閱讀理解 專題8 科普知識型閱讀理解

1、專題八科普知識型閱讀理解 專題八科普知識型閱讀理解 專題導(dǎo)讀專題八 專題導(dǎo)讀科普類文章是高考閱讀理解中的難點題材，其取材密切聯(lián)系當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟和科技等方面的變化，以介紹某一科學(xué)現(xiàn)象居多?？破疹愇恼戮哂薪Y(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹、邏輯性強等特點。其主要命題形式有事實細節(jié)題、詞義猜測題、推理判斷題以及主旨概括題等，其中推理判斷題居多。 這類文章的總體特點是：科技詞匯多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，理論性強，邏輯嚴謹。具體說來它有以下特點：專題導(dǎo)讀專題八 專題導(dǎo)讀1文章中詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準確性的特點。這類文章通常不會出現(xiàn)文學(xué)英語中常用的排比、比喻、夸張等修辭手法，一詞多義的現(xiàn)象也不多見。2句子結(jié)

2、構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語法分析較困難。為了描述一個客觀事物，嚴密地表達自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會使用集多種語法現(xiàn)象于一體的長句。3常使用被動語態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動句式。真題典例專題八 真題典例 【2011湖南卷】A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的) species.The discovery was made by researchers at Yo

3、rk and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant.Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列) from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons，th

4、e team專題八 真題典例compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African f

5、orest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be

6、 separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.專題八 真題典例Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species，despite the elephants significant size

7、 differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the fact that they look so different does

8、not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“We學(xué)車問答 學(xué)車問題 開車問題 學(xué)車怎么辦？駕校大全 中國駕校報名 考試 理論學(xué)習(xí) 地址 介紹英格駕考 駕考單機版軟件車類小游戲 學(xué)車小游戲大全專題八 真題典例now have to treat

9、 the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(優(yōu)先)for conserv

10、ation purposes.”()1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of _.Athe Asian elephant Bthe forest elephant Cthe savanna elephant Dthe mastodon elephant 專題八 真題典例()2.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “_.”Aevolution Bexhibition Cseparation Dexamination ()3.The researche

11、rs conclusion was based on a study of the African elephants _.ADNA Bheight Cweight Dpopulation專題八 真題典例()4.What are Alfred Rocas words mainly about?AThe conservation of African elephants.BThe purpose of studying African elephants.CThe way to divide African elephants into two units.DThe reason for the

12、 distinction of African elephants.()5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?ANaturalists Beliefs about ElephantsBAmazing Experiments about ElephantsCAn Unexpected Finding about ElephantsDA Long Scientific Debate about Elephants專題八 真題典例 【解析】本文為科普說明文。主要介紹關(guān)于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成兩種完全不

13、同的品種非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。1D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段 “Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.”可判斷選D。2C詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest

14、 elephant have been distinct species for several million years.”可知，科學(xué)家已證實，非洲的草原大象與非洲的森林大象幾百萬年來都不屬于同一品種，即可推斷下句為“兩種大象的分離應(yīng)發(fā)生在”。由此可推斷劃線詞應(yīng)意為“分離”，故選C。專題八 真題典例3A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants

15、.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.”可判斷研究者的結(jié)論是建立在對非洲大象的DNA研究結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)上的，故選A。專題八 真題典例4A邏輯推理題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephan

16、t should become a bigger priority (優(yōu)先)for conservation purposes.”可推斷他的講話是圍繞對非洲大象的保護的，故選A。5C主旨大意題。根據(jù)主題段第一段可知，本文主要介紹關(guān)于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象實為兩種完全不同的品種。由此判斷選C。專題八 新題預(yù)測(一)Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees(黑猩猩) appear to treat sticks as dolls, carrying them ar

17、ound until they have children of their own.Young males engage in such behavior much less frequently.The new work by Sonya MKahlenberg and Richard WWrangham, described this week in the journal Current Biology, provides the first evidence of a wild nonhuman species playing with dolls, as well as the f

18、irst known sex difference in a wild animals choice of playthings.新題預(yù)測專題八 新題預(yù)測The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and b

19、oys who play with trucks.Doll play among humans could have its origins in objectcarrying by earlier apes(猿類), they say, suggesting that toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization.“In humans, there are obvious sex differences in childrens toy play, and these are remarkably similar ac

20、ross cultures，” says Kahlenberg.“While socialization by elders and peers has been the primary explanation, our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences.”專題八 新題預(yù)測In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenb

21、erg and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stickcarrying.Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick.“We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated them

22、 rather like dolls, we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent something like playing with dolls，” says Wrangham, a Professor at Harvard.“If the doll hypothesis (假設(shè)) was right, we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees should stop

23、 carrying sticks專題八 新題預(yù)測when they had their first child.We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points.” ()1.What does a female chimpanzee do with sticks?AShe gives them to her child to play with.BShe treats them as dolls.CShe makes useful tools from them.DShe treats them as weapo

24、ns.()2.What causes the different toy selection of chimpanzees, according to the passage?ASex difference.BSocialization.CEnvironment.DCultural difference.專題八 新題預(yù)測()3.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that _.Asocialization has nothing to do with humans choice of playthingsBsex difference is the o

25、nly factor in humans choice of playthingsCthe biology factor may also influence toy choiceDpeople choose different toys in different cultures()4.Wrangham probably believes that _.Aobserving so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusionBthe study proves human beings have evolved (

26、進化) from chimpanzeesCall chimpanzees treat the sticks as dollsDchildren playing with sticks are abnormal專題八 新題預(yù)測()5.It can be concluded from the passage that _.Aboth humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex differenceBdifferent factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose differen

27、t playthingsConly female chimpanzees have playthingsDchimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children專題八 新題預(yù)測【解析】 本文是科普文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，雌性黑猩猩喜歡把棍子當(dāng)作自己的玩具娃娃。1B細節(jié)理解題。從文章第一段可知，雌性黑猩猩把棍子當(dāng)作自己的玩具娃娃。2A細節(jié)理解題。綜合分析文章可知，性別差異是導(dǎo)致黑猩猩玩具選擇差異的主要原因。3C推理判斷題。從第四段可知，這兩位科學(xué)家的研究表明生物學(xué)因素也可能影響對玩具的偏好。4A推理判斷題。從第五段最后一句可知答案。5A推理判斷題。

28、綜合文章信息可知，無論是人類還是黑猩猩，性別是導(dǎo)致玩具選擇差異的重要原因。專題八 新題預(yù)測(二)We have met the enemy, and he is ours.We bought him at a pet shop.When monkeypox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, its hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign a

29、nimals is homing in on human beings.“Most of the infections (感染) we think of as human infections started in other animals，” says Stephen Morse, director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University.專題八 新題預(yù)測Its not just that were going to where the animals are; were also bringi

30、ng them closer to us.Popular foreign pets have brought a whole new disease to this country.A strange illness killed Isaksens pets, and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea.“I dont think its fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them，” says Isaksen.“Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without strict control need changing，” says Peter Schantz.Monkeypox may be the_wakeup_call.Researchers believe infected animals may infect their own