油研XXXX演講與寫作構(gòu)思(1)

1、油研2013演講與寫作構(gòu)思1Selecting topicsAnalyzing audienceSupporting ideasOrganizing the body of the speechBeginning and ending the speechOutlining speechUsing language2Purpose of speechInform: informationPersuade: change audience3Principles of specific purposesMake sure the central idea is not too general Ex

2、press the central idea as a full sentenceState the central idea as a declarative sentence, not as a questionAvoid figurative language in the central idea4exercisesDonate bloodTo inform my audience about the history of Western civilizationTo inform my audience about GuilinTo inform my audience that s

3、omething has to be done about traffic jams.To inform my audience how to use the subway system in Berlin, Germany.5General purpose:Specific purpose:Central idea:Main points:You should study abroad because it will enhance your personal development.You should study abroad because it will enhance your a

4、cademic development.You should study abroad because it will enhance your career development.6General purpose:Specific purpose:Central idea:Main points:The first event in triathlon is swimming,The second event in triathlon is cycling.The first event in triathlon is running.7General purpose:Specific p

5、urpose:Central idea:Main points:8Analyzing audienceAudience-centered: ObamaTo whom am I speaking?What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?9Adapting to the AudienceBefore the speech

6、: assessing how your audiece is likely to respong to what you say in your speech; adjusting what your say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing.During the speech: keep an eye out for audience feedback. Frown or respond with quizzical looks, you may need to back up and go over your point a

7、gain.After the speech: survey, modify, next speech.10Supporting ideasExamplesStatisticsQuotations(paraphrase)11ExamplesBrief ExamplesExtended ExamplesHypothetical Examples12Brief Examples (specific statements):Changes in technology have made it possible for doctors to work wonders that once seemed i

8、mpossible. Roger Charter, for example, lost both his feet when they were crushed in a truck accident, Now he has new feet-made of a springy plastic alloy that duplicates a normal arch. Not only can he walk normally, but he can run and play sports again.The miraculous nature of recent advances in cre

9、ating artificial limbs for accident victims.13Japanese businessmen have already applied Confucian ethics in their business management, and the American military academy, West Point, has taken Sunzis The Art of War as one of their textbooks, In these years, the cream of our culture, such as tradition

10、al medical science and medicine, acupuncture, Tai Chi, and paper cutting, has won popularity in the world.Chinas traditional culture has vigor and vitality in todays globalization.14Extended examples (narratives, illustrations, anecdotes):telling storiesHypothetical examples:Imagine this: your fathe

11、r has been stricken with serious heart disease. At the hospital, your learn he has a chance to survive-if he can receive a heart transplant. But there are no heart donors available. Your father is of the 1.5 million Chinese each year who need an organ transplant but cannot get one because of a short

12、age of donors.15StatisticsUse representative statisticsIdentify the sources of statisticsUse statistics from reliable sourcesRound off complicated statisticsExplain statistics16Quotations(paraphrase)Use quotations from unbiased sourcesIdentify the people quote and paraphrase17Organizing the body of

13、the speechBody is determined by main points.Strategic order of main pointsChronological orderSpatial orderProblem-solution orderTopical order18Chronological orderSpecific purpose: to inform audience how the Great Wall of China was built.Central idea: the Great Wall of China was built in three major

14、stages.Main points:Qin dynasty Han dynasty Ming dynasty19Specific purpose: to inform audience your educational backgroundsCentral idea: in three major stages.Main points:20Spatial orderSpecific purpose: to inform audience about the three major regions in ItalyCentral idea: northern, southern and cen

15、tral Italy have their own identities and attractions.Main points:21Problem-solution orderSpecific purpose: to persuade audience tougher measure are needed to control illegal selling of antiques.Central idea: illegal selling of antiques is a serious problem that requires a combination of government a

16、ction and individual awareness.Main points:22Specific purpose:to persuade audience that China should implement stricter law enforcement to prevent accidents in coal mines.Central idea:Main points:23Topical orderSpecific purpose: to inform audience about the achievements of da VinciCentral idea: pain

17、ter, an inventor, an astronomerMain points:24Specific purpose: to persuade audience that China should continue its program of space explorationCentral idea:Main points:25Specific purpose:to persuade audience CCTV should launch an English version of the Lecture Room.Central idea:Main points:26Tips fo

18、r preparing main pointsLimit the number of the main pointsKeep main points separateTry to use the same pattern o wording for main points27Beginning and endingIntroductionConclusion28IntroductionGet attention and interestRelate the topic to the audienceState the importance of your topicStartle the audienceArouse the curiosity of the audienceQuestion the audienceBegin with a quotationTell a storyCreate a positive relationship with the audienc