專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)Lesson

1、Lesson 14Air pollutionAir pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment. Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory disease. Air

2、pollution is often identified with major stationary sources, but the greatest source of emissions is mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize t

3、hat carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis.The atmosphere is a complex，dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to th

4、e Earths ecosystems. An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made. Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary.

5、 Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories.Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants r

6、eact or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.Maj

7、or primary pollutants produced by human activity include:Sulfur oxides (SOx) especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulf

8、ur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from

9、high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most pr

10、ominent air pollutants.Carbon monoxide - is a colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.Carbon dioxide (CO2)，a greenhouse gas emitted form comb

11、ustion.Volatile organic compounds VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon

12、 VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lea

13、d to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1，3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses.Particulate matter Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In c

14、ontrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of foss

15、il fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosolsthose made by human activitiescurrently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels o

16、f fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use.Ammonia (NH3)，emitted from agri

17、cultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directl

18、y or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.Odors，such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes. Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes

19、such as the radioactive decay of radon.Secondary pollutants include:Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word “smog” is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burni

20、ng in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.

21、Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer). Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes

22、that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.Minor air pollutants include:A

23、large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds th

24、at areresistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potenti

25、al significant impacts on human health and the environment.14課：空氣污染空氣污染是人類(lèi)引入氛圍的化學(xué)品、顆粒、或生物材料,造成損害或不舒服,人類(lèi)或其他生物破壞的自然環(huán)境?？諝馕廴緯?huì)造成死亡和呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病?？諝馕廴就谴_定的主要固定污染源，但排放量最大的來(lái)源是流動(dòng)污染源，主要是汽車(chē)。例如二氧化碳?xì)怏w，會(huì)導(dǎo)致全球變暖，最近獲得了氣候科學(xué)家的認(rèn)可，同時(shí)他們也承認(rèn)，二氧化碳是植物通過(guò)光合作用生活的必需品。大氣層是一個(gè)復(fù)雜，動(dòng)態(tài)的自然氣體系統(tǒng)，它是地球上生命必不可少的系統(tǒng)。平流層臭氧損耗就如同空氣污染早已被公認(rèn)為對(duì)人類(lèi)健康以及地球的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

26、構(gòu)成威脅。 空氣污染物是在空氣中可以對(duì)人體和環(huán)境造成危害的物質(zhì)所引起的。污染物可以有以下形式：固體顆粒，液滴或氣體物質(zhì)。此外，他們可能是天然的或人為的。污染物可以被歸類(lèi)為主要或次要的。通常情況下，主要污染物是直接排放的一個(gè)過(guò)程，如從火山噴發(fā)出火山灰，從汽車(chē)排放的尾氣中含有一氧化碳和工廠釋放出二氧化硫氣體。二次污染物是不直接排放的。相反，它們是一次污染物在空氣中相互反應(yīng)形成的。二次污染的一個(gè)重要的例子是：地面的臭氧-它是構(gòu)成光化學(xué)煙霧的二次污染物之一。注意，某些污染物即含有主要也含有次要的：也就是說(shuō)，它們都是直接排放或從其他主要污染物排放時(shí)形成。由人類(lèi)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的主要主要污染物包括：硫氧化物（SO

27、x），特別是二氧化硫，二氧化硫與化學(xué)復(fù)合配方。二氧化硫是由火山爆發(fā)和各種工業(yè)過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的。由于煤和石油往往含有硫化合物，其燃燒便產(chǎn)生二氧化硫。二氧化硫進(jìn)一步氧化，通常在催化劑如二氧化氮的作用下形成硫酸，從而形成酸雨。這是使用化石燃料為動(dòng)力來(lái)源影響環(huán)境的原因之一。氮氧化物（NOx）的排放，尤其在高溫燃燒時(shí)產(chǎn)生的二氧化氮。能夠籠罩在城市上空形成棕褐色煙霧，二氧化氮是用NO2表示的化合物。它是氮氧化物的其中之一。這紅褐色有毒氣體有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)：有很濃的刺鼻氣味。二氧化氮是最突出的空氣污染物之一。一氧化碳 -是一種無(wú)色，無(wú)味，無(wú)刺激性，毒性很大的氣體。它是由燃料（如天然氣，煤或木材）不完全燃燒產(chǎn)生的。汽車(chē)廢

28、氣是一氧化碳的主要來(lái)源。產(chǎn)生溫室效應(yīng)的二氧化碳（CO2）由于燃燒產(chǎn)生的。揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物是一個(gè)重要的室外空氣污染物。在這方面，它們往往分為甲烷（CH4）和非甲烷（非甲烷揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物）不同類(lèi)別。甲烷是一種溫室氣體，明顯地有助于加強(qiáng)全球變暖。其他烴類(lèi)揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物也可以通過(guò)產(chǎn)生臭氧和延長(zhǎng)臭氧在大氣中甲烷的壽命加強(qiáng)溫室效應(yīng)，影響的效果依據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)乜諝赓|(zhì)量而定。非甲烷揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物中如芳烴化合物苯、甲苯、二甲苯，它們被懷疑為致癌物質(zhì)，通過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間接觸可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致白血病。1,3丁二烯是另一種危險(xiǎn)的化合物，通常是與工業(yè)用途有關(guān)。可吸入顆粒物微粒，或者簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為顆粒物（PM）或細(xì)顆粒，是固體或液體懸浮在氣體中的

29、微粒。相反，氣溶膠是指粒子和氣體結(jié)合在一起。顆粒物的來(lái)源可以人為的或自然的。自然產(chǎn)生的一些微粒來(lái)自于火山爆發(fā)，沙塵暴，火災(zāi)，生活森林，草原植被和浪花。在人類(lèi)的活動(dòng)中，如在汽車(chē)，發(fā)電廠及各種工業(yè)過(guò)程的中所涉及的燃料燃燒，也會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的氣溶膠。從全球各地的平均值來(lái)看，目前人類(lèi)活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的氣溶膠約占我們大氣氣溶膠總額的百分之十。健康危害如心臟病，肺功能改變和肺癌與空氣中的細(xì)顆粒物數(shù)量的增加有關(guān)。有毒金屬，如鉛，鎘和銅。氯氟烴（CFC）的排放有害臭氧層，相關(guān)產(chǎn)品目前禁止使用。農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)程排放氨氣（NH3）。氨是一種化合物，分子式為NH3。它通常是有刺鼻惡臭的氣體。氨對(duì)陸地生物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)，作為

30、食品和化肥的重要組成。氨，直接或間接地是許多藥物合成的基石。盡管它被廣泛使用，但是也存在危險(xiǎn)。氣味，如垃圾，污水和工業(yè)過(guò)程。核爆炸產(chǎn)生的放射性污染、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)炸藥和自然界的放射性衰變等氡。二次污染物包括:可吸入顆粒物是從初級(jí)氣態(tài)污染物和光化學(xué)煙霧中形成的。煙霧是一種空氣污染種類(lèi);單詞“煙霧”是一個(gè)“煙”和“霧”混成。傳統(tǒng)煙霧是由燃燒大量的煤所產(chǎn)生的一團(tuán)濃煙和二氧化硫引起。現(xiàn)代煙霧通常不會(huì)來(lái)自煤炭，而是來(lái)自車(chē)輛和工業(yè)在太陽(yáng)光下排放的二次污染物，也與主要的排放量相結(jié)合，形成光化學(xué)煙霧。地面的臭氧（O3）的形成來(lái)自于氮氧化物和揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物。臭氧（O3）是對(duì)流層的關(guān)鍵組成部分（這也是一種常用的平流層臭氧

31、層，是某些地區(qū)已知的重要組成部分）。光化學(xué)反應(yīng)和化學(xué)反應(yīng)是涉及IT驅(qū)動(dòng)的化學(xué)過(guò)程，主要發(fā)生在白天和夜間的大氣中。它的高濃度與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)（主要是化石燃料的燃燒）有關(guān)，它是一種污染物和煙霧成分。過(guò)氧硝酸（PAN）- 同樣從氮氧化物和揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物中形成。 次要的空氣污染物包括：大量的小危險(xiǎn)的有害空氣污染物。其中的一些在美國(guó)的空氣清潔法和歐洲框架指令范圍之內(nèi)。一個(gè)持久性有機(jī)污染物，它可以粘附各種顆粒物。持久性有機(jī)污染物（POPs）是通過(guò)化學(xué)，生物和光解過(guò)程來(lái)加強(qiáng)環(huán)境惡化的有機(jī)化合物。正因?yàn)槿绱?，它們已被觀察到長(zhǎng)期存在于環(huán)境中，具有遠(yuǎn)距離遷移能力，蓄積在人體和動(dòng)物組織中，在食物鏈中產(chǎn)生生物放大作用，會(huì)

32、對(duì)人類(lèi)健康和環(huán)境產(chǎn)生重大影響。河南省高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)本科畢業(yè)生畢業(yè)論文（英文題目）Lake Poets in the history of English literature（中文題目）英國(guó)文學(xué)史上的“湖畔詩(shī)人”專(zhuān) 業(yè) 名 稱(chēng) ： 英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)本科 論文作者姓名 ： 劉志輝準(zhǔn) 考 證 號(hào) ： 078203200008論 文 類(lèi) 型 ： 文學(xué)批評(píng)論文完成日期 ： 2006/08/26聯(lián) 系 方 式 ： 河南省輝縣市第二職業(yè)高中Lake Poets in the history of English literature摘要: 湖畔詩(shī)人就是一組英國(guó)詩(shī)人,Samue

33、l Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth.他們居住在英格蘭東北的湖區(qū),是18世紀(jì)至19世紀(jì)時(shí)期浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的一部分.受到法國(guó)大革命和英國(guó)工業(yè)革命的影響,他們?cè)谠?shī)歌創(chuàng)作方面做了大膽的 改革,無(wú)論是在詩(shī)體語(yǔ)言還是在主題。的選擇上都有獨(dú)到的見(jiàn)解. William Wordsworth 被人喻為自然的膜拜者. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 不但是著名的詩(shī)人也是一流的文學(xué)批評(píng)家. 然而Robert Southey卻更為將精力注意到人人平等的大同社會(huì)上來(lái).Abstract: The Lake Poets or L

34、ake School was a group of English poets: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth. They lived in the Lake District in northwestern England. This group was part of the Romantic Movement of the late 1700s and early 1800s. They were inspired by The French Revolution and The Engli

35、sh Industrial Revolution. They made bold experiments on poetry writing, no matter on poetry language seeking or subjects. Wordsworth was regarded as worshipper of nature. Coleridge was not only a poet but also a critic. While Southy pay more his attention to his democratic community in America known

36、 as Pantisocracy. 關(guān)鍵字: 浪漫主義時(shí)期,自然,超自然,想象,改革,簡(jiǎn)化語(yǔ)言,內(nèi)在世界,精神實(shí)質(zhì),平常生活,民主,大同社會(huì)Key words: The Romantic Period, nature, super nature, imagination, innovation, simple language, inner world, spirit, common life, democratic, PantisocracyOutlineThesis: Lake Poets, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and Will

37、iam Wordsworth, marks the beginning of Romanticism. They improve the poetry writing with an entire new conception, especially they composed their poems about nature and imagination, which is very different from those in neoclassical period.(1) The background of Lake Poets:1The French Revolution and

38、the English Industrial Revolution 2Influence of the economic exploitation(2) Features of Lake Poets:1They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. 2They believed that poetry could purify both individuals and society. A Nature B Imagination and inspiration(3)William Words

39、worth1Career 2Mayor features in poetry writing and classification of his works Samuel Taylor Coleridge his works. 1career 2 mayor features in poetry writing and classification of his worksRobert Southey 1career 2mayor features in poetry writing Lake Poets in the history of English literature The Eng

40、lish romanticism as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have began in 1798 and ended in 1832. However, at this great period, there are three great poets who cannot be ignored, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth. These three poets are known as the Lake

41、Poets, because they once settled at Dove Cottage in Crasmere, Westmoreland, the loveliest spot in the English Lake District. The Lake Poets play a transitional role between old and new styles in the poetry development in literature history especially in the English history. In their works we see the

42、 influence from both the past and the modern.(1) During the Romantic period, there have been great changes in both European society and economy, which were actually provoked by two important revolutions, the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution. And as a result, some of the great

43、imaginative writings in the Romantic period sprang from the confrontation of radicals and conservatives at the close of the 18th century. While the lake poets choose nature, imagination as their poetic subjects, other great poets, such as George Gordon Byron, showed a lasting contempt for what he co

44、nsidered the commonplace and vulgarity of the lake poets. Because they think the lake poets, to some extent, are too conservative in their period. The other key element for the exiting of the lake poets is the cruel economic exploitation. As a consequence of the English Industrial revolution, the Eu

45、ropean Society emerged a new Labor Class. Though the social wealth had been increased by several times, it was only the rich who owned this wealth. The majority of the people were still poor, or even poorer. The romantics with the lake poets as a leader saw both the corruption of the feudal societie

46、s and the exploitation in modern capitalist society. Under such condition, the lake poets emphasized the special qualities of each individuals mind. Wordsworth The Solitary Reaper, Coleridge frost at night, Southy Winter are all such poems.So we can see they pay more attention to portray the individ

47、uals experience. Its a typical character of the lake poets to place the individual at the center of art in order to express his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes. (2) With the coming of the French Revolution in 1798, and the primarily agricultural society replaced by a modern industria

48、lized one, these three poets inspired an entire new poetic revolution. At first, they started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature. They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. As we all know, the neoclassicists had some fixed rules and laws for almost every

49、genre of literature. Poetry should be lyrical, didactic satiric or dramatic and be strictly guided by principles. The neoclassicists also emphasized upon reason and intellect. However, the romantics started a poetic revolution. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth, with th

50、e publication of Lyrical Ballads, were the major representatives of this movement. We can get such ideas from the following examples: The Ancient Mariner written by Coleridge; The prelude_(1) written by Wordsworth. In these famous poems, we can see they have made bold experiments in poetic language,

51、 versification and design. Second, they believe that poetry could purify both individual and the society. At one hand, they chose to live by the lakeside so as to escape from the rational and ugly society. At other hand, they also want to achieve their wishful society in the imagination. 1Imaginatio

52、n and inspiration, defined by Coleridge, is regarded as something crucial for true poetry. “Kubla Khan”, as we all know, was composed in a dream after Coleridge took opium. “So twice five miles of fertile ground, With walls and towers were girdled round; And there were gardens bright with sinuous ri

53、lls, Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, enfolding sunny spots of greenery. ”_(2) When we read these great lines, we are deeply impressed by the image of the river, the magnificent palace and other marvelous. We can hardly believe they were worke

54、d out in his unconsciousness. Similar examples can also be found from works of Robert Souhey, which contained a lot of vaguely Hindu tales. 2 The nature world is the first thing coming into poets imagination. “I wandered lonely as a cloud, The floats on high over vales and hills, When all at once I

55、saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Besides the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze._(3) Wordsworth wrote this beautiful poem of nature after he came across a long belt of gold daffodils along the waterside. In this poem, nature is not only his source of imagination b

56、ut also his poetic subject. But when we read it a second time, maybe we can realize that the writer want to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind while he is in solitude. (3)Since the lake Poets refers to three great English poets, lets appreciate them respectively. 1William WordsworthWilliam W

57、ordsworth is a leading figure of the English romantic poetry. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature. William Wordsworth

58、was born in an attorney family. As a young boy, he developed a keen love of nature, which influenced all his rest life. After the French revolution, his heart was stirred and his imagination fired. However, William Wordsworth was conservative in politics, which Percy Bysshe Shelley and George Gordon

59、 Byron were strongly against. William Wordsworth had a long poetic career. Though his life, he finished many poem volumes. But maybe the most famous one is Lyrical Ballads. That is because this volume is different from his early poetry, with an uncompromising simple language and fusion of natural de

60、scription. The Prelude is also among his best works and is regarded as one of William Wordsworths greatest works by many critics. Because he expressed his philosophy ideas in it .To him, life is a cyclical journey, in which the beginning finally turns out to be its end. According to the subjects, Wi