不良地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象及防治課件

1、第五章 不良地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象及防治第1頁，共45頁。第一節(jié) Collapse（崩塌）一、Introduction The collapse is considered as a process of huge rock block rolling along mountain slop and stopping at the slope foot. The damage of collapse: building is damaged highway or railway is buried, so the traffic is intermitted blocking the river cours

2、e第2頁，共45頁。第3頁，共45頁。二、happening conditions and influencing factors 1)deep slope 2) hard rock and soft rock distributing in turn. A great many joints existing near the slope surface 第4頁，共45頁。軟硬巖層相間不利的結(jié)構(gòu)面組合第5頁，共45頁。巖性、節(jié)理與崩塌的關(guān)系第6頁，共45頁。三 Prevention method 1)clearing the rock which is easy dropped using

3、exploding and wedging 2)Injecting cement mortar to stabilize the dangerous rock body 3)To build protective wall to prevent falling rock 第7頁，共45頁。崩塌的防治方法擋墻護坡支撐垛鋼軌插別鋼軌攔石網(wǎng)防崩塌明洞第8頁，共45頁。崩塌的防治第9頁，共45頁。第二節(jié) landslide（滑坡）一.The definition of landslide The soil or rock body slide down along the fixed sliding

4、surface on the action of gravity. The happening of landslide may cause the damage of building , endanger human life, also cause the artifical earthquake. 第10頁，共45頁。第11頁，共45頁。第12頁，共45頁。第13頁，共45頁。第14頁，共45頁?；滦螒B(tài)描述滑坡體Sliding body 滑坡床Sliding bed滑坡壁cliff滑坡面Sliding surface扇形張裂縫Fan-haped tensive cracks滑坡舌鼓脹

5、裂縫Swelling cracks 剪裂縫Shear cracks 滑坡周界滑坡臺階二.The feature of different part of landslide Tension cracks第15頁，共45頁。第16頁，共45頁。第17頁，共45頁。第18頁，共45頁。第19頁，共45頁。三.The classification of landslide 1. Accord to the materials difference of sliding body 2 According to the mechanics condition 3 according to the lan

6、dslide scale size 第20頁，共45頁。劃 分依 據(jù)名稱類型滑 坡 的 特 征按滑坡物質(zhì)組成成分覆蓋層滑坡粘性土滑坡粘性土本身變形滑動，或與其他成因的土層接觸面或沿基巖接觸面而滑動黃土滑坡不同時期的黃土層中的滑坡，井多群集出現(xiàn)，常見于高階地前緣斜坡上碎石滑坡各種不同成因類型的堆積層體內(nèi)滑動或沿基巖面滑動風(fēng)化殼滑坡風(fēng)化殼表層間的滑動。多見于巖漿巖(尤其是花崗巖)風(fēng)化殼中基巖滑坡均質(zhì)滑坡發(fā)生在層理不明顯的泥巖，頁巖，泥灰?guī)r等軟弱巖層中，滑動面均勻光滑切層滑坡滑動面與層面相切的滑坡，在堅硬巖層與軟弱巖層相互交替的巖體中的切層滑坡等順層滑坡沿巖層面或裂隙面滑動，或沿坡積層與基巖交界面或

7、基巖間不整合面等滑動特殊滑坡如融凍滑坡、陷落滑坡等按滑坡體厚度淺層滑坡滑坡體厚度在6m以內(nèi)中層滑坡620m左右深層滑坡2030m左右超深層滑坡超過30m以上按滑坡規(guī)模大小小型滑坡滑坡體體積小于3萬m3中型滑坡350萬m3大型滑坡50300萬m3巨型滑坡超過300萬m3按形成年代新滑坡由于開挖山體所形成的滑坡古滑坡久已存在的滑坡，其中又可分為死滑坡、活滑坡、及處于極限平衡狀態(tài)的滑坡按力學(xué)條件牽引式滑坡滑坡體下部先行變形滑動，上部失去支撐力量，因而隨著變形滑動推動式滑坡上部先滑動、擠壓下部引起變形和滑動表6-1 滑坡類型及其特征表 第21頁，共45頁。 四、 The analysis influe

8、nce factors of sliding The influence factor can be considered as the factors which have the contribution to the change of safety factor (K) slope appearance slop high; slope angle, slope shape rock and soils properties soft rock (shale, sand rock) soil with montmorillonite which is easy to absorb wa

9、ter and expanding. structure the condition of strata plane, joint, fault, (dip angle, dip direction)第22頁，共45頁。 water to soft rock and soil earthquakes to stimulate the liquefaction(液化) to produce the inertia force to rock or soil body artificial factors improper cutting slope putting on (piling) (ov

10、er lapping) soil or building structure 第23頁，共45頁。五、The mechanics analysis and influencing factor第24頁，共45頁。土層均勻時：第25頁，共45頁。BACK滑坡力學(xué)平衡示意圖第26頁，共45頁。折線滑面的滑坡穩(wěn)定計算示意圖第27頁，共45頁。六、the control (harness) of land slipping Control principle(防治原則) first prevention ; second harnessThe controlling measure（方法） Disch

11、arging water (surface water and ground water ）第28頁，共45頁。Landslide ground Water Drainage Works第29頁，共45頁。Deep foundation works would be enforced according to the thrust of the landslide and depth of the sliding surface under such conditions that ordinary piles would not work well enough. In the Kameno

12、se area, these works have been carried out mainly with ferroconcrete piles of 3.5x4.0 meters in diameter and 30 x60 meters in length. At present, the works are enforced with larger structures of 6.5 meters in diameter and 100 meters in length. 第30頁，共45頁。Prestressed Anchors第31頁，共45頁。Anchored Walls for Landslides第32頁，共45頁。擋土墻抗滑樁錨固工程第33頁，共45頁。樹枝狀排水系統(tǒng)第34頁，共45頁。地下排水第35頁，共45頁?；碌闹跫庸痰?6頁，共45頁。第37頁，共45頁。第三節(jié) mudflow（泥石流）泥石流：是一種由水充分浸潤飽和的大量泥、沙、石塊等固體物質(zhì)沿著沖溝向下流動的特殊洪流。這種洪流突然爆發(fā)，歷時短暫，來勢兇猛，具有強大破壞力。第38頁，共45頁。第39頁，共45頁。第40頁，共45頁。泥石流的形成條件：1、大量的碎屑物質(zhì)：山區(qū)：崩落、洪積、坡積物豐富，為泥石流提供了碎屑來源；2、儲存碎屑的地形：三面環(huán)山，