基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)英語課件Unit 1 Holism

1、Unit 1 Holism1Word-Formationhomeo- 相同，象；同一，同 ( homeostasis ) hypno- 睡眠 hypnosis / hypnotic / hypnotherapy psych/o 心理，精神 (psychotherapy ) ovari/o- 卵巢 ( ovarian ) splen/o 脾 ( spleen ) leuk/o 白 (leukemia ) lymph/o 淋巴 ( lymphoma )melan/o 黑色 ( melanoma ) onco- 瘤，腫 ( oncology ) 2anti- 抗, 防止 ( antioxidant

2、) tox/o 毒，毒素 ( genotoxic ) intra- 內(nèi)，內(nèi)部的 ( intravenous ) crani/o 顱骨 ( craniosacral ) -ic 的 ( psychosomatic ) -iatry 醫(yī)療術(shù)，醫(yī)治法 ( psychiatry ) diet 飲食 ( dietitian ) chemo- 化學(xué) ( chemotherapy ) oxy- 氧，氧化 ( antioxidant ) 3ven/o-,ven/i- 靜脈 ( venous ) -stasis 停滯，淤積 (homeostasis ) -osis 狀態(tài)，病態(tài)，病，癥 ( hypnosis )-

3、therapy 治療 (chemotherapy ) -emia 血癥 (leukemia ) -oma 腫瘤 (melanoma )-logy 學(xué)科，研究 (oncology )-ant 劑 (antioxidant )-ous 的,有的,分泌的 ( venous )4 整體醫(yī)學(xué)的開展概況 21世紀(jì)社會的開展以人為本，人的開展以健康為本。人是一個不可侵害的有機整體，人所需要的衛(wèi)生效勞是整體性的效勞，要提高這種效勞必須樹立整體醫(yī)學(xué)觀，掌握系統(tǒng)整體的思維方式，開展生物-心理-社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式，做好以患者為中心而不是以疾病為中心的效勞。Background Knowledge5醫(yī)學(xué)觀就是醫(yī)學(xué)工作者對醫(yī)

4、學(xué)的本質(zhì)、構(gòu)成和目的的根本看法。整體醫(yī)學(xué)觀就是用整體觀認(rèn)識醫(yī)學(xué)的各個要素。世界上的任何事物都可以被看成是一個有一定內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)整體，生命系統(tǒng)是按照從低級到高級的嚴(yán)格系統(tǒng)程序組成，也是從簡單的原子開始，逐漸從低級到高級開展起來的。從分子細(xì)胞組織器官系統(tǒng)軀體個人兩個人家庭社會生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。局部與整體之間存在著對立統(tǒng)一的辯證關(guān)系。整體總是由相互聯(lián)系、相互制約的各個局部構(gòu)成，沒有局部的整體和脫離整體的局部都是毫無意義的。6黑格爾曾指出：“一只手，如果從身體上割下來，按照名稱仍然可以稱為手，但按其實質(zhì)來說，已經(jīng)不是手了。醫(yī)學(xué)的整體觀要求把醫(yī)學(xué)看成一個有機整體，從整體上來認(rèn)識醫(yī)學(xué)的性質(zhì)、對象和目的。整體醫(yī)學(xué)

5、從廣義上是指從總體上研究醫(yī)學(xué)的結(jié)構(gòu)及其與各分體的關(guān)系，探討各個學(xué)科的發(fā)生、開展和演變規(guī)律的科學(xué)。亦即高度綜合的人體生命科學(xué)。在狹義上，它是指從整體水平出發(fā)，將人體看作是一個具有“自穩(wěn)態(tài)性質(zhì)的開放系統(tǒng)，研究人與自然以及人體內(nèi)部各器官間信息聯(lián)系的一門醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)科. 7美國、日本整體醫(yī)學(xué)的概況 20世紀(jì)后半期，西方興旺國家以技術(shù)革新為先導(dǎo)，推動經(jīng)濟開展，結(jié)果經(jīng)濟確實快速增長起來，但經(jīng)濟高速增長造成的諸多矛盾開始顯露，如環(huán)境的惡化日趨嚴(yán)重等，不少學(xué)者意識到問題的嚴(yán)重性，著書立說，提出改革或替代方案。對于醫(yī)療現(xiàn)狀提出的替代方案是“整體健康。生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式等傳統(tǒng)的理念和做法日益顯露其弊端，現(xiàn)狀促使人們進行反思，

6、逐步認(rèn)識到：身體、精神、環(huán)境不可別離，使它們處于一種相互平衡調(diào)和的狀態(tài)才叫做健康。8美國在對越南戰(zhàn)爭中陣亡士兵的尸體進行解剖時開展，營養(yǎng)供給全面的20歲左右的士兵，不少已患了動脈硬化。美國人開始對自己生活方式及醫(yī)療保健體系的正確性產(chǎn)生疑心。當(dāng)醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的矛盾也同樣在日本顯露出來時，日本人開始重新重視自己的傳統(tǒng)思想文化，很快地接受了整體的觀念。9整體醫(yī)學(xué)的理論體系，現(xiàn)在尚未正式形成，但已具雛形，大致包括： (1)強調(diào)整體的健康觀；(2)治療的出發(fā)點是激發(fā)自然治愈力；(3)治療疾病的主角是患者自身，治療者不過是援助者；(4)把各種治療方法綜合起來加以應(yīng)用。 美國整體醫(yī)學(xué)的興起，可以說是始于美國加利福

7、尼亞州巴克萊整體健康中心的設(shè)立。此后，類似的整體健康中心很快在美國各大城市建立，在全美掀起了一個整體健康運動。101987年，全美整體醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會成立，美國替代醫(yī)學(xué)的絕數(shù)門類都屬于整體醫(yī)學(xué)范疇。日本整體醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)端晚于美國，但其開展的勢頭超過了美國。這是因為日本原有的東洋醫(yī)學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)與整體醫(yī)學(xué)的觀念十分接近，因此，整體醫(yī)學(xué)傳至日本后便很快與東洋醫(yī)學(xué)結(jié)合起來，得到迅速普及。11我國整體醫(yī)學(xué)開展概況 自從20世紀(jì)80年代我國實行改革開放以后， 經(jīng)濟建設(shè)得到迅速的開展，特別是我國進 入WTO后醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生必須適應(yīng)國際化的要求。 21世紀(jì)社會的開展以人為本，人的開展以 健康為本，健康才是人生最珍貴的財富。 人是一

8、個不可侵害的有機整體，人所需要 的衛(wèi)生效勞是一種整體性的效勞，要提供 這種效勞必須樹立整體醫(yī)學(xué)觀，掌握系統(tǒng) 整體性的思維方式。12隨著醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)的開展，傳統(tǒng)的生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式正在轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯?心理-社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式，要求臨床醫(yī)務(wù)人員具備的知識結(jié)構(gòu)符合這種模式要求，醫(yī)學(xué)院校完善自己的教學(xué)體系成立相應(yīng)的教研室。1979年北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院率先成立了醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)教研室，至今幾乎所有的醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)院已正式開設(shè)了醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)的課程或講座。整體護理也在各級醫(yī)院得到深化和推廣。2002年我國創(chuàng)辦了中華全科醫(yī)生雜志，宣傳、交流、推廣整體醫(yī)學(xué)，使整體醫(yī)學(xué)得到普遍重視。13整體醫(yī)學(xué)的崛起給中醫(yī)藥學(xué)國際化帶來了機遇，整體醫(yī)學(xué)與中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的關(guān)系

9、是十分密切的。從理論體系看，整體醫(yī)學(xué)的理論與中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的學(xué)說實際上是相通的。如?黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)?中就提出“人與天地相參的觀點?！叭伺c天地相參可以認(rèn)為是?黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)?對醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)識的根本指導(dǎo)思想，其含義可以歸結(jié)為四個方面：一是人是自然界運動變化的產(chǎn)物；二是自然界是人類賴以生存的根本條件；三是人體與自然界有著共同規(guī)律；四是人體生理機制與病理過程受自然界的影響，所以中醫(yī)藥學(xué)與整體醫(yī)學(xué)是相通的。14美國整體醫(yī)學(xué)主要表現(xiàn)替代療法的常用 的十六種方法中，有5種屬中醫(yī)藥學(xué)范疇， 日本整體醫(yī)學(xué)界也十分重視中醫(yī)學(xué)的各種 療法。中醫(yī)、中藥、針灸、氣功、推拿被 廣泛應(yīng)用于倡導(dǎo)整體醫(yī)學(xué)的醫(yī)院、診療所、 療養(yǎng)院中，所以整體醫(yī)學(xué)的崛起

10、將給中醫(yī) 藥學(xué)的國際化帶來機遇。 15整體醫(yī)學(xué)開展趨勢 我國原有的衛(wèi)生效勞體系采用各種衛(wèi)生效勞相互獨立、各自為政、垂直管理的模式，分別由相應(yīng)的部門來管理，由專門的機構(gòu)來實施，由不同的專業(yè)人員來提供，相互之間缺乏協(xié)調(diào)和合作，難以實現(xiàn)橫向整合，這種模式不能適應(yīng)社會開展的需要。醫(yī)療效勞是一種整體性效勞，特別需要對衛(wèi)生效勞進行橫向整合，加強各部門、系統(tǒng)和人員之間的協(xié)調(diào)和合作，只有這樣才能充分滿足社會對衛(wèi)生效勞的要求，才能使有限的衛(wèi)生資源產(chǎn)生最正確的效率和效益。16 隨著整體醫(yī)學(xué)在國內(nèi)外的不斷開展，一個整體醫(yī)學(xué)理論體系即將建立，醫(yī)學(xué)研究的對象更為明確，醫(yī)學(xué)的最終目的將是鑒別疾病、治愈疾病、控制病癥、預(yù)防

11、疾病、幫助患者適應(yīng)病癥和環(huán)境，盡可能恢復(fù)功能，滿足患者的需要，改善個人的生活質(zhì)量，進而改善全體人民的生活質(zhì)量。整體醫(yī)學(xué)與中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的關(guān)系密切，整體醫(yī)學(xué)的崛起將給中醫(yī)藥學(xué)的國際化帶來機遇?，F(xiàn)在應(yīng)解放思想，實事求是，大膽開拓，使中醫(yī)藥學(xué)進一步走向世界。17Group discussionWhat do you know about:1. holism2. holistic medicine3. holistic health18Holism (from holos, a Greek word meaning all, entire, total) is the idea that all the p

12、roperties of a given system (biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its component parts alone. Instead, the system as a whole determines in an important way how the parts behave. The term holism was coined in 1926, by the Sou

13、th African statesman General Jan Christian Smuts.Introduction19holistic adj.describing an approach to patient care in which the physical, mental, and social factors in the patients condition are taken into account, rather than just the diagnosed disease. The term is applied to a range of orthodox an

14、d unorthodox methods of treatments.機能整體性的 描述照料病人的一種思路：應(yīng)考慮病人的身體、精神、以及社會等各方面因素，而不是僅僅考慮經(jīng)診斷的疾病。此術(shù)語適用于一系列正統(tǒng)的和非正統(tǒng)的治療方法。20Understanding the TextPart I Introduction (para. 1-3)1. Definition of holistic medicine given by Canadian Holistic Medical Association (para. 1-2) American Holistic Medical Association

15、(AHMA) ( Founded in 1978 ) :/ British Holistic Medical Association ( BHMA ) ( Formed in 1983 ) :/ 21optimal- adj. the best or most favorable or desirable e.g. An optimal environment for healingwell being/wellness- n. healthalternate/alternative Difficult Points22Alternative Medicine - 替代醫(yī)學(xué)a wide ran

16、ge of treatments for medical conditions that people use instead of or with western medicine.It is often used by the general public and some healthcare practitioners to refer to medical techniques which are not known or accepted by the majority conventional medical practitioners . Such techniques cou

17、ld include non-invasive, non-pharmaceutical techniques such as Medical Herbalism, Acupunture, hypnotherapy, naturopathy and many others. However, this term can also refer to any experimental drug or non-drug technique that is not currently accepted by conventional medical practitioners. 232. Holisti

18、c health/holistic healing (para. 3)Questions: What is holistic health? What is the goal of holistic healing?Holistic health is a philosophy of medical care that views physical and mental aspects of life as closely interconnected and equally important approaches to treatment. Holistic health is not i

19、tself a method of treatment, but is an approach to how treatment should be applied.24Difficult Pointstakes a broader spectrum of mind, body, and spirit(para.3)spectrum-range, field, scope 領(lǐng)域, 范圍; 譜; 系e.g. broad-spectrum antibiotic 廣譜抗生素healer(para.3)-a person skilled in a particular type of therapy(

20、 Synonym: therapist )25Part II Overview(para.4-5 )Questions:1. What are the healthy lifestyle habits promoted by health professionals ?2. What does a holistic approach generally mean in mainstream medicine ?26Mainstream medicine/careComplementary therapy/medicinePreventive care/public healthHealth p

21、rofessionals/providersA more inclusive approach to a persons healthDifficult Points27Mainstream/Conventional medicinee.g. chemotherapy surgery radiation therapy hormone therapy 28Complementary Medicine 補充醫(yī)學(xué)A non-mainstream health care provided in addition or instead of standard medical practice. It

22、is often used by conventional medical practitioners to refer to non-invasive, non-pharmaceutical techniques used as a complement to conventional medical treatments such as drugs and surgery. The term implies that conventional medicine is used as a primary tool and the non-invasive, non-pharmaceutica

23、l techniques are used as a supplement when needed.29Preventive care is a set of measures taken in advance of symptoms to prevent illness or injury. This type of care is best exemplified by routine physical examinations and immunizations. The emphasis is on preventing illnesses before they occur. (co

24、mpare: Public health )30health care provider / health professional-A health care provider or health professional is an organization or person who delivers proper health care in a systematic way professionally to any individual in need of health care services. Health care professionals include physic

25、ians, physician assistants, support staff, nurses, pharmacists, therapists, psychologists, veterinarians(獸醫(yī)), dentists, optometrists(配鏡師), and a wide variety of other individuals regulated and/or licensed to provide some type of health care.31A more inclusive approach to a persons health(para.5)incl

26、usive 1)covering a wide scope; involving much or everything; 2)all-around, general ,comprehensive, e.g. gender-inclusive 不分性別的 all-inclusive 包羅萬象的32Part III Promotion of Use ( para. 6-7 )Questions:1. What are the complementary therapies mentioned in para. 6 ?2. What are the different kinds of cancer

27、 claimed to be cured by holistic methods in para. 7 ?33Difficult Pointsanecdotal ( para.7 )-informal ( unscientific Art therapyHypnosisImageryMeditationPsychotherapySpirituality and prayeryoga34Art Therapy 藝術(shù)療法Other common names: creative arts therapy, expressive arts therapy Art therapy is used to

28、help people manage physical and emotional problems by using creative activities to express emotions. It provides a way for people to come to terms with emotional conflicts, increase self-awareness, and express unspoken and often unconscious concerns about their illness and their lives. Expressive ar

29、ts therapy or creative arts therapy may also include dance and movement, drama, poetry, photo therapy and others, as well as the more traditional art methods. 35Hypnosis 催眠療法Other common names: Hypnotherapy, Hypnotic Suggestion, Self-HypnosisHypnosis is a state of restful alertness during which a pe

30、rson uses deeply focused concentration. The person can be relatively unaware of, but not completely blind to, her or his surroundings, and may be more open to suggestion. It is considered to be a type of complementary therapy. 36Imagery 想象(療法)Other common names: Guided Imagery, Visualization Imagery

31、 involves mental exercises designed to allow the mind to influence the health and well being of the body.37Meditation 冥想(療法)Other common names: mindfulness meditation, transcendental meditationMeditation is a mind-body process that uses concentration or reflection to relax the body and calm the mind

32、. It has been defined as the intentional self-regulation of attention, a mental focus on a particular aspect of ones inner or outer experience. One commonly practiced type is Transcendental Meditation, which involves repeating a word or phrase , either silently or aloud. Another is mindfulness medit

33、ation, in which a person observes sensations, perceptions, and thoughts without judgment as they arise. 38Psychotherapy 心理/精神療法Other common names: Therapy, Counseling, Psychological Intervention, Psychotherapeutic Treatment Psychotherapy covers a wide range of approaches designed to help people chan

34、ge their ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving. 39Spirituality and Prayer 宗教/精神療法Other common names: Religion, spiritual healing Spirituality is generally described as an awareness of something greater than the individual self. It is often expressed through religion and/or prayer, although there ar

35、e many other paths of spiritual pursuit and expression.40Yoga 瑜珈Other common name: Hatha Yoga Yoga is a form of non-aerobic exercise that involves a program of precise posture, breathing exercises, and meditation. Yoga can be a useful method to help relieve some symptoms of chronic diseases such as

36、cancer, arthritis, and heart disease and can lead to increased relaxation and physical fitness. Available scientific evidence does not support yoga as an effective treatment for cancer or any other disease; however, it may enhance quality of life. Some cancer treatment centers even offer yoga in add

37、ition to standard medical treatment. 41Part IV Coverage (para. 8-11)Questions:1. What do all practitioners stress when they are practicing holistic medicine? (Para. 8)2. What does holistic medicine involve? (Para. 9-10)42Difficult PointsHelicobacter pylorisupplement: 補品 (natural/botanical/health/die

38、tary/nutritional)synthetic interferonhealing touch43Helicobacter Pylori: 幽門螺桿菌Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the mucus lining of the human stomach. Many peptic ulcers and some types of gastritis are caused by H. pylori infection, although most humans who are infected will never deve

39、lop symptoms. This bacterium lives in the human stomach exclusively and is the only known organism that can thrive in that highly acidic environment. It is helix-shaped (hence the name helicobacter) and can literally screw itself into the stomach lining to colonize. ( helix-螺旋線)44 早在一個世紀(jì)前就有人發(fā)現(xiàn)胃內(nèi)存在一種

40、螺旋狀微生物，由于長期未能別離而未受到重視。 直至 1983 年澳大利亞佩思皇家醫(yī)院的 Warren 和 Marshall 報道從胃內(nèi)成功地別離出“未鑒定的彎曲狀桿菌( unidentified curved bacilli ) 后, 才引起醫(yī)學(xué)界的廣泛興趣，從各方面進行了深入的研究。 人們在研究這種細(xì)菌的生物學(xué)物性時，曾幾次對其易名，直到1989年才正式將其命名為:幽門螺桿菌Helicobacter pylori, Hp45interferons 干擾素- small, natural or synthetic protein and glycoprotein cytokines(細(xì)胞素)

41、that are produced by leucocytes, T-lymphocytes, and fibroblasts(成纖維細(xì)胞) in response to infection and other biological stimuli. In cancer treatment, they are used as immunotherapy against the proliferation(增生) of cancer cells. 46Healing touch 觸摸治療Healing Touch is a relaxing, nurturing energy therapy.

42、Gentle touch assists in balancing your physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well- being. Healing Touch works with your energy field to support your natural ability to heal. It is safe for all ages and works in harmony with standard medical care. 47Healing Touch is used in a wide variety of set

43、tings including hospitals, long term care facilities, private practices, hospices(臨終關(guān)心醫(yī)院), and spas(療養(yǎng)院). Janet Mentgen, RN, founded Healing Touch in 1989 as a continuing education program for nurses, other health care professionals, and lay persons. Today Healing Touch has spread internationally an

44、d is taught in universities, medical and nursing schools, and other settings internationally. 48Reducing stress Calming anxiety, depression Decreasing pain Strengthening the immune system Enhancing recovery from surgery Completing care for neck and back problems Supporting cancer care Creating a sen

45、se of well-being Easing acute and chronic conditionsSome of the benefits of healing touch49Part V A short history (para. 12-13 )Part VI Scientific evidence (para. 14-15)Questions: 1. Why does scientific research generally not focus on holistic medicine itself as a cure for cancer or any other diseas

46、e ? (Para. 14)2. According to health professionals, what does a persons health depend on ? (Para. 15)50Difficult Pointscost-effective (para. 14) -adj. economical in terms of the goods or services received for the money spent. 本錢效益高的, 經(jīng)濟的, 上算的, 劃得來的clergy ( para. 15 ) - n. clergymen, the body of peop

47、le ordained for religious service. 牧師; 教士51Part VII Possible problems or complications (para. 16)Question: In your opinion, what limitation does holistic medicine have ?52Other Terms Associated with Holistic MedicineNaturopathyHomeopathy ( homoeopathy )Allopathy53Naturopathic medicine (also known as naturopathy, or natural medicine) is a complementary and alternative medicine which emphasizes the bodys intrinsic ability to heal and maintain itself. Naturopaths prefer to use natural remedies such as herbs and foods rather than surgery or synthetic drugs