用于開發(fā)和管理生態(tài)恢復(fù)工程指南

1、Guidelines for Developing and Managing Ecological Restoration Projects生態(tài)恢復(fù)工程開發(fā)和管理指南期刊名稱：國際社會生態(tài)修復(fù)（第二版，2005年12月）2005-2006版權(quán)所有該準(zhǔn)則可用語言有英語、葡萄牙語和意大利語。內(nèi)容刖言簡介概念規(guī)劃初步任務(wù)實施規(guī)劃實現(xiàn)任務(wù)實施后任務(wù)評估和宣傳Section 1: Preface to the Second EditionThe first edition of Guidelines for Developing and Managing Ecological Restoration P

2、rojects (Guidelines) was published on the website ( HYPERLINK ) of the Society for Ecological Restoration International (SER International) on June 24, 2000. This new edition brings the Guidelines into conformity with the SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration (SER International Primer)(

3、SER International 2002 and 2004) and expands the text for clarity and insight. Substitutions have been made for some terms, e.g., implementation for installation. The numbering of the guidelines was retained although some titles were modified. Peer review for the second edition was provided by the m

4、embership of the SER International Science and Policy Working Group and the SER International Board of Directors. This edition was approved as an official SER International document by the Board of Directors on December 15, 2005.第一部分：前言第一版SER關(guān)于生態(tài)恢復(fù)工程開發(fā)與管理指南(簡稱指南)于2000年6月24號公布在 SER的網(wǎng)站上。新版將指南與SER關(guān)于生態(tài)恢

5、復(fù)入門指導(dǎo)融合，并且擴(kuò)展了內(nèi)容使之簡潔 明了。對部分條款做了替換，如設(shè)備的執(zhí)行。盡管一些標(biāo)題有所改動，但仍保留了指導(dǎo)方針編號方 式。SER的科學(xué)與政策工作組以及董事會的成員對第二版做了評論。2005年11月15日，董事會 將本版作為SER的官方文件。Section 2: IntroductionThis document describes the procedures for conducting ecological restoration in accord with the norms of the discipline that were established in the SER

6、 International Primer (SER 2002 and 2004). Each procedure is stated in terms of a guideline that leads restoration practitioners and project managers stepwise through the process of ecological restoration. Adherence to these 51 guidelines will reduce errors of omission and commission that compromise

7、 project quality and effectiveness. The guidelines are applicable to the restoration* of any ecosystem terrestrial or aquatic that is attempted anywhere in the world and under any auspices, including public works projects, environmental stewardship programs, mitigation projects, private land initiat

8、ives, etc. Users of the Guidelines are advised to become familiar with the SER International Primer in advance and refer to it for definitions of terms and discussions of concepts. Design issues and the details for planning and implementing restoration projects lie beyond the scope of these guidelin

9、es. We leave such complexities to the authors of manuals and the presenters of workshops who address these topics.第二部分：引言Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It is an intentional activity that initiates or acce

10、lerates ecosystem recovery with respect to its health (functional processes), integrity (species composition and community structure), and sustainability (resistance to disturbance and resilience). Restoration ensures abiotic support from the physical environment, suitable flows and exchanges of org

11、anisms and materials with the surrounding landscape, and the reestablishment of cultural interactions upon which the integrity of some ecosystems depends. Restoration attempts to return an ecosystem to its historic trajectory, i.e., to a state that resembles a known prior state or to another state t

12、hat could be expected to develop naturally within the bounds of the historic trajectory. The restored ecosystem may not necessarily recover its former state, since contemporary constraints and conditions can cause it to develop along an altered trajectory.In accord with the SER International Primer,

13、 these Guidelines assume that ecological restoration is accomplished once the assistance of a restoration practitioner is no longer needed to ensure long-term ecosystem sustainability. However, ecosystem management may be required to prevent recurrent degradation of restored ecosystems on account of

14、 alterations in the environment or anthropogenic changes. Such activities are considered management rather than restoration. In other words, ecological restoration makes ecosystems whole again and ecological management keeps them whole. Correspondingly, some restored ecosystems will require manageme

15、nt in the form of traditional cultural practices. This distinction between restoration and management (including cultural practices) facilitates resource planning and budgeting, and it protects ecological restoration efforts from being held liable for subsequent inconsistencies or misjudgment in eco

16、system management.The project guidelines are numbered for convenience. They do not necessarily have to be initiated in numerical order, and some may be accomplished concurrently. The guidelines are grouped into six phases of project work: conceptual planning (including feasibility assessments), prel

17、iminary tasks (upon which subsequent planning relies), implementation planning, project implementation, post-implementation tasks (monitoring and aftercare), and evaluation and publicity.We recommend that a diary be kept for each guideline to document project activities as they happen and to record

18、all relevant information for each guideline as it is generated. Tabular data, graphics, and ancillary documents can be appended. Narratives in the form of written responses to Guidelines #1 through #36 collectively comprise a comprehensive ecological restoration plan that can be filed with public ag

19、encies, funding institutions, permitting authorities, corporate offices, and other interested parties. The narratives serve as the basis for preparing progress reports and applications for continuing financial support. They become invaluable to new practitioners and management personnel who are assi

20、gned in mid-project. When the project has been completed, the narratives comprise a thorough and well organized case history which only needs editing to generate a final report and to prepare articles for publication.* “Restoration” when used alone in this document connotes “ecological restoration.”

21、本文件敘述了生態(tài)恢復(fù)實施的策略，使之符合立足于SER入門指導(dǎo)(SER 2002 and 2004, 的訓(xùn)練規(guī)則。每一步驟都在指南中規(guī)定了，弓I導(dǎo)修復(fù)工作者以及工程管理者的工作。 遵循這51條指導(dǎo)可以減少對工程質(zhì)量和效果有危害的錯誤。這些指南適合全世界需要保護(hù)的任何 需恢復(fù)的陸生或水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，包括公共計劃、環(huán)境服務(wù)項目、緩解項目、私有土地開發(fā)等。指 南的使用者要求提前熟悉SER關(guān)于生態(tài)恢復(fù)入門指導(dǎo)以及涉及條款的解釋和概念性的討論等 內(nèi)容。設(shè)計內(nèi)容、計劃細(xì)節(jié)和生態(tài)恢復(fù)工程實施都列于指南的范圍之內(nèi)。我們將這復(fù)雜的事情 留給手冊的起草者和選此題目的工作組負(fù)責(zé)人。生態(tài)修復(fù)是促進(jìn)那些已經(jīng)退化、毀壞和消失

22、的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)的過程。這是一個國際范圍內(nèi)的活 動，著手或加快生態(tài)修復(fù)要考慮到他的健康（功能過程）、整體性（物種組成和群落結(jié)構(gòu)）以及可 持續(xù)性（對干擾的抵抗力和恢復(fù)力）。生態(tài)恢復(fù)要確保物理環(huán)境的非生物支持、適當(dāng)?shù)牧鲃印⒂袡C(jī) 體的交換、周圍景觀的原材料以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)整體性所依存的文化合作的重建。生態(tài)修復(fù)試圖恢復(fù)一 個與歷史上存在的相類似的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，比如恢復(fù)到先前的狀態(tài)或者是能自然發(fā)展到先前軌跡范圍內(nèi) 的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)?；謴?fù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)沒有必要恢復(fù)到先前的狀態(tài)，因為當(dāng)前的約束和環(huán)境能導(dǎo)致生 態(tài)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展出現(xiàn)變動。與SER入門指導(dǎo)相一致，指南認(rèn)為修復(fù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)一旦不需要恢復(fù)工作者支持就能長 期的可持續(xù)的發(fā)

23、展下去，生態(tài)恢復(fù)就完成了。盡管如此，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的管理仍需進(jìn)行，以阻止經(jīng)常發(fā) 生的退化以及環(huán)境改變、人類活動對恢復(fù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的損害。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的管理比恢復(fù)更重要。換言 之，生態(tài)恢復(fù)是再造一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)而生態(tài)管理則是保持它整體性。相對地一些恢復(fù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)需要 以傳統(tǒng)文化方式的管理。修復(fù)與管理的區(qū)別減少了資源規(guī)劃預(yù)算，他避免了在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)管理中出現(xiàn) 的后續(xù)的矛盾或誤判。工程指南是少有的方便手冊，工程計劃沒必要按其順序來操作，有的可以同時完成。他將工程 過程分為六部分：概念性規(guī)劃（包括可行性評價）、前期工作、實施計劃、項目實施、實施后期任 務(wù)（監(jiān)測和護(hù)理）、評價與宣傳。我們建議對發(fā)生的項目實施的事情記日記以及

24、記錄每一個指導(dǎo)條款改變的相關(guān)信息。并附加一 些數(shù)據(jù)表、圖表、輔助文件。對于那些提交到公共代理處、基金組織、許可機(jī)構(gòu)、團(tuán)體以及其他的 相關(guān)的團(tuán)體的綜合的生態(tài)修復(fù)計劃，要對指南的第1至36條條款做好書面文件。這些文件為準(zhǔn)備 進(jìn)展報告、資金支持提供基礎(chǔ)，對于那些在項目過程中被指派的新工作者和管理者也變得有價值。 當(dāng)項目結(jié)束了，這些文件就包括了整個實施過程的記錄，用來編輯總結(jié)報告和準(zhǔn)備出版。第三部分：概念性規(guī)劃Conceptual planning identifies the restoration project site, specifies restoration goals, and pro

25、vides relevant background information. Conceptual planning is conducted when restoration appears to be a feasible option but before a decision has been made to exercise that option. Conceptual planning provides preliminary information such as observations from site reconnaissance and perhaps a few r

26、epresentative measurements. Detailed, systematic inventories of ecosystem properties and the biota are not included in this phase of activity. Written responses to Guidelines #1 through #16 collectively comprise the conceptual plan and broadly characterize the proposed restoration project.概念性規(guī)劃明確恢復(fù)工

27、程地點，制定修復(fù)目標(biāo)，提供相關(guān)的背景信息。概念性規(guī)劃來引導(dǎo)所選 的計劃的實踐，這些選取的計劃可行但還未決定。概念性規(guī)劃能提供最初的信息，如地形的觀察和 代表性的測量值。詳細(xì)系統(tǒng)的關(guān)于此生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的特征和生物信息則不包括在本期實踐活動中。對指 南的第1至16條條款所規(guī)定的，將提出的恢復(fù)計劃的概念性規(guī)劃和大體上的特征做好書面記錄。 1.Identify the project site location and its boundaries. Delineate project boundaries and portray them as maps, preferably generated on

28、a small-scale aerial photograph and also on soil and topographic maps that show the watershed and other aspects of the surrounding landscape. Use of GPS （Global Positioning System）, land survey, or other measurement devices as appropriate is encouraged.明確工程位置和界限。描述工程界限，繪制地圖，有可能的話做一些小范圍的航片，以及從土地 和地形上

29、找出分水嶺和其他周圍景觀的信息。鼓勵使用GPS、土地測量或者其他的測量裝置。2.Identify ownership. Give the name and address of the landowner(s). If an organization or institution owns or manages all or part of the site, give the names and titles of key personnel. Note the auspices under which the project will be conducted public works,

30、environmental stewardship, mitigation, etc. If there is more than one owner, make sure that all are in agreement with the goals and methods proposed for the restoration program.明確所有權(quán)提供所有人的姓名和地址。如果一個組織或機(jī)構(gòu)對該地有全部或部分所有權(quán)或管理 權(quán)，要提供主要人員的姓名。記錄項目實施下提供贊助的公共工作、環(huán)境服務(wù)、緩解等項目。如果 不只有一個所有人，要確保所有的所有人都同意提出的恢復(fù)項目的目標(biāo)和方法。3.

31、Identify the need for ecological restoration. Tell what happened at the site that precipitated the need for restoration. Describe the improvements that are anticipated following restoration. Benefits may be ecological, economic, cultural, aesthetic, educational, and scientific. Ecological benefits m

32、ay amplify biodiversity; improve food chain support, etc. Economic benefits are natural services (also called social services) and products that ecosystems contribute towards human wellbeing and economic sustainability. Ecosystems in this regard are recognized and valued as natural capital.明確生態(tài)恢復(fù)的需求

33、。弄清該地方發(fā)生的事以及恢復(fù)所需，預(yù)先對下一步的恢復(fù)計劃的改進(jìn)作描 述。利益可能是生態(tài)的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、文化的、美學(xué)的、教育的和科學(xué)的。生態(tài)價值有可能增強(qiáng)生物多 樣性，改善食物鏈的供應(yīng)。經(jīng)濟(jì)利益就是自然服務(wù)(也叫社會服務(wù))和對人類健康和經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)的產(chǎn) 品。這些生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是被公認(rèn)的、有價值的天然資本。Cultural improvements may include social performance and rituals, passive recreation, and spiritual renewal. Aesthetic benefits pertain to the intrinsic na

34、tural beauty of native ecosystems. Educational benefits accrue from advances in environmental literacy that students gain from participating in, or learning about, ecological restoration. Scientific benefits accrue when a restoration project site is used for demonstration of ecological principles an

35、d concepts or as an experimental area.文化的改變可能包括社會性質(zhì)和規(guī)范，消極的娛樂、精神上的提升。美學(xué)價值主要是關(guān)于當(dāng) 地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)美的自然環(huán)境。教育價值主要是通過學(xué)生參與和學(xué)習(xí)生態(tài)恢復(fù)來增加對自然知識的了 解?？茖W(xué)價值的擴(kuò)展體現(xiàn)在工程區(qū)作為生態(tài)原理和概念示范地或是實驗區(qū)。4.Identify the kind of ecosystem to be restored. Name and briefly describe the kind of ecosystem that was degraded, damaged, or destroyed, for ex

36、ample, tropical dry forest, vernal pool, semiarid steppe, shola (India), chalk meadow (Europe), cypress swamp (USA), etc. Other descriptors should be added to facilitate communication with those who may not be familiar with the natural landscapes in the bioregion. These descriptors should include th

37、e names of a few characteristic or conspicuous species and should indicate community structure (desert, grassland, savannah, woodland, forest, etc.), life form (herbaceous perennial, succulent, shrub, evergreen tree, etc.), predominant taxonomic categories (coniferous, graminaceous, etc.), moisture

38、conditions (hydric, xeric, etc.), salinity conditions (freshwater, brackish, saline, etc.), and geomorphologic context (montane, alluvial, estuarine, etc.). Reference to readily accessible published descriptions can augment or replace some of these descriptors.明確待恢復(fù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的類型。列舉并簡單的描述一下退化的、破壞的、消失的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

39、的類型， 比如，熱帶干旱森林、溫泉水體、半干旱草原、南季風(fēng)區(qū)（印度、白堊地質(zhì)草原（歐洲）、柏屬物 種沼澤（美國）等等。其他的一些記錄需方便于對生物區(qū)的自然景觀不是很熟悉的工作者的交流。 這些描述記錄應(yīng)該包括特有的或優(yōu)勢物種的名稱以及群落結(jié)構(gòu)（沙漠、草地、無樹大草原、林地、 森林等）、生命形式（多年生草本、肉質(zhì)莖植物、灌木、常綠樹木等）、同范圍內(nèi)主要物種（松樹類、 禾本類等）、水分狀況（濕潤、干燥等）、鹽度狀況（淡水、海水、鹽湖等X以及地形背景（山區(qū)、 沖積區(qū)、河口區(qū)等）。參考容易獲得的已公布的描述記錄能增加或取代這些記錄的一部分。5.Identify restoration goals. Go

40、als are the ideal states and conditions that an ecological restoration effort attempts to achieve. Written expressions of goals provide the basis for all restoration activities, and later they become the basis for project evaluation. We cannot overemphasize the importance of expressing each and ever

41、y project goal with a succinct and carefully crafted statement. All ecological restoration projects share a common suite of ecological goals that consist of recovering ecosystem integrity, health, and the potential for long-term sustainability. They are listed as the attributes of restored ecosystem

42、s in Section 3 of the SER International Primer. They deserve to be restated for each restoration project. Otherwise, they can be underappreciated or overlooked by authorities and other interested parties who are not well versed in ecological restoration. A project may have additional ecological goal

43、s, such as to provide habitat for particular species or to reassemble particular biotic communities.明確恢復(fù)目標(biāo)。生態(tài)恢復(fù)工作試圖達(dá)到的目標(biāo)是理想的狀態(tài)。目標(biāo)的書面表述能作為恢復(fù)工作的 基礎(chǔ)，也為后續(xù)項目評價的基礎(chǔ)，我們不必過分強(qiáng)調(diào)每個項目目標(biāo)的重要性，并帶有簡明細(xì)致的工 作報表所有的生態(tài)性質(zhì)工程都有一個共同的目標(biāo)，那就是恢復(fù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的整體性，健康以及長期可 持續(xù)發(fā)展的潛力，這些作為恢復(fù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)特性列在入門的第三部分，對每個恢復(fù)工程這些都應(yīng) 重新提出來。否則，這些容易被權(quán)利機(jī)構(gòu)以及那些對生態(tài)恢復(fù)

44、不熟悉的相關(guān)當(dāng)事人所忽視。一個項 目可能有其他的目標(biāo)，比如為特有種提供生境或者重新構(gòu)造特有的生物群落。Statements of ecological goals should candidly express the degree to which recovery can be anticipated to a former state or trajectory. Some ecosystems can be faithfully restored to a known or probable historic condition, particularly when degradati

45、on or damage is not severe and where human demographic pressures are light, plant species richness are low on account of rigorous environmental conditions, and where the ecologically young vegetation in a newly restored ecosystem tends to resemble the mature vegetation of the pre-disturbance state.

46、Even so, the restored ecosystem will undoubtedly differ in some respects from its model, owing to the complex and seemingly random （stochastic） aspects of ecosystem dynamics. Other restorations may not even approximate a historical model or reference, because contemporary constraints or conditions p

47、revent restoration to a former, historic condition.生態(tài)恢復(fù)目標(biāo)的報表應(yīng)該直接表達(dá)恢復(fù)到先前狀態(tài)或軌跡所預(yù)先達(dá)到的程度。一些生態(tài)系統(tǒng)能 恢復(fù)到已知的或可能的歷史上的狀態(tài)，尤其是退化或破環(huán)程度不嚴(yán)重的以及人口壓力輕的。植物物 種豐富度在嚴(yán)格環(huán)境狀況下低的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，幼小植被類似于干擾前狀態(tài)的成熟植被的新境恢復(fù)的生 態(tài)系統(tǒng)。盡管如此，恢復(fù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與其模型毋庸置疑的在某些方面有區(qū)別，這是由于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)動 態(tài)的復(fù)雜性和隨機(jī)性所決定的。其他的生態(tài)恢復(fù)可能不一定接近歷史模型或參考的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，這是 由于當(dāng)前的條件制約了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)到先前的歷史上的狀態(tài)。Rest

48、oration can be conducted in any of five contexts. The appropriate context should be identified in the project goals in order to underscore the intent of restoration and to avoid or minimize subsequent misunderstandings, conflict and criticisms. They are:生態(tài)恢復(fù)的實施有以下五個內(nèi)容。適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容必須符合工程目標(biāo)才能突出恢復(fù)的意圖，并避免 或減小后

49、續(xù)的誤解、沖突、和批評。包括如下：Recovery of a degraded (subtle or gradual changes that reduce ecological integrity and health) or damaged (acute and obvious changes) ecosystem to its former state.對退化的(導(dǎo)致生態(tài)整體性和健康下降的細(xì)微的變化)或毀壞的(極大并且明顯的改變)生態(tài) 系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)到先前狀態(tài)；Replacement of an ecosystem that was entirely destroyed (degradatio

50、n or damage removes all macroscopic life), and commonly ruins the physical environment) with one of the same kind. The new ecosystem must be entirely reconstructed on a site that was denuded of its vegetation (terrestrial systems) or its benthos (aquatic systems). Replacements are common on surface-

51、mined lands and brownfields (severely damaged urban and industrial lands).對整個毀滅的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(退化或大型生物消失，以及自然環(huán)境的毀壞)替換為相同類型的另一 個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。新的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)必須是對原有地植被消失(陸生生態(tài)系統(tǒng))或是海底動物消失(水生生 態(tài)系統(tǒng))的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重建。替換通常是在露天開產(chǎn)地以及棕色地(嚴(yán)重破環(huán)的城市或工業(yè)用地)Transformation (conversion of an ecosystem to a different kind of ecosystem or land use type) of

52、another kind of ecosystem from the bioregion to replace one which was removed from a landscape that became irreversibly altered. This option is important for restoring natural areas in an urban context where, for example, original hydrologic conditions cannot be restored.轉(zhuǎn)變成另一類型的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(轉(zhuǎn)變成另一不同的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)或使用

53、地類型)，從其生物區(qū)到發(fā)生 不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的景觀的替換，這些選擇對有城市背景的自然地恢復(fù)很重要，比如在此處原有水文狀況不 可恢復(fù)的；Substitution of a replacement ecosystem where an altered environment can no longer support any naturally occurring type of ecosystem in the bioregion. The replacement ecosystem may consist of novel combinations of indigenous species that

54、 are assembled to suit new site conditions as, for example, at a retired solid waste disposal site.在生物區(qū)中，改變了環(huán)境而不能適合自然條件的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)需要替換。在這些替換的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中 可栽種本地物種以適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境，例如在固體廢棄物處理場地。Substitution of a potential replacement ecosystem, because no reference system exists to serve as a model for restoration. This opt

55、ion is relevant in densely populated regions of Eurasia, where many centuries of land use have obliterated all remnants of original ecosystems.替換具有潛在替代能力的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，因為沒有參考的系統(tǒng)服務(wù)于恢復(fù)的模型。這種選擇與歐亞大陸高污染區(qū)相關(guān)，這些地區(qū)是經(jīng)過數(shù)世紀(jì)的土地利用毀壞了的原有生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。All ecological restoration projects have cultural goals (see Guideline #3), even

56、though such goals may be implied in the enabling legislation that authorizes public agencies to conduct or permit project work.所有的生態(tài)恢復(fù)項目須有文化目標(biāo)(參見指南第三條)，甚至這些目標(biāo)可以用來增加規(guī)范 性，以使授權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)能引導(dǎo)和允許工程的各項工作。All cultural goals should be stated clearly, because they provide the basis for public understanding of the ben

57、efits of a project. Public appreciation is conducive to garnering fiscal support, to accommodation of project activities by public agencies, to attracting stakeholder participation in project planning and implementation, and to commanding respect for the restored ecosystem by local residents.所有的文化目標(biāo)

58、應(yīng)該明確規(guī)定，因為它給公眾對項目的利益的理解提供了基礎(chǔ)，公眾的評價能 引導(dǎo)政府資金的支持，公共代理機(jī)構(gòu)為工程活動提供住處，吸收利益相關(guān)人參與工程計劃和執(zhí)行以 及引起當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駥謴?fù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的尊重。6.Identify physical site conditions in need of repair. Many ecosystems in need of restoration are dysfunctional on account of damage to the physical environment, such as soil compaction, soil erosion, s

59、urface water diversion, and impediments to tidal inundation. The physical ensecvironment must be capable of sustaining viable, reproductive species populations that comprise the biota of the restored ecosystem.明確需恢復(fù)地的自然環(huán)境狀況。由于自然環(huán)境的破壞，許多待恢復(fù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)功能障礙，比 如土壤緊實、土壤侵蝕、地表水流失、潮汐受阻、洪水等。自然環(huán)境必須能夠維持可發(fā)育繁殖的物 種種群

60、，這些種群包含修復(fù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的物種。7.Identify stressors in need of regulation or re-initiation. Stressors are recurring factors in the environment that maintain the integrity of an ecosystem by discouraging the establishment of what would otherwise be competitive species. Examples are fires, anoxia caused by floodi