MONA-BAKER-基于語料庫的翻譯研究

1、Corpus-based Translation Studies基于語料庫的翻譯研究Mona BakerBy：M1Corpus-based Translation Studies學(xué)者簡介About BakerAbout written理論簡介4 types of corpus 3 features of corpus2Mona Baker(born 1953) anEgyptianprofessor oftranslation studiesand Director of the Centre for Translation and International Studies at theUn

2、iversity of ManchesterinEngland.學(xué)者簡介3CareerBaker studied at theAmerican University in Cairo, where she gained a BA in English and Comparative Literature. Afterwards she studied inapplied linguisticsat theUniversity of Birmingham, obtaining an MA. In 1995 she moved to UMIST where she became a profess

3、or in 1997. She currently holds the Chair inTranslation Studies2She is the founder of St. Jerome Publishing where she is editorial director. She also founded the international magazineThe Translator.3Since 2009 she has been an honorary member ofIAPTI.In the framework of this association she delivere

4、d a speech on Ethics in the Translation/Interpreting Curriculum5She is also co-Vice president of theInternational Association of Translation and Intercultural Studies.6As a researcher, she is interested in translation and conflict, the role ofethicsin research and training inTranslation Studis, the

5、application ofnarrative theoryto translation and interpretation, activist communities in translation andcorpus-based translation studies; she has published extensively in these areas. She has also edited reference works4Bakers ResponseeditBaker wrote a detailed response to her critics (a brief summa

6、ry of which was published in theLondon Review of Books). Baker wrote that the Jewish press in Britain is shamelessly and exclusively pro-Israel and cited support for her position from Israeli ProfessorIlan Pappe. She also cited a letter to the editor supporting her from Seymour Alexander, who identi

7、fied himself as a British Jew, and Lawrence Davidson, an American Jew who co-authored In Defence of the Academic Boycott with her. She also criticized the intense and highly distorting smear campaign led mostly by the Jewish press in the UK against me. 5At a conference held in London in 2004 to disc

8、uss the implementation of a boycott of Israeli academic institutions, Baker stated that a boycott of Israel must avoid the appearance of discrimination and the risk of dilution due to individually chosen exceptions, and proposed that the academic boycott be cast as an economic boycott, which implies

9、 that all academics at Israeli institutions should be boycotted “to undermine the institutions that allow a pariah state to function and claim membership of the international community.” In support of boycott, Baker stated “supporters of a economic boycott against Tourism to Israel do not ask whethe

10、r the individual hotel workers who are being laid off in Israel are individually for or against the occupation.6 在英國科學(xué)院的資助下,以Baker為首的英國曼徹斯特大學(xué)科技學(xué)院語言工程系的翻譯研究中心創(chuàng)建了世界上第一個可比語料庫.引子：7理論簡介Corpus-based Translation Studies語料庫？是按照一定的語言原則，運用隨機抽樣的方法，收集自然出現(xiàn)的連續(xù)的語言，運用文本或話語片斷而建成的具有一定容量的大型電子文本庫。翻譯研究？Baker是從譯文本身入手，通過對

11、某些詞語或者特殊句法出現(xiàn)的頻率的統(tǒng)計和分析，與同類型的非譯文文本進行比較，以識別出譯文的特殊之處。意義？8意義：發(fā)現(xiàn)和確定用常規(guī)方法很難發(fā)現(xiàn)的語義特征，研究文本的風(fēng)格、語言習(xí)慣，如語言的的冗余度、詞匯共現(xiàn)（co-occurrence）、規(guī)范程度、連貫形式、句法模式，甚至標點符號的使用特征，并幫助我們選擇相應(yīng)的翻譯策略。例如：將歌德的作品翻譯成現(xiàn)代拉丁語時，如果： 現(xiàn)代德語的句子平均長度為12個詞， 歌德創(chuàng)作中句子的平均長度為24個詞， 拉丁語文學(xué)作品句子的平均長度為24個詞， 將歌德的作品翻譯成拉丁語后句子的平均長度應(yīng)該為48個詞。 9Types of electronic corpora:P

12、arallel corpora 平行語料庫 consist of original texts & translate texts.用于探索“同一內(nèi)容是如何用兩種語言表達的“，平行庫為研究某種意思如何從一種語言轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言提供了寶貴的資源 揭示原文與譯文、母語與非母語之間的差異；用于諸多實際應(yīng)用，如詞典編撰、外語教學(xué)和翻譯。 但如果對比研究中只用平行庫，結(jié)果就不可靠，因為譯文不可避免地帶有原文的烙印，即“翻譯腔”。 10例如：112. Comparable corpora 可比語料庫refer to 2 separate collections of in the same languag

13、e.The most useful research tool for translation studies and translation training though parallel text are used efficiently as a complement to comparable corpora.由于其子庫抽取的是不同語言的母語文本，就避免了翻譯腔。對應(yīng)庫是語言對比研究的重要資源，而且和平行庫一起使用時同樣有助于翻譯研究。 12例如, 北京時間2013年6月4日敘利亞武裝沖突中使用”化學(xué)武器“。兩個文本均是根據(jù)同一機構(gòu)(聯(lián)合國)的信息對同一時間(北京時間2013年6月4

14、日)同一地域范圍(敘利亞)聯(lián)合國的同一主題事件(敘利亞武裝沖突中使用”化學(xué)武器“)的報道,所以屬于可比語料。13143. Monolingual corpora 單語種語料庫 就翻譯實踐而言，由于一般認為語料庫可用來提高語言及文化意識（見Hunston 2002: 123; Bernardini 1997），它們就為譯員和翻譯專業(yè)的學(xué)生提供了一個工作平臺和參考工具。在這方面，即使是單語種語料庫也很有用。例如，Bowker（1998）發(fā)現(xiàn)，在對專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的理解、術(shù)語的準確選用及習(xí)慣表達等方面，用語料庫輔助的譯文比用傳統(tǒng)資源（如只靠詞典）的譯文質(zhì)量更高。Bernardini（1997）也建議，傳統(tǒng)的翻譯教學(xué)應(yīng)該輔助以大型語料庫檢索，以便翻譯專業(yè)學(xué)生形成“意識”，“反射”和“應(yīng)變”，而這些技能“使專業(yè)譯員有別于那些手腳不熟練的業(yè)余愛好者?！?4. Multilingual corpora 多語種語料庫15語料庫在西方翻譯領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛運用并取得了許多成果。其中最突出的是對翻譯普遍性的研究。翻譯的普遍性-譯文文本特有的語言特征16The “ universal” features of translationSimplification（簡略化）：譯者無意識地簡化語言或信息explication（明晰化）：在翻譯過程中