高考英語第二輪復習專題講座六閱讀理解

1、2008年高考英語第二輪復習專題講座六閱讀理解高考閱讀理解的解題技巧閱讀理解作為考查考生語言能力的重點，考試大綱提出了明確的要求：“要求考生讀懂熟悉的有關(guān)日常生活話題的簡短文字材料?？忌鷳?yīng)能：理解主旨要義；理解文中具體信息；根 據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義； 作出簡單判斷和推理； 理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)； 理解作者的意圖和態(tài) 度。”高考英語閱讀理解也圍繞這一要求來命題，基本上可分為五類：1.細節(jié)判斷題；2.猜測詞義題；3.主旨大意題；4.推理引申題；5.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。下面以 2004、2005、2006 年全國統(tǒng)一高考英語科試題為例來分析上述五種試題的命題特點、具體要求以及解題技巧和方法。第一節(jié)細節(jié)判斷題

2、解題技巧普通高中英語課程標準中達到英語學科的高中畢業(yè)要求為七級，其有關(guān)閱讀最基本的要求是：“能從一般性文章中獲取和處理主要信息”。對這種“獲取和處理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是：細節(jié)判斷。這類題在高考閱讀理解題中占一定的比例，做好這類題是確保基礎(chǔ)分的關(guān)鍵。同時，弄清細節(jié)，正確獲取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要 特別重視做好這類題。細節(jié)判斷題題干常見的問句形式多種多樣。如：Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?Which of the following statements is NOT true?Wh

3、ich of the following statements is correct according to the passage? TOC o 1-5 h z Which of the following is NOT considered as?According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the reasons for ？How many ?What/who/when/where/how/why ?做這類題的一般方法是通過skimming把握文章中心后，再通過尋讀法（ scann

4、ing ）快速確定該細節(jié)在文中的出處（信息源），對照選項進行“三對一錯或三錯一對”的判斷。若該信 息句是長句或難句，要學會找出其主干部分、分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，正確理解信息句的意義。命題者在出這類題時慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來迷惑考生，即對原句細微處做改動，截取原文詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)進行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點說成B的觀點等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是關(guān)鍵。這類細節(jié)性問題所涉及的面很廣，有的需要經(jīng)過簡單的數(shù)學運算確定時間、距離、次數(shù)、數(shù)量等；有的涉及正誤判斷；有的詢問事實、原因、結(jié)果、目的等。例如：（注：本書例題練習中選用全國各地高考題均保留原題號）（05 全國卷 II B 篇）The day

5、s of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.“My grandmothers didn do anything but keep house and serve everybody. They were programmed to do that, sadComette, head of a chapter of t

6、he 7-year-old Red Hat Society.While men have long spent their time fishing and playing golf, women have sometimes seemed to become unnoticed as they age. But the generation now turning 50 is the baby boomers（ 生育高峰 期出生的人 ），and the same people who refused their parents way of being young are now tryin

7、g a new way of growing old.If you take into consideration feminism（ 女權(quán)主義 ）,a bit of spare money, and better health for most elderly, the Red Hat Society looks almost inevitable（ 必然的）.In this society, women over 50 wear red hats and purple（紫色的）clothes, while the women under 50 wear pink hats and ligh

8、t purple clothing.“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I sh all wear purple. With a red hat which doesn o. said Elfegi Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. When the ladies started to wear the red hats, they attracted lots of att

9、ention.“Thepoint of this is that we need a rest from always doing something for someone else,” Cooper said. Women feel so ashamed and sorry when they do something for themselves.why chapters are discouraged from raising money or doing anything useful. Wd re a ladiesgroup. It couldn t be more simple,

10、 “ added Cooper s assistant Joe Heywood.47. Who set up the Red Hat Society ?A . Emily Comette. B . Ellen Cooper. C. Jenny Joseph. D . Joe Heywood. 48. Women join the Red Hat Society because .A . they want to stay youngB . they would like to appear more attractiveC. they would like to have fun and li

11、ve for themselvesD . they want to be more like their parents解析：這兩題都是細節(jié)判斷題。和47題相關(guān)的信息句是文中的：The organization took theidea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesn : tsaod Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998.理解了這 句

12、話，我們不難得出答案 Bo通過瀏覽我們了解了 “ the Red Hat Society 這個社團的性質(zhì)和 作用，再結(jié)合信息句Enter the Red Hat Society a group holding the belief that old ladies shouldhave fun.，我們很容易得出 48題正確答案為 C。（05 福建卷 A 篇）Paul Zindel s death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer

13、Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but he was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary （當代的） literature for young adults （成人）.The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught nove

14、ls in the genre. The American LibraryAssociation has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindel s autobiography,igmen and Me , was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth centu

15、ry. Six of Zindel s books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children.Recogniz

16、ing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and libra

17、rians have lost a great friend. Which of Paul Zindel s books was the most popular with young adults in the 20th century?A . The Pigman.B . The Doom Stone.C. The Pigman and Me.D . The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds.Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize?A .

18、His books were widely read by children.B . His books were interesting and helpful to adults.C. He made great contributions to contemporary literature.D . He wrote a number of horror books for young adults.58. When did Paul Zindel win the ALAN Prize?In 2003.Between 1967 and 1992.D. Between 2002 and 2

19、003.59 Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage.a.The Pigman and Me was one of the Best Books for teenagers.b.Zindel was one of the earliest writers who wrote for adults only.c.The Doom Stone and Rats are not popular with young adults.d.Zindel was given four prizes f

20、or literature before he died.e.At least eight of Zindel s books were very popular in his times.A . c, d, eB . a, b, cC. a, b, dD . a, d, e解析：這四題都是細節(jié)判斷題。56、57、58三題，只要我們根據(jù)題干的問句找到信息源，很快就能找到正確答案分別是：A、C、A,做第59題時我們要對五個陳述作出正誤判斷，b、c兩個說法是錯誤的，因此，正確答案為D。下面請同學們實戰(zhàn)演練上述方法和技巧?！緦崙?zhàn)演練練習一】（05北京卷A篇）ChancesI really love

21、my job because I enjoy working with small children and like the challenges and awards from the job. I also think my work is important. There was a time when I thought I would never have that sort of career （職業(yè)）I wasn t an excellent student because I didn t do much schoolwork. In my final term I star

22、terthinking what I mig ht do and found I didn t have much to offer. I just accepted that I wasn to have a career.I then found myself a job. Looking after two little girls, It wasn too bad at first. But the problems began when I agreed to live in, so that I would be there if my boss had to go out for

23、 business in the evening. We agreed that if I had to work extra hours one week, shethe next. But unfortunately, it didn often work out. I was getting extremely tired and fed up, because I had too many late nights and early mornings with the children.One Sunday, I was in the park with the children, a

24、nd met Megan who used to go to school with me, I told her about my situation. She suggested that I should do a course and get a qualification （資 格證書）if I wa nted to work with children. I didn t think I would be accepted because I didn t many exams in school. She persuaded me to phone the local colle

25、ge and they were really helpful. My experience counted for a lot and I got on a part - time course. I had to leave my job with the family, and got work helping out at a kindergarten.Now I ve got a full time job there. I shall always be thankful to Megan. I wish I had known earlier that you could hav

26、e a career, even if you aren t top of the class at school.What is the author s present job?A . Working part - time in a college.B . Taking care of children for a family.C. Helping children with their schoolwork.D . Looking after children at a kindergarten.When staying with the two girls family, the

27、authorA . was paid for extra workB. often worked long hoursC. got much help from her bossD. took a day off every other weekWhy did the author leave her first job?A . She found a full - time job.B . She was fed up with children.C. She decided to attend a part - time course.D . She needed a rest after

28、 working extra hours.【實戰(zhàn)演練練習二】（05湖南卷A篇）We were on tour a few summers ago, driving through Chicago, when right outside of the city, we got pulled over. A middle-aged policeman came up to the car and was really being troublesome atfirst. Lecturing us, he said, “ You were speeding. Where are you going

29、in such a hurry? ” Our guitarist, Tim, told him that we were on our way to Wisconsin to play a show. His way towards us totally changed. He asked, “Oh, sbooysuare in a band （樂隊）? We told him that we were. He then asked all the usual band questions about the type of music we played, and how long we h

30、ad been at it. Suddenly, he stopped and said,“ Tim, you want to get out of this ticket, don Yes.” t you?So the office r asked him to step out of the car. The rest of us, inside the car, didnthink as we watched the policeman talk to Tim. Next thing we knew, the policeman was putting Tim in the back o

31、f the police car he had parked in front of us. With that, he threw the car into reverse （倒車）,stopping a few feet in back of our car. Now we suddenly felt frightened. We didn t know ifwere all going to prison, or if the policeman was going to sell Tim on the black market or something. All of a sudden

32、, the policeman s voice camejdvpehkeho He said, “Ladies and gentlemen,for the first time ever, we have Tim here singing on Route 90 Turns out, the policeman had told Tim that the only way he was getting out of the ticket was if he sang part of one of our songs over the loudspeaker in the police car.

33、 Seconds later, Tim started screaming into the receiver. The policeman enjoyed the performance, and sent us on our way without a ticket.The policeman stopped the boys to.A .put them into prisonB.give them a ticketC.enjoy their performanceD.ask some band questionsThe policeman became friendly to the

34、boys when he knew they .A .had long been at the bandB.played the music he lovedC.were driving for a showD.promised him a performance【實戰(zhàn)演練練習三】（06江西卷B篇）Buster Biown was a thiefand a good one, too, he thought. He drrbseen caught by the police because he never took chances. He was always prepared for an

35、y unforeseenf event or emergency.Confidently, he stood outside the house of his intended victim（受害者）and read the sign on the front gate of the house. Donwbrry the dog be aware of the owner!” it said. Buster smiled and found his way in.The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exo

36、tic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a dog came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. Good boy, “Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are trying to-lick me to d

37、eath.”Satisfied he d made friends with the dog, Buster began to wander round the house, choosing items to put in his bag. His skilled eye picked out only the best antiques （古董）：a pair of silver candle holders, a silver tea-and-coffce service, etc . His new friend, the dog , sat and watched, as if wo

38、ndering what was happening.“Well, bop Buster whispered finally. That might dorAnyimbwon t be able to carryit !Her swung the heavy bag onto his shouiders, just as the lights came on, nearly blinding him .He shielded his eyes with his hand.“You re a vesyly person, “ the figure in the doorway, his voic

39、e dry as dust. As the man came closer, Bustor could see he was well dressed. His face seemed familiar, but Buster couldnt quite sure where he had seen him before.“You should havetaken more notice of the sign outside. aTpiedman“rknew about thisattempted robbery last week and I also know you will end

40、up behind bars for 20 years. Fancy trying to rob the house of the world s ereaortune-teller!Why was Buster so confident?He was not afraid of dogs.He knew the owner of the house lived alone.He had never been caught by the police.The house had no security alarm.Which of the definitions id closest in m

41、eaning to the wordexoticc“ in the 3 rd paragraph?A. Messy and untidy.B. Rich and expenaive.C. Comfortable and calmingD. Foreign and unusualHow did Buster decide wlich objects to take?He took those the were easy to carry in his bag.He took only the best antiques.He took those that he knew he could se

42、ll easily.He looked for silver objects.What punishment waits for Buster Brown?A prison sentence with hard labour.A long prison sentence.A heavy fineD.Community service for 20 years.第二節(jié)猜測詞義題解題技巧在閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前 后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可以利用語境（各

43、種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞 的詞義。近年來全國統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧， 對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。這種題常見的提問方式有：The word in paragraph can best be repla ced byThe underlined word most probably means . By saying the author means The expression is closest to According to the passage, the phrase ”suggests The und

44、erlined part”（in Para. m）eans .做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜 詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境想當然。猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下三個方面的線索：一.針對性的解釋針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用 它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。1. 根據(jù)定義（definition ）猜測詞義 如果生詞有一個句子或段落來定義，那么理解這個句子

45、或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent,refer to, signify 等。例如：（05 湖北卷 A 段）Do you know what a aterritory “A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims （聲稱） as its own.由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：動物的地盤”。（04 浙江卷 B 段）Green building me

46、ans reducing the impact （影響）of the building on the land.由定義我們可以推斷這里Green building指的是什么。2.根據(jù)復述推測詞義雖然復述不如定義那樣嚴謹、詳細，但是它提供的信息可以為閱讀者猜測詞義提供 依據(jù)，至少讀者可以根據(jù)復述猜測生詞的大致“義域”（意義范圍）。復述部分可以是詞、短語、或從句。 同位語復述：在復述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間常用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號，冒號，分號，弓I號和括號等。同位語前常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely,or oth

47、er, say, i.e. 等。例如：（05 浙江卷 B 段）In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞 ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。定語從句復述:例如：（04 福建卷 E 段） Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,an

48、d reindeer with surprising sauces .According the passage, The Pines is a .A . place in which you can see many mobile homesmountain where you can get a good view of the valleytown which happens to be near the Banff National Parkrestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food通過whose引導的定語從句

49、，我們可以推測到：The Pines是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：Do2.根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義恰當?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。例如：（04 遼寧卷 C 段）The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt,

50、local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.根據(jù)such as后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue是指“議題”。二.內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系， 然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。.根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們

51、可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, inspite of, in contrast等。表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while引導的并列句。例如：（NMET 2002 E 篇）A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word hassle” （paragraph 1） probably mean?a party designed by s

52、pecialistsa plan requiring careful thoughta situation causing difficulty or troublea demand made by guests根據(jù)對比關(guān)系，這里 hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的 答案為Co.根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例如： Green loves to talk, and his brothers are

53、similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相 近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是“健談的”。.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。例如：（05 上海卷 B 段）I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word a presumptuous in th

54、e middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .A . full of respectB. too confident and rudeC. lacking in experienceD. too shy and quiet根據(jù)since引導的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（“既然你是我的上司”），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會是一 種放肆/冒失的行為。對應(yīng)的理解題答案為：B。0 05 江西卷 D 段）Pruning is important because it encoura

55、ges the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷 Pruning的意思是：“修剪（樹枝等）”的意 思。.根據(jù)同義、近義、并列、替代、說明等關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞 義。例如：（05 江蘇卷 E 段）William Shakespeare said. The web of our lseof a mingled yarn （紗線）,good and ill together. ”The underlined word “ mingled in the

56、 last paragraph most probably meansA. simple B. mixed C. sad D . happy句中g(shù)ood and ill together更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：混合的，交織的“，答案是：B。（04 3胡d匕卷 C 段）Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes , according to the researcherslohns Hopkins and three ot

57、her medical centers.根據(jù)and three other medical centers這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：Johns Hopkins 是一家醫(yī)療中心。三.通過構(gòu)詞法在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。.根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例如：（05 江西卷 E 段）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根據(jù)詞根 educational （教育的），結(jié)合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的

58、“意思。.根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例如：（05 廣東卷 E 段）Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking （ 俯瞰）the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point .后綴-ise/ize意思是“使成為 ；使化，結(jié)合詞根commercial （商業(yè)的），不難猜 出uncommercialized的意思是：“未被商業(yè)化的“。.根據(jù)復合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如：（05 北京卷 B 段） Good tool design is importa

59、nt in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well - designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward （另1J扭的）hand positions.Well-designed或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由 well （好，優(yōu)秀）和 design （設(shè)計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“設(shè)計精巧的意思。（04 浙江卷 D 段）We live in a technological society wher

60、e most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft （ 手藝）no longer exists.根據(jù)合成詞中的mass （大量的）和 produce （生產(chǎn)），我們可以推測mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”的意思。綜上所述，利用各種已知的信息推測判斷生詞詞義是一項重要的閱讀技能。在閱讀中我 們可以根據(jù)實際靈活應(yīng)用上面提到的幾種猜詞技巧，排除生詞的干擾，理解文章的思想，提高閱讀速度，同時，提高我們在高考閱讀理解中的得分率?！緦崙?zhàn)演練練習四】（0