語篇連貫與翻譯

1、Passage Translation1OutlineDefinitions of a passage/text/discourse/utteranceLevels of translationPassage translation1. Comprehension stageA. Words in the contextB. Logic analysisC. Pragmatic analysis2. Representation stageA. Creating / Intensifying the atmosphereB. Meeting the styleC. Cohesion & coh

2、erence2What is a passage / text / discourse / utterance? As linguistic concepts:passage written, consisting of paragraphs; text usu. written, may be a word / phrase / sentence / paragraph / book;discourse usu. the broadest concept; utterance usu. the spoken, may be a word / phrase / speech3Basis of

3、passage translation:Word translationSentence translation Semantic analysis collocationTechniques? analysis gr. & sem. restructuringTechniques?What calls for the attention?What strategies to adopt?4Comprehension stage: Understanding words in the whole contextlife / ambition“l(fā)eadership” in On Leadersh

4、ip; “Typical,” in There Is Only Luck; “make choices” in A Valentine to One Who Cared Too Much; “wont power / will power” in Rules Every Achiever Knows“discipline” in Rules Every Achiever Knows“yes / no” in Rules Every Achiever Knows“delay gratification” in Rules Every Achiever Knows5Comprehension st

5、age: Understanding words in the whole context Logic analysisI was thinking, they could be saying all of this over my dead bodyPeople all over the neighborhood had called to report our screamsI remembered this same scene as it had been in the summer, l remembered my first glimpse of the river.To us i

6、t was just another place on the map.6Comprehension stage: Understanding words in the whole context Logic analysis Pragmatic analysisMy son was born in this town.but she could never really understand.And now, its raining, again.A young widow with three children decided to invest her insurance settlem

7、ent in a college education for herself. She considered the realities of a tight budget and little free time, but 7Representation stageWords / structures for the atmosphere看到他們都走了，我反倒覺得高興。他們一直在喋喋不休地談?wù)撝裁匆塘P更嚴(yán)哪，要恢復(fù)死刑哪，總統(tǒng)將要來個(gè)什么全國(guó)大肅清哪。激憤之下，我把本應(yīng)針對(duì)歹徒的怨忿一下子轉(zhuǎn)向了這些心安理得的人。這群人只會(huì)站在自己溫暖舒適的家門口，空談著自己要買什么樣的槍支。槍支對(duì)于我和

8、杰瑞米又有何益處？Judy 喂鴨一段如何遣詞渲染氣氛？什么氣氛？艾勒立即沖過橋去，越過欄桿，奔向水邊。艾勒在岸上無法安全地把小孩救上來，于是他就步入河中。8Representation stageWords / structures for the atmosphereWords / structures for the style and rhetoric原先沒有開門的鄰居們現(xiàn)在倒是揮著棒球棒出來了，還幫著杰瑞米找到了眼鏡和鑰匙。我伏在橋欄上，凝望著橋下。橋下的河水陰沉暗淡，沒有一絲意趣。橋頭的路燈灑著幽幽的寒光，寒光下的霜花晶晶閃亮。遠(yuǎn)處燈火爍爍，透著融融的暖意；橋上卻空空蕩蕩，冷冷清清。

9、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)全在于使下級(jí)工作人員不斷發(fā)揮所長(zhǎng)，幫助他們最大限度地發(fā)掘潛力，激勵(lì)他們?yōu)楣餐聵I(yè)而奮斗。人們會(huì)把別人的成就歸功于其腦子靈、身體壯以及運(yùn)氣好，而籍由自己并不具備這三者優(yōu)勢(shì)而為自己開脫。當(dāng)然，這并不是說，而是說，。9Representation stageWords / structures for the atmosphereWords / structures for the style and rhetoric我的頭一條忠告是，你可得要挑選好你的先人啊。我的父母年紀(jì)輕輕就去世了，可是說到祖輩，我還是選得不錯(cuò)了。/我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就喝什么，眼睛睜不開了就睡覺，從來不為對(duì)身體

10、有益而搞什么活動(dòng)。我想一個(gè)人能做到對(duì)合適的活動(dòng)興趣盎然、不計(jì)較個(gè)人得失，那么，他就極易享有成功的晚年，因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)期積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)在此可以結(jié)出累累碩果，而由經(jīng)驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生的智慧在此時(shí)既有用武之地，而又不至咄咄逼人。10Representation stageWords / structures for the atmosphereWords / structures for the style and rhetoric(大河上下，歌聲起伏。)或許，那是船夫們唱的歌謠，響亮而有力。他們一邊唱著，一邊劃著船順著急流而下船的一端高高翹著，船的桅桿斜向一邊?；蛟S，那是纖夫們唱的調(diào)子，沉雄而急促。他們一邊唱著，一邊奮力

11、地拖著船逆流而上(沿河上下，你都能聽見那歌聲。)你有時(shí)會(huì)聽見船夫們一邊響亮有力地唱著，一邊劃著船順著急流而下船的一端高高翹著，船的桅桿斜向一邊；有時(shí)又會(huì)聽見纖夫們一邊唱著更加急促的調(diào)子，一邊奮力地拖著船逆流而上11Representation stageWords / structures for the atmosphereWords / structures for the style and rhetoricWhat is difference in style among the following passages? 1) There Is Only Luck 2) Good-bye

12、 / A Valentine to One Who Cared Too Much 3) Four Years of College, Why? 4) On Leadership / Rules Every Achiever Knows 5) The Song of the RiverIs “How to Grow Old” wholly in the same style?Reorganization in the tr. of The Song of the River12Representation stageWords / structures for the atmosphereWor

13、ds / structures for the style and rhetoricCohesion & coherenceIn Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-Cultural Aspects of Second-Language Writing, Ulla Connor defines cohesion as the use of explicit linguistic devices to signal relations between sentences and parts of texts. These cohesive devices are phrase

14、s or words that help the reader associate previous statements with subsequent ones. 13 In Cohesion in English, M.A. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that signal coherence in texts: 1) reference 2) ellipsis 3) substitution 4) lexical cohesion 5) conjunct

15、ion What about in Chinese?14 In Text and Context: Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse, Teun A. van Dijk (p. 93) argues convincingly that coherence is a semantic property of discourse formed through the interpretation of each individual sentence relative to the interpretation of

16、 other sentences, with interpretation implying interaction between the text and the reader. 15Examples from previous practice:2nd-3rd paragraphs in There Is Only Luck How to deal with that many “I remember ”?2nd paragraph in Good-bye reorganization of sentences in Chinese;Over there was light and th

17、e hint of warmth. Out here on the bridge it was lonely and cold. 遠(yuǎn)處燈火爍爍，透著融融的暖意；橋上卻空空蕩蕩，冷冷清清It was all the more surprising because we had both forgotten that this was a riverside town.原來這是個(gè)河濱小鎮(zhèn)，我和朱迪居然都給忘了！題目雖然這樣寫，實(shí)際上本文所要談的卻是人怎樣才可以不老。16Examples from previous practice:有些老人為死的恐懼所困擾。如果年輕人有這種恐懼，那倒無可厚非。年輕

18、人有理由害怕戰(zhàn)死沙場(chǎng)；當(dāng)他們想到被騙走了生命所能給予的美好生活，他們有理由憤憤不平。但對(duì)于一個(gè)備嘗人生甘苦，業(yè)已完成該做的一切的老人來說，怕死就有點(diǎn)不大可取了。This is nothing like back home in Colorado. / We have rains there, too.這跟家鄉(xiāng)科羅拉多的情況迥然不同。/科羅拉多也下雨。We will achieve this only if we apply our will and work at it. / How can we acquire stick-to-itiveness?唯有堅(jiān)持不懈方能事有所成。/如何才能堅(jiān)持不

19、懈呢？17Relationship between cohesion & coherence: A text may be cohesive without necessarily being coherent: Cohesion does not spawn coherence. Cohesion, Connor writes, is determined by lexically and grammatically overt intersentential relationships, whereas coherence is based on semantic relationship

20、s.18Ex. 2A: Can you go to Edinburgh tomorrow?B: B.E.A. pilots are on strike.Ex. 1 I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode down the Chaps Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. Every da

21、y I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters. 19More examples for cohesion and coherence Large clouds play tag in the sky overhead, while at the opposite end of the field, the stern chiefs of local villages sit dressed in traditional robes, each carrying a staff

22、 topped by a gild talisman of authority. 頭頂上，大片的白云在藍(lán)天里追逐嬉戲；白云下，當(dāng)?shù)氐拇彘L(zhǎng)們身著傳統(tǒng)的長(zhǎng)袍，手握頂端鑲有鍍金護(hù)符的權(quán)杖，正襟危坐。 原文中while是一個(gè)表示時(shí)間概念的連接副詞，不僅連接兩個(gè)分句，而且使兩個(gè)分句的內(nèi)容相互襯托。譯文沒有使用表示時(shí)間對(duì)比的“而”字，而采用空間對(duì)比辦法，用“白云下”與“頭頂上”相呼應(yīng)。20More examples for cohesion and coherence Mr. Kirsch, having lost all his money by this time, followed his mast

23、er out into the moonlight, where the illuminations were winking out. (from Vanity Fair) 基希先生這時(shí)輸?shù)脙墒挚湛?，便跟著主人走出屋來；月光下，彩燈閃閃爍爍，漸漸熄滅。 譯文用分號(hào)把人物活動(dòng)和環(huán)境描寫拆開來譯，譯文順暢明了。同時(shí)把“月光下”置于兩個(gè)分句之間，又加強(qiáng)了語篇的銜接，使人物活動(dòng)和環(huán)境描寫有機(jī)地連結(jié)在一起。21More examples for cohesion and coherence He took out his key and opened the door, and we all went

24、 to a stone hall, and bare gloomy and little used. (from Great Expectation) 句中跟在a stone hall后面的是環(huán)境描寫部分，went是人物的行為。這種人物行為和環(huán)境描寫交織在一起的信息內(nèi)容，英語可用一句話一口氣說完，漢語卻不同，需要增加一些詞。 他取出鑰匙開了門，大家跟著走進(jìn)一間石頭砌成的大廳，里面空無人物，陰森森的，看來平時(shí)絕少有人。 “里面”一詞承上啟下，由人物活動(dòng)自然引入環(huán)境描寫。22More examples for cohesion and coherence One moment hes in Chi

25、na. The next hes in Panama. Then, almost before you know it, Carter is swooping down on Africa. And this week, the former president is to convene negotiations between the government of Ethiopia and the Eritrean (厄立特里亞，埃塞俄比亞北部一省, 瀕臨紅海) rebels. 卡特一會(huì)兒跑到中國(guó)，一會(huì)兒跑到巴拿馬，后來又神不知鬼不覺地對(duì)非洲來個(gè)突然襲擊，而本周，這位美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)將把埃塞俄比亞政府和厄立特里亞的反政府分子召集在一起，進(jìn)行談判。 譯文完全再現(xiàn)了譯文的時(shí)空關(guān)系。為了加強(qiáng)譯文的內(nèi)聚力，增加一個(gè)“又”字，取消了中間的三個(gè)句號(hào)。23More examples for cohesion and coherence W