(tài), (變?yōu)閺木鋾r, 用一般時態(tài)), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the st

8、reet was built in 1955. 過去分詞作定語時，過去分詞所表示的動作可以在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定的時間性，如： Is this the book recommended by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. He is a man loved by all. I hate to see letters written in pencil. 第七張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月注：如果所表示的動作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式

9、來表示，如： The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.注：如果所表示的是一個未來的動作，可以用一個不定式的被動形式來表示，如： The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. 分詞還可以作非限制性定語（相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句），這時，它和句子的其他部分

10、用逗號隔開，試比較： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister.第八張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 本節(jié)值得注意的問題：現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時，所表示的

11、動作不能先于謂語所表示的動作，也不可以表示將來。另外，一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作定語，所以，下列句子都是錯的： Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (應(yīng)改為who has come from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (應(yīng)改為who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (應(yīng)改為who gave us) 系動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定

12、語，此時要用從句來表示，如： Those being busy dont have to go. (應(yīng)改為Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (應(yīng)改為who is) 不及物動詞的過去分詞不可用作后置定語，若要表示這個意思要用從句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (應(yīng)改為which/that died) 第九張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月3作狀語： 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示

13、陪襯性的動作或伴隨情況，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.注意：a. 分詞表示的必須是主語的一個動作；b. 分詞表示的動作和謂語表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）是同時發(fā)生的；c. 分詞表示的是比較次要的動作，對謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)加以說明；d. 大部分放在謂語之后；e. 分詞有時可以與句子的其他部分用逗號隔開。 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示行

14、為方式或手段（這類狀語可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有時還可以放在句中。其他參考上述a-c），如： Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities.第十張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示原因或理由，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not know

15、ing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.注：如果分詞表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，則要用完成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter

16、. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. 現(xiàn)在分詞作時間狀語（相當(dāng)于 when 引導(dǎo)的從句），如： Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan. 第十一張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月注：這里分詞表示的是一個極短暫的動作，這動作一

17、發(fā)生，謂語動詞所表示的動作立即發(fā)生。這類分詞一般放在句首。如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的，多用 when 或 while + 分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)，如： Be careful when crossing the street. Dont mention this while talking to him.注：如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時，分詞的動作已經(jīng)完成，這個分詞要用完成形式，如： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed h

18、er satisfaction. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語還可以表示結(jié)果、條件和讓步，如： Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (結(jié)果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果) Working hard, you will succeed. (條件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (條件) Weighing almost one hundre

19、d jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (讓步)第十二張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 過去分詞短語作狀語，可以修飾謂語，說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況，如： Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. Th

20、e trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 過去分詞短語表示原因（相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句），如： The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted)第十三張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 過去分詞短語有時可以表示時間（相當(dāng)于時間狀語從句）和條件（相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句），如： United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=Whe

21、n / If we are united ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.注：過去分詞短語作狀語時，前面有時可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等連詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作是一種省略的狀語從句（省略部分多為 “主語 + be 的多種形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主語必須和主句的主語相同，如： If / When heated, water changes into s

22、team. Even if invited, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to.第十四張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月4作賓語補(bǔ)足語： 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine runnin

23、g. The words immediately set us all laughing.注：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作與謂語同時發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作過程。 過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如： He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have your shoes mended.注：過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作完成結(jié)果，并有

24、被動意義。 第十五張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時，與賓語有著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，賓語補(bǔ)足語一般為賓語所做的動作；過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時，與賓語有著動賓關(guān)系，賓語是過去分詞所表示的動作的承受者，如： He saw an old man getting on the bus. An old man was getting on the bus. I once heard this song sung in Japanese. This song was once sung in Japanese. I dont want the children taken out

25、 in such weather. The children were taken out in such weather. 以上句子可以變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)，這時，賓語補(bǔ)足語就成了主語補(bǔ)足語，與謂語一起稱為“復(fù)合謂語”，如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She was never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken. 第十六張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 有些動詞既可以用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，有些動詞只能用

26、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，這些動詞是：catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy, send 等，例如： She caught her son smoking a cigarette. Wed better keep the fire burning. I dont mind you joking. I like it. The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time. I dont remember him ever saying anything like that. We must try to stop them getting into trouble. His words started me thinking seriously. Can you smell something burning? The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground. 第十七張，PPT共二十頁，創(chuàng)作于