學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)學(xué)案(社科)-Unit-1含答案

1、學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)學(xué)案(社科)-Unit-1含答案Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLead-inText A Text BListening SpeakingWritingUnit ContentsLead-in Reading critically: questions for discussionUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLead-inReading critically: questions for discussionReading c

2、ritically:Every text is written on a purpose, some are supposed to make you believe. It is important to learn to read critically to get the point. One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions: Do you agree with the author? Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Econom

3、ic Activities What is the author assuming I will agree with? What is the author trying to prove?Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussion Does the author adequately defend their argument? What kind of proof do they use?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Is there someth

4、ing they leave out that you would put in? Does putting it in hurt their argument? Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionDiscuss the following questions: How do you make the decision that you take this course? What do you consider when you make this decision?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behavi

5、ors in Economic ActivitiesText A Key terms Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost languageUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesText AKey terms rational people:

6、理性人 Those people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities marginal change: 邊際變化 small incremental adjustments to a plan of action marginal benefit: 邊際效益 the addition

7、al benefit from an increase in an activityText AKey termsUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities marginal cost: 邊際成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activity marginal decision-making: 邊際決策 the additional cost from an increase in an activity incentive: 激勵(lì) something that ind

8、uces a person to actHow People Make DecisionsEconomists explanation about decision making: There are rules behind peoples decision-making behaviors.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Rational people think at the margin.Text ACritical reading an

9、d thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExle 1: standby ticketsWhat a rational airline can do?Situation: Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S. costs the airline $100,000.Cost of each seat: $500 (Thats to say, never sell a ticket for less than $500.)Suppose: A plane is abou

10、t to take off with 10 empty seats. A standby passenger will pay $300 for a seat.Question: should the airline sell the ticket?Answer: Yes.Reason: If the plane has empty seat, the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny. Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, co

11、co, etc.Conclusion: As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost, selling the ticket is profitable.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExle 2: water vs. diamondWhy is water so cheap, while diamonds are so expensive?waterdiamo

12、ndNecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra cup is small because water is plentiful.Unnecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra diamond is large because diamonds are rare.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesText ACritical reading and thinkingText ACritica

13、l reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesConclusion: Rational people think at the margin. (They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.) Are you a rational person?Exle 1: the price of an appleHow people respond to incentives?When the price rises: It provid

14、es an incentive for buyers to consume less; It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Rational people respond to incentives. Exle 2: a tax on gasoline How people respond to incentives? Encourage peo

15、ple to drive small, more fuel-efficient cars; carpool take public transportation; live closer to where they work; drive hybrid cars; drive electric cars.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Exle 3: a seat belt law American laws require seat belts

16、 as standard equipment on new cars.How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation (Peltzmans analysis):Seat belts reduce the likelihood of injury or death make accidents less costly drive faster and less carefully a large number of accidentsText ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 De

17、cision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesResult: These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents. Conclusion 1: The net result is little change in the number of driver deaths and an increase in the number of pedestrian deaths.Conclusion 2: When analyzing any policy, conside

18、r both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects.If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Rational people know that when they make a decision, it is often not a

19、 yes-or-no choice, but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Rational people know that decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray. (Para. 2) The most important theo

20、ry in economic study concerns itself with incentives. Other theories are not as important. “The rest is commentary” is a phrase used in American English to mean “the rest is trivial or less important”. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities “People respond t

21、o incentives. The rest is commentary.” (Para. 6) At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk not supported by evidence. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might

22、 seem like idle speculation. (Para. 12)Specialized vocabulary rational people marginal decision-making marginal change marginal benefit marginal cost net resultText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCollocationsText AEnglish language for aca

23、demic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities achieve the high level of satisfaction maximize profits achieve objectives be black and white roll round blow off fly standby puzzling economic phenomena take an action allocate scarce resources end up with unintended consequences

24、idle speculationFormal and informal English See Page 9, and do Task 3.Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesSignpost language Show connections between sentences and paragraphs. See Page 9, and do Task 2 Text AEnglish language for academic p

25、urposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesSignpost languageText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Signal important parts of academic writing, such as structure, writers position, arguments, conclusionReporting someones vi

26、ew: Some people/researcher(s) maintain(s) / argue(s) / assert(s) / claim(s) / point(s) outSignpost languageDisagreeing with someones view: I disagree with that The view is open to doubt / not necessarily true / highly debatable One of the main argument against is thatText AEnglish language for acade

27、mic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesSignpost languagePointing out a gap in research: However little information These studies have emphasized, as opposed to Although considerable research has focused on, less attention has been given toText AEnglish language for academi

28、c purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesSignpost languageAgreeing with someones view: I agree with when he writes that X is certainly correct in saying that Another point in favour of is A further argument supporting isNB: In the following units of study, more exles will be g

29、iven. Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesTask 1 The tree diagram below illustrates the main points of the text. Fill in the blanks according to the text.Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesDecisi

30、on-making behaviors in economic activitiesThinking at the margincomparing marginal _ and marginal _ Responding to _Exle 1standby tickets Critical reading and thinkingExle 2_ vs. _Exle 1the price of an appleExle 2a tax on _Exle 3_costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseat belts lawTask 2 Decide

31、whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingF_ 1 When rational people make decisions in life, they are very certain of the choice._ 2 At the time of examination, students have to

32、 decide how to use all their time studying._ 3 Marginal changes are small gradual changes of the present plan of action._ 4 The exle of the standby fly is told to show how cost can be ignored._ 5 Diamonds are more expensive than water because people are more attracted to them.FFFTTask 2 Decide wheth

33、er the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingT_ 6 The quotation of one economist “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” is given to show the importance of incentives._

34、 7 The exle of the apple shows how food prices vary according to market needs._ 8 The gasoline tax has an effect on peoples choice of cars._ 9 When the seat belt is made compulsory, people drive more carefully._ 10 Policymakers need to take into consideration the less obvious indirect effects of a p

35、olicy.FFFTTask 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.Column A Column B1 marginala resource2 scarceb result3

36、 maximizec change4 netd satisfaction5 level ofe people6 rationalf profitTask 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into

37、Chinese.1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _marginal change邊際變化scarce resources稀缺資源maximize profits最大化利潤(rùn)net result凈結(jié)果level of satisfaction滿(mǎn)意度rational people理性人Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Translate the following sentenc

38、es into English, using some of the phrases above.1 我們明年的目標(biāo)是獲得利潤(rùn)最大化。 _2 時(shí)間是一種稀缺資源，因此如果工人失業(yè)，他們的時(shí)間就浪 費(fèi)了。 _ _We aim to maximize profits over the next year.Time is a scarce resource, so if workers are unemployed their time is wasted.Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Maki

39、ng Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.3 理性人有非理性的想法嗎？ _4 滿(mǎn)意度調(diào)查結(jié)果表明游客對(duì)某些服務(wù)不滿(mǎn)意。 _ _Do rational people have irrational thoughts?Research into satisfaction level has found that tourists are not satisfied wit

40、h some of the services.Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the signpost language from Text A with the purpose each of them serves. Signpost languagePurposes 1 as we will seea explanation2 at the same timeb t

41、ime sequence3 by contrastc giving examples4 for exampled comparison and contrast5 in other wordse coherence6 in this case1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _ebdcaeTask 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the following sent

42、ences using the signpost language listed above.1 He is not well-known for his respect for factual accuracy, _, he was lying.2 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, _, using recycled paper.3 We dont like the situation. But _, we have to deal with this problem.in other wordsfor e

43、xleat the same timeTask 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.4 Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, _, has declined.5 _, in this ch

44、apter there is no general formula for the solution to this question.6 The whole team dont want to lose him. _, he needs to realize that company regulations must be obeyed.by contrastAs we will seeIn this caseTask 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Act

45、ivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.1 As you study economics, you will come across firms that decide how many workers to hire and how much of their product to manufacture and sell to maximize profits. Key: _2 The r

46、eason is that a persons willingness to pay for any good is based on the marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good would produce. Key: _encounteryieldTask 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined wo

47、rds in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.3 An incentive is something that persuades a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. Key: _4 Many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and, therefore, change their behavior. Key: _5 For ex

48、le, consider public policy about auto safety. Key: _inducesalterregardingTask 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.6 The decline

49、 in safe driving has a clear, bad impact on pedestrians. Key: _7 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like an idle guess. Key: _8 When a person wears a seat belt, the likelihood of surviving an auto accident rises. Key: _adversespeculationprobabilityTask 3 Formal English

50、Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the sentences with some of the answers you have got in the above exercise.1 Stress can have a(n) _ effect on peoples health.2 This doesnt _ the fact that what you did was wrong.3 He warned us

51、that we might _ a lot of opposition at the very beginning.4 Some believe that surgery could _ a heart attack.5 He has very little to say _ the new EU regulations.6 Knowing about the past doesnt necessarily _ solutions to current problems.adversealterencounterinduceregardingyieldText B Critical readi

52、ng Difficult sentences English language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesNew Airport Landing Fees Delayed See Page 14, and do Task 1 and Task 2 Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities A new federal policy: allowing airpo

53、rts to charge higher landing fees during peak periods Reason for formulating this policy: encourage airlines to arrange flights more evenly throughout the day, thus reducing flight delaysText BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCostsBenefitsAirportsAirlinesText BC

54、ritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesYour reflections on this policy:It will work: It wont work: , which last month called the proposal “congestion pricing disguised as an airport fee”. (Para. 13)Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic A

55、ctivities , which claimed that the proposal was actually charging fee for congestion rather than for the airport. “Because the central policy issue at stake here influencing airline market decisions through airport pricing is inherently complex and historically has been controversial, we believe tha

56、t it merits additional time to fully develop comments reflecting the views of industry stakeholders,” (Para. 14) Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities “The central policy issue which is how to influence airline market decisions through airport pricing has a

57、lways been complex and controversial. Hence it is necessary to allow more time for the parties involved in the industry to phrase their opinions that most clearly express their views.”Collocations reduce / address congestion charge higher landing fees peak periods reduce delays take effect implement

58、 measuresText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCollocations traffic volume on-time arrival rate be supportive of accommodate requests clear up ambiguity go into effectText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behavio

59、rs in Economic ActivitiesListening Prediction strategies Listening tasksUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesPrediction strategies Prediction Instead of relying on the actual words or sounds, you use background information and common world knowledge to develop expectations about wh

60、at you will hear and then confirm or reject them as you listen. ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Prediction strategiesListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesPrediction strategies Use visual information including titles on the board, on slides,