英語句子成分講解課件

1、一、介紹與其重要性句子是寫作的基本單位，只有寫好句子才有可能寫好文章。英語的句子成分有八種： 主語、謂語動詞、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、主語補足語和賓語補足語。 學會判斷句子成分對以后學習難句奠定了基礎(chǔ)。英語句子的構(gòu)成也有其特定的規(guī)律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常見句式和詞語的習慣搭配，就能寫出完整、正確的句子。第1頁，共60頁。句子成分與結(jié)構(gòu)第2頁，共60頁。英語的句子成分： 一） 主語： Walls have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Sm

2、oking is not allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.二）謂語由_擔任。助動詞或情態(tài)動詞加其他動詞的適當形式也構(gòu)成謂語動詞。 Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. 動詞/動詞短語名詞代詞數(shù)詞to do不定式doing動名詞句子第3頁，共60頁。當不定式、動名詞或從句在某個

3、句子中作主語時，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的主語放在句尾。此時it只起先行引導作用，本身無詞義。什么情況下用it作形式主語？第4頁，共60頁。 你能劃出下列句子的真正的主語嗎?你懂得翻譯下列句子嗎？1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ) 說謊是錯誤的。爭吵是沒用的。誰要來還不確定。第5頁，共60頁。1. We love China.2. She seems tire

4、d. 3. He can speak English 4. We have finished reading this book.謂語謂語:說明主語做什么或怎么樣。通常由_ 充當.動詞常分為實義動詞,連系動詞,情態(tài)動詞和助動詞.動詞實義動詞連系動詞情態(tài)動詞助動詞（V.）第6頁，共60頁。情態(tài)動詞和助動詞不能單獨充當謂語,必須和實義動詞或系動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語.They can speak English well.They are playing over there.第7頁，共60頁。1）狀態(tài)系動詞，用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be （am,is ,are,was,were,been,being）一詞

5、 He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動詞，用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會時總保持沉默。 系動詞第8頁，共60頁。3）表像系動詞，用來表示看起來像這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系動詞，主要有feel, smell, sound, tasteThis flower smells very sweet. 第9頁，共60頁。5）變化系動詞，表示主

6、語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, comeHe became mad after that. 6）終止系動詞，表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn outThe rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的計劃終于成功了。第10頁，共60頁。My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting.

7、 The story of my life may be of help to others.Three times five is fifteen.His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 三）表語 它的位置在_之后。是用來說明主語的_,_, _的.系動詞、連系動詞性質(zhì)特征狀態(tài)名詞 n代詞 pron形容詞 adjadj介詞短語數(shù)詞to do不定式句子第11頁，共60頁。（四）賓語 表示動作的對象，是動作的承受者。賓語一般放在_之后。_詞后也會跟賓語。S

8、he covered her face with her hands. We havent seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need know what others are doing. We should care more about our friends. She felt it her duty to take good care of them. It作形式賓語，不定式是真正的賓語 動詞

9、/動詞短語介名詞 n代詞 pron動名詞代詞和數(shù)詞to do不定式句子介詞+名詞第12頁，共60頁。（五）定語 是修飾_詞.單詞作定語時通常放在它所修飾的名詞之_；短語和從句作定語時則放在它所修飾的名詞之_。They are woman workers. Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl. The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have not

10、hing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 名前后 名詞名詞所有格形容詞 adj數(shù)詞形容詞 /序數(shù)詞 /介詞短語現(xiàn)在分詞 doingto do 不定式從句第13頁，共60頁。六）狀語 狀語表示地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、伴隨情況等。 The best fish swim near the bottom. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late because of the traffic jam . Well send

11、a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , leaving only bones The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. If he goes, so will I . Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 地點狀語時間狀語原因狀語目的狀語結(jié)果狀語伴隨狀語條件狀語讓步狀語第14頁，共60頁。七）賓語補足語。英語有些及物動詞，除了要有賓語之外，還要加上賓語補足語，才能使句子的意義完整。They ele

12、cted me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.名詞形容詞介詞短語to do 不定式現(xiàn)在分詞 doingdone 過去分詞賓語和賓語補足語一起構(gòu)成動詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)第15頁，共60頁。八）主語補足語 如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動語態(tài)，原賓語成為主語，原賓語補

13、足語相應地變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語I was elected captain of the team. Our country will be made strong.He died young. 他死時很年輕。（此句不是原賓補變過來的）She was called Lucy. 她名叫露西。He was seen to go upstairs.有人看見他上樓了。第16頁，共60頁。同位語是位于名詞或代詞后面的個別名詞或名詞詞組，對前者進行補充說明The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of fore

14、ign friends.This is my cousin, Helen. 這是我的表妹，海倫We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學生）We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們）九、同位語第17頁，共60頁。十. 獨立成分 感嘆詞、應答詞、呼語、插入語等，在句中可作獨立成分，用逗號與其他成分隔開。第18頁，共60頁。Oh, my god!Come in, Mr Green.This , I think, is the best way to help them.感嘆詞呼語插入

15、語第19頁，共60頁。分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致! 否則應有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。例：錯句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正確：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：錯句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，既your score . 顯然做study的應是人，不應是your score（分數(shù)）. 正確句(1)更正了句子的主語,使

16、其與分詞邏輯主語一致( 同為you );正確句(2)則使用條件分句帶出study的主語,(不過已經(jīng)不是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)了). 分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)常省略being,having been.不過There being.的場合不能省略.如：第20頁，共60頁。 Hesatinfrontofthem,hisdustyfacemaskinghisage. Allthingsconsidered,thetripwillhavetobecalledoff. Game (being) over,he went home.He stands there,book (being) in hand. 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with、wi

17、thout引導，作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./無事可做，他很快就睡著了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老師進來了，戴著一付眼鏡。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！） 第21頁，共60頁。二.五種簡單句基本句型主語+謂語+賓語主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語動詞系動詞不及物動詞及物動詞主語+系+表語主語+謂語第22頁，共60頁。1）Our city is at

18、the crossing of some important railways. 主語 系動詞 表語 2）The city will become rich. 主語 系動詞 表語在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的系動詞是： “變化”類：_. “感官”類: _. “持續(xù)”類：_. 其他：（似乎）_ _ (證明是)_get/ become/ turn/grow/gotaste/ smell/ feel/look/soundstay/ keep/remainSeem appearturn out/ prove(to be)1主語 + 系動詞 + 表語第23頁，共60頁。Exercises你的故事聽起來很有趣。_.

19、把魚放在冰箱里，否則它會變壞的。_.這種炎熱的天氣將會保持幾天。_.這個計劃證明是可行的。_.Your story sounded very interesting.Put the fish into fridge, or they will go bad.The hot day will remain/stay/ keep a few days.The plan turned out/proved （to be) practical.第24頁，共60頁。一.縱觀歷年的高考題，對系動詞的考查一直是高考中非常重要的熱點之一，對于考生來說也是難點所在。高考對系動詞考查的覆蓋面廣，涉及的系動詞較多，

20、重點考查的是 get ，其次是 feel 和 remain ，考查的難度在逐年增大。 二 . 對表示狀態(tài)變化的系動詞的考查 英語中常見的表示狀態(tài)變化的系動詞有 get ， turn ， turn out （結(jié)果是）， go ， come （成為）， fall ， become 等。 第25頁，共60頁。1. 對 get 的考查 get 表示狀態(tài)的改變，意為“變成，變得，做成”，它后面可以接形容詞、 v-ing 形式、過去分詞等。 Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party. A. get changed

21、 B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 第26頁，共60頁。 Be careful when you cross this very busy street, if not, you may _ run over by a car. A. have B. get C. become D. turn As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends. A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed 分析：例中考查的是“ get 過去分詞”構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例

22、 get changed 意為“換衣服”，例 get run over 意為“碾過，壓過”，例 get separated 意思是“沖散，分離”，所以正確答案分別是 A 、 B 、 A 。 第27頁，共60頁。2. 對 go 的考查 系動詞 go 的意義是“變成，成為”，后多跟形容詞，如 go bad, go mad, go wrong, go hungry, go sour 等。例如： On hearing the news of the accident in coal mine, she _ pale. A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared 分析：該

23、題考查的是“ go+adj. ”系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 got 和 changed 不能與 pale 搭配起來表達這一狀態(tài)的變化，而 appeared 是表示狀態(tài)存在的系動詞。所以正確答案是 C 。 第28頁，共60頁。3. 對 fall 的考查 系動詞 fall 表示“（不知不覺地或突然地）進入狀態(tài)”，后常跟形容詞、副詞或介詞短語等，如： fall ill （生病）， fall apart （散開）， fall asleep, fall into a deep sleep （睡熟）。例如： As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A.read; was fall

24、ing B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell 分析：該題第二空考查的是系動詞“ fall+adj. ”結(jié)構(gòu)， fall asleep 是短暫性動詞短語，不能用于進行時態(tài)，故正確答案是 B 。句意是“她讀報時，奶奶睡著了?！钡?9頁，共60頁。三 . 對表示狀態(tài)存在的系動詞的考查 常見的有 be, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, sound, keep, taste, remain, prove, stay, lie （處于某種狀態(tài)）， stand （處于某種狀態(tài)）等。 1.

25、 對 remain 的考查 系動詞 remain 的意思是“保持，繼續(xù)，依然不變”，后常接名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式等。 Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C.seeing D. seen 第30頁，共60頁。 Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health _ poor. A. proves B. remai

26、nsC. maintains D. continues 分析：例中的 remain 是個半系動詞，“有待被看，證實”，所以應用不定式的被動式，故答案是 B 。例中 remain poor 意為“仍然很差”， maintain 意為“維持，保持，繼續(xù)”，不與形容詞 poor 連用，所以正確答案是 B 。 第31頁，共60頁。2. 對 stay 的考查 stay 意為“保持原狀，維持”，后面可以接形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞等。 The weather has stayed warm all week. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It wil

27、l _ fresh for several days. A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed 分析：該題考查的是系動詞 stay 后接形容詞（ fresh ）的系表結(jié)構(gòu)，它表示一種存在的狀態(tài)，主動形式表示被動意義，這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般不能用于進行時態(tài)，所以正確答案是 B 。 第32頁，共60頁。3. 對 appear 的考查 appear 的含義是“似乎，好像，看來（如關(guān)于某人的性格、感情或意圖）”，此時不用進行式，后接形容詞、名詞、動詞不定式等。 She appeared rather upset about something. 看來有

28、些什么事使她心煩。 Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. （上海 2001 ） A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told 第33頁，共60頁。分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告訴你媽媽。她看上去已經(jīng)知道一切事情?！本渲?tell 后面沒有賓語，故用不定式的被動式，又因為“知道一切”發(fā)生在“告訴真相”之前，要用完成式。所以正確答案是 D 。4. 對 feel 的考查 feel 的意思是“感覺是，似乎”，后常接形容詞、副詞、介

29、詞短語等。 I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea. A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes 第34頁，共60頁。 - Do you like the material? - Yes, it _ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt 分析：這兩道考題考查的是“ fell+adj. ”的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例中 feel good 意為“感覺舒服”；例 feel soft 意為“摸

30、上去軟和”，此時，主動結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動的含義。所以正確答案分別是 B 和 C 。 第35頁，共60頁。5. 對系動詞 look 的考查 look 有“看來，顯得”等意，后面常接形容詞、介詞短語、不定式短語、從句等。 The plan looks good on paper, but will it work? 這個計劃從表面上看來不錯，但能行得通嗎？ -You dont look very _. Are you ill? - No,Im just a bit tired.A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy 分析：盡管提供的四個備選項都是形容詞，但 look w

31、ell 的意思是“看上去氣色好”，符合對話的語境，故正確答案是 B 。第36頁，共60頁。6. 對 sound 的考查 sound 有“聽起來，令人覺得，似乎”等含義，后面可以接形容詞、名詞短語、介詞短語、不定式等。 She sounds to be a very strange woman. 聽起來她似乎是一個非常古怪的女人。 What he said sounds _ . A. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully 分析：四個選項中只有 friendly 是形容詞，可以和 sound 連用構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，其他三項都是副詞，只能作狀語不

32、能作表語，所以正確答案是 C 。 第37頁，共60頁。7. 對 taste 的考查 taste 在使用時不用進行時態(tài)，含義是“嘗起來，有某種特殊的味道”，一般接形容詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 These oranges taste nice. 這些橙子味道很好。 These oranges taste _ . A.good B. well C. to be good D. to be well 分析： taste 是系動詞，所以要用形容詞 good 作其表語。 well 作形容詞時，意思是“健康的”，只能形容人，不能形容物。故正確答案是 A 。 第38頁，共60頁。8. 對 smell 的考查 smel

33、l 經(jīng)常與形容詞連用，意思是“聞起來，有氣味，發(fā)出的氣味”。 This book smells old. 這本書有一股霉味。 We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell _ . A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad 分析：第一空前的 smell 是不及物動詞，意為“嗅，聞，有嗅覺”，副詞 badly 修飾 smells ；而第二空前的 smell 是系動詞，與形容詞 bad 構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 答案為D第39頁，共60

34、頁。2主語 + 謂語1）Building has started. 主語 謂語2）The train leaves at 7:40. 主語 謂語_搭配：The teacher teaches well. The child walks very slowly._搭配： The girl looked at the picture. The children ran to the forest.動詞副詞動詞介詞第40頁，共60頁。Exercise我每天起的很早，走到小花園，坐在凳子上。小鳥在樹上歡快的歌唱，魚兒在池塘 里自由的嬉戲，我玩得也高興. _.Every day I get up ear

35、ly, walk to the park and sit on the bench.The birds sings happily in the tree, the fish plays freely in the pool and I also enjoys myself.第41頁，共60頁。主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4. She

36、sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.第42頁，共60頁。3主語 + 謂語 + 賓語1）The boss employed five more workers. 主語 謂語 賓語2）My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.3）Few students like taking exams.4）

37、He forgot to close the door.5）I hope I can speak English fluently. 第43頁，共60頁。Exercise他車子開得如此快以至于違反了交通規(guī)則。_.他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快將其喝光。_.他許諾給我一個禮物。_.He drove his car so fast that he broke the traffic rules.He took out a beer and drank it up quickly.He promised to give me a gift.第44頁，共60頁。4主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語1）H

38、e has fetched us some new textbooks. 主語 謂語 間接賓語 直接賓語2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal. 主語 謂語 間接賓語 直接賓語 3）The man told the girl that he wants to test her the subject. 4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.第45頁，共60頁。順便問一下，她把錢付給你了嗎？_.下學期誰教你們生物？_.Mr. White告訴我為什么他要出國。_.By the way, has she paid you mo

39、ney?Who will teach you biology next term?Mr. White told me why he went abroad.第46頁，共60頁。但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.第47頁，共60頁。用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。用for 側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, han

40、d, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。第48頁，共60頁。鞏固練習：1Johnson 先生去年教我們德語。 2奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個有趣的故事。 3請把那本字典遞給我好嗎？ 4他把車票給列車員看。 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. Grandma told me an in

41、teresting story last night. Would you please pass me the dictionary? He showed the ticket to the conductor. 第49頁，共60頁。鞏固練習： 5我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？6新式機器將會為你節(jié)省許多勞動。7他用他的第一個月工資給他媽媽買了一件毛衣。 Shall I call you a taxi? The new machine will save you a lot of labour. 7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first

42、 months salary.第50頁，共60頁。5主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語1）The villagers didnt allow them to do this. 主語 謂語 賓語 賓語補足語 2）I will keep the box in the shade. 3）We found him a very good pupil.4）She let me stay in the company.參看第15張第51頁，共60頁。Exercise他總是把他的臥室收拾得干干凈凈。_.我建議他多讀點書。_. 他修了機器。_.我們選他當班長。_.He always keeps his

43、room cleanI suggest him reading more books.He had his machine repaired.We made him monitor.第52頁，共60頁。 用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.第53頁，共60頁。 鞏固練習：1我們叫她Alice. 2我們大家都認為他是誠實的。 3他們已經(jīng)把小偷釋放了。 4我要你把真相告訴我。 5 .衛(wèi)兵命令我們立

44、即離開。 6. 每天早晨我們都聽到他大聲朗讀英語。 7他每個月理一次發(fā)8我們不會讓她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut every month. We wont let her go out at night. 第54頁，共60頁。9那可怕的聲音把孩子們嚇壞了 10她正在聽人家講故事。11我從來沒看見這個字這樣用過。 12他感到很難跟你交談。 13我認為有可能用另一種方法解題。 14學校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時學生要起立。 The terrible sound made the children frightened. She is listening to some