雨水對環(huán)境的影響課件

1、Impacts of Stormwater on the Environment雨水對環(huán)境的影響Increased Peak Flows flooding提高的洪水水流峰值Accelerated Erosion加速侵蝕Habitat Degradation棲息地退化Water Quantity (Flow and Volume)水量(流量和體積)Regulated DesignsManaging Water Quantity管理水量Direct discharge直接排放Detention滯留Retention LID滯留LIDInfiltration - LID滲濾LIDIncreased

2、watershed storage capacity LID提高的流域貯水能力LIDPollutants污染物Water Quality- Common Pollutants水質(zhì)常見污染物Trash and Debris垃圾和碎屑Sediments (TSS)沉積物(TSS)Nutrients營養(yǎng)物Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)石油烴Heavy Metals重金屬Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)多環(huán)芳香烴Other organics其他有機物Biological e.g. Fecal Coliform生物的如大腸桿菌Tem

3、perature溫度Gross Solids (i.e. trash)總固體物（如垃圾）Size 尺寸LA Trash TMDL 5 mmLA垃圾日最大總負荷量5毫米Cigarette butts 7.9 mm 100% 煙頭7.9毫米100%Carry other pollutants運載其他污染物Pesticides, PCBs, organic wastes (EPA 842/B-92/010 Dec92)殺蟲劑，多環(huán)芳烴，有機廢物（EPA842/B-92/010 Dec92）Coliform, pathogens大腸菌，病原體Sharps尖銳物Buoyancy Characterist

4、ics浮力特性Decomposition分解作用Sediment: Total Suspended Solids (TSS)沉積物：懸浮固體總量（TSS）TSS is a measure of the mass of material collected on a filter from a known volume of waterTSS是過濾裝置收集來自己位置體積水量的物質(zhì)質(zhì)量的度量衡EPA 160.2 or Standard Methods 2540D環(huán)境保護部160.2或標準方法2540DThe filter has pore opening of 2.0 microns or sma

5、ller (generally 1.5 micron filters are used)過濾裝置有2微米或者更小（一般使用1.5微米過濾裝置）口徑的小孔Floating material or bulky organic material are excluded漂浮物質(zhì)或者大塊有機物質(zhì)被移除SSC Whole Volume Method 懸浮沉積物濃度(SSC)總量法USGS 美國地質(zhì)調(diào)查Mineral specific gravity 2.65礦物質(zhì)比重2.65Organic specific gravity 0.95-1.05 (mostly floats)有機物比重0.95-1.05（

6、大多漂浮）Particle size dictates treatment effectiveness and quantity of associated pollutants顆粒物尺寸決定處理有效性和相關的污染物量NOT ALL SEDIMENT IS TSS or SSC不是全部成績物都是TSS或SSCTSS Issues懸浮固體總量問題TSS is the most regulated pollutant ranging from 70% removal or greaterTSS是首要管制污染物，移除率要求70%或以上Definition with respect to stormw

7、ater雨水方面的定義Particle Size Distribution (PSD)顆粒物尺寸分布Specific Gravity比重Methods of Sampling取樣方法Analytical Methods分析方法Sediment (TSS)沉積物（TSS）Sediments change channel geometry沉積物改變河道幾何學Impact habitats of benthic organisms影響水底生物體棲息地Transport other pollutants運輸其他污染物Anthropogenic Sources人造源Plastics塑料Cans and

8、Metal Fragments罐頭和金屬碎片Ewaste電子廢料Trash and Debris垃圾和碎屑Organic Matter in Stormwater雨水中的有機物質(zhì)Anthropogenic Sources人造源Food Products食物產(chǎn)品Paper Products紙質(zhì)產(chǎn)品Oils and Greases油脂和潤滑油Other其他Natural Sources天然源Fallen Leaves落葉Pollen & Bud Shatter花粉和芽碎片Humus腐殖質(zhì)Organisms有機物Natural or Anthropogenic?天然或人造Properties of

9、Organic Matter in Stormwater雨水中有機物的性質(zhì)Subject to biological decomposition受到生物分解的制約Elevated BOD/COD提高的生物耗氧量和化學需氧量Elevated Nitrate/Nitrite提高的硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽Elevated Total and Ortho-P提高的總量和正磷酸鹽Forms complex agglomerates with mineral particles形成含礦物顆粒的復合凝聚物Serves as substrate for bacterial growth充當細菌生長基Can seque

10、ster soluble metals through cation exchange processes可以通過陽離子交換過程隔離可溶金屬Impact on BMP Performance對BMP表現(xiàn)的影響Though particles can be large, specific gravity is low雖然顆粒物可能很大，但比重很低Difficult to capture with settling devices很難用沉降裝置收集May cause blinding/ occlusion of screening/ filtration devices可能造成篩選裝置混亂和過濾裝

11、置閉塞Nutrient Breakdown營養(yǎng)物分解BMP may show removal of Total N, but release of Nitrate/NitriteBMP可能表現(xiàn)出總N的移除，但是釋放出硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽Often due to decomposition of TKN load一般是由于總凱氏氮載量分解Impact on Monitoring對監(jiān)測的影響Organic matter may enter a BMP as one large particle, then leave the system as many small particles.有機物質(zhì)可能以

12、一個大顆粒物的形式進入BMP，然后以許多小顆粒物的形式離開系統(tǒng)Automated samplers typically collect via strainers with inch openings通常通過有0.25英寸開口的濾網(wǎng)自動收集樣本This is reflected in the effluent solids EMC, but not in the influent這會反應在流出固體EMC里，但是不會出現(xiàn)在流入物中Sequestered metals may bias performance evaluation of BMPs utilizing cation exchange

13、使用陽離子減緩隔離金屬可能對BMPs的表現(xiàn)評估造成偏差，Measuring Organic Matter in Stormwater雨水中有機物的測量Total Organic Carbon (TOC)有機碳總量(TOC)Sample is filteredresults do not reflect solids 樣本被過濾結(jié)果不會在固體中反應出來Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)化學需氧量(COD)Results may include some inorganic matter結(jié)果可能會包括一些非有機物Total Volatile Suspended Solids

14、(TVSS) 揮發(fā)性懸浮固體總量Allows direct comparison with TSS/SSC analysis可以直接與懸浮固體總量/懸浮沉積物濃度分析相比較Cheap!便宜EPA 160.4, SM 208E環(huán)境保護部160.4， SM208ETVSS vs. SSC揮發(fā)性懸浮固體總量 vs. 懸浮固體濃度Dissolved Zn fraction vs. TVSS溶解鋅率 vs. 揮發(fā)性懸浮固體總量TVSS中位數(shù)標準化Impact of Organic Matter in Stormwater雨水有機物質(zhì)的影響Organic matter is a substantial f

15、raction of TSS in stormwater有機物質(zhì)是雨水中TSS的重要部分Can negatively affect BMP performance, particularly in systems with standing water可以對BMP表現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生消極影響，特別是在含有死水系統(tǒng)Fugitive loads of organic matter introduces error to BMP performance evaluation有機物質(zhì)的短時載量引入BMP表現(xiàn)評估的誤差Seasonal variation impacts maintenance schedule季節(jié)

16、性變化影響維護日程安排Oil and Grease油脂和潤滑油Oil is in many phases油脂在很多階段存在Free oils 游離油脂Emulsified oils 乳化油Dissolved oil 溶解油Attached 附著量Sampling is difficult and analytical procedures are suspect 取樣困難和分析程序不可信Claims difficult to verify要求核實困難Difficult to measure free oils quantities難以測量游離油脂數(shù)量Done in laboratories (

17、Ruins equipment)需在實驗室內(nèi)完成(破壞設備)Sampling in the field is undefined野外取樣不明確Claims of high oil removal percentages要求高油脂移除百分比Regulatory concern for maintenance residuals為維護剩余物的法規(guī)考慮Nitrogen and Phosphorus氮和磷Eutrophication 富營養(yǎng)化Phosphorus is limiting 磷有限Ortho-P versus Total P正磷酸鹽對于總磷Ortho-P dissolved and ava

18、ilable for plant uptake溶解的正磷酸鹽和可用于植物攝取Ortho-P most difficult to remove (removed by Fe3+ & Al3+) and plant uptake正磷酸鹽大多難以移除（通過鐵離子和鋁離子移除）和植物攝取Nitrogen = NH3, NO3/NO2 & TKN (organic N)氮=NH3, NO3/NO2 & TKN (有機 N)Most N converted to NO3 in aerobic systems. 在氧氣系統(tǒng)內(nèi)大多氮轉(zhuǎn)化為三氧化氮NO3 removed by plant and microbi

19、al uptake as well as by anaerobic bacteria.三氧化氮通過植物和微生物攝取記憶厭氧細菌移除Both processes require long residence time. 兩個過程都需要長的停留時間Nitrogen and Phosphorus氮和磷Heavy Metals重金屬Atmospheric deposition from stack emissions or dust fall大氣分解煙囪排放或者粉塵降落Corrosion of coatings such as galvanization, paints, roofing materi

20、als外層腐蝕，比如鍍鋅，油漆，屋頂材料Wear of mechanical parts, tires, bearings, bushings機械部分的磨損，輪胎，軸承，襯套Wastage or misapplication of chemicals, spray coatings廢料廢水或化學濫用，噴涂Typical metals of concern 典型金屬的考慮Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn)銅和鋅Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Mercury (Hg)鉛，鎘，鎳，水銀Particulate & Dissolved 顆粒物和

21、溶解Total Metals 總金屬Some misconceptions一些錯誤想法Dissolved 溶解(0.63 um) Ionic 離子Colloids 膠體Ligands 配體Removal 移除Adsorption 吸附Cation Exchange 陽離子交換Chelation 整合作用Heavy Metals重金屬Pesticides & Herbicides殺蟲劑和除草劑Organic Toxicants有機毒物Organic pesticides and Herbicides有機殺蟲劑和除草劑use metals 使用重金屬Polychlorinated Biphenyl

22、s (PCBs)多氯聯(lián)苯(PCBs)PAHs多環(huán)芳烴Phthalates鄰苯二甲酸鹽Expensive to monitor監(jiān)測昂貴Very low concentrations濃度非常低DiazinonDibenza,eaceanthrylene (PAH)PCBOrganics有機物Personal Care Products個人護理產(chǎn)品Pharmaceuticals 藥劑Caffeine 咖啡因Endocrine Disrupters激素擾亂Phthalates鄰苯二甲酸鹽PAHs多環(huán)芳烴Micro Beads微珠Bacteria/Pathogens細菌/病原體Pathogens are the target病原體是目的Bacteria, virus, protozoa細菌，對于，原生動物Difficult to detect難以檢測Indicator Bacteria are used采用細菌指示物Common to human gut在人類內(nèi)臟中常見Standard tests標準測試Wastewater basis廢水基礎Desired re