電大地基基礎(chǔ)省機(jī)考網(wǎng)考題庫及參考答案

1、一、判斷題 （1代表對、2代表錯）1通過特殊的施工方法將建筑物荷載傳遞到較深土層的基礎(chǔ)稱為深基礎(chǔ)。12力學(xué)性能滿足建筑物的承載和變形能力要求的地層稱為天然地基。13抗變形能力要求是指該地層必須具有足夠的強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性以及相應(yīng)的安全儲備。24承載能力要求是指該地層承受建筑物荷載后不能產(chǎn)生過量的沉降和過大的不均勻沉降。25承受建筑物全部荷載的那一部分地層稱為地基。16承受建筑物全部荷載的那一部分地層稱為基礎(chǔ)。27地基是連接上部結(jié)構(gòu)與地基的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件，地基結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)符合上部結(jié)構(gòu)使用要求。28通過特殊的施工方法將建筑物荷載傳遞到較深土層的基礎(chǔ)稱為深基礎(chǔ)。19由自然動力引起地球和地殼物質(zhì)組成、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和地殼形態(tài)

2、不斷變化和發(fā)展的作用，稱為地質(zhì)作用 110地質(zhì)作用按照動力來源的不同，可劃分為內(nèi)力地質(zhì)作用、外力地質(zhì)作用及工程地質(zhì)作111礦物是指地殼中具有一定化學(xué)成分內(nèi)部構(gòu)造和物理性質(zhì)的自然元素或化合物。112巖石是由礦物或巖屑在地質(zhì)作用下按一定規(guī)律凝聚而成的自然地質(zhì)體。113巖漿巖是由風(fēng)化作用或火山作用的產(chǎn)物經(jīng)機(jī)械搬運、沉積、固結(jié)形成的巖石。214組成土的物質(zhì)只有固相、液相兩種狀態(tài)。215由風(fēng)力搬運形成的土，稱為殘積土。216土的顆粒越均勻，級配越好。2對于級配良好的土，相應(yīng)的地基土的強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性也較好，透水性和壓縮性也較小。117粉土是粘性土，其塑性指數(shù)大于10。218土的三項基本物理指標(biāo)是指密度、比重

3、和含水量。119土的類別和所處的狀態(tài)是鑒別建筑物地基優(yōu)劣的主要依據(jù)之一，但不是選擇基礎(chǔ)方案和20基礎(chǔ)類型的主要依據(jù)之一。21組成地殼的巖石，根據(jù)其成因分為花崗巖、沉積巖和變質(zhì)巖三大類，是構(gòu)成建筑物地基的基本物質(zhì)。22由土體自重產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力稱為自重應(yīng)力，由建筑或地面堆載及基礎(chǔ)引起的應(yīng)力叫附加應(yīng)力13土中自重應(yīng)力隨深度呈線性減少。24土的自重應(yīng)力不會引起地基變形，唯有新沉積的土或人工填土，需考慮自重引起的變形15基礎(chǔ)底面給地基的壓力，稱為基底壓力，方向向上。26土的壓縮變形實質(zhì)上是土中孔隙體積變小的結(jié)果。17在側(cè)限條件下，土的豎向應(yīng)力與豎向應(yīng)變之比，稱為變形模量。28分層總和法計算結(jié)果與沉降觀測比較

4、，對于軟弱地基，理論計算值比實測值大。29正常固結(jié)土的前期固結(jié)壓力大于現(xiàn)覆蓋土重。210正常固結(jié)土的前期固結(jié)壓力等于現(xiàn)覆蓋土重。111填土的重度越大，則主動土壓力越小，而填土的內(nèi)摩擦角越大，則主動土壓力越大。212擋土墻墻背受到墻后填土的自身重力或外荷載的作用，該作用稱為土壓力。113基底壓應(yīng)力圖形是均勻分布的應(yīng)力圖形。114同一土層的自重應(yīng)力按直線分布。115地下水位的升降不會引起地基中土的自重應(yīng)力的變化。216增加地基埋深可提高黏性土的地基極限荷載。117郎肯、庫侖土壓力理論都屬于極限狀態(tài)土壓力理論。118庫侖土壓力理論只適用于擋土墻墻背垂直光滑、墻后填土面水平的情況。219庫侖土壓力理論

5、只適用于黏性填土。221假設(shè)基底壓力大小保持不變，若基礎(chǔ)的埋置深度增加，則基底的附加應(yīng)力將減少。11同一種土，其抗剪強(qiáng)度值在不同的條件下不同。12庫侖土壓力理論假定墻后的填土是理想的散粒體。13土體剪切破壞面通常發(fā)生在大主應(yīng)力面上。24土的壓縮模量越小，其壓縮性越大。15地基土的強(qiáng)度破壞是剪切破壞，而不是受壓破壞16勘探的方法可分為鉆探、掘探和物探等。17勘察的目的是為查明并評價工程場地巖土技術(shù)條件和它們與工程之間關(guān)系。18巖土工程勘察等級分為三級，即甲級、乙級和丙級。19擾動土樣的原狀結(jié)構(gòu)已被破壞，只能用來測定土的顆粒成分、含水量、可塑性及定名等110樁基礎(chǔ)按樁的制作方式可分為預(yù)制樁和端承樁

6、兩大類。211端承樁的樁頂豎向荷載主要由樁側(cè)阻力承受。212端承樁的樁頂豎向荷載主要由樁端阻力承受。113上部結(jié)構(gòu)、地基及基礎(chǔ)在傳遞荷載的過程中是相互獨立、互不影響的。214地基承力是指滿足地基強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定的前提下地基變形不超過允許值時地基所能承受的最大荷載 115地基承載力特征值是指由載荷試驗測定的地基土壓力變形曲線線性變形段內(nèi)規(guī)定的變形所對應(yīng)的壓力值。116無筋擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)系指由磚、毛石、鋼筋混凝土或毛石混凝土、灰土和三合土等材料組成的墻下條形基礎(chǔ)或柱下獨立基礎(chǔ)。217鋼筋混凝土獨立基礎(chǔ)的計算主要包括確定基礎(chǔ)底面積、基礎(chǔ)高度和基礎(chǔ)底板配筋。118高承臺樁基是指樁身全部埋于土中，承臺底面與地基土接

7、觸的樁基。219低承臺樁基是指樁身上部露出地面而承臺底與地面不接觸的樁基。220樁在荷載作用下，樁相對周圍土體產(chǎn)生向下的位移，土對樁側(cè)產(chǎn)生向上的摩阻力，稱之為負(fù)摩阻力。21群樁的承載力并等于各單樁之總和，沉降量卻大于單樁的沉降量，這就叫群樁效應(yīng)。22端承群樁的承載力等于各單樁的承載力之和，群樁的沉降量也與單樁基本相同。13摩擦群樁的承載力等于各單樁的承載力之和，群樁的沉降量也與單樁基本相同。24通常將不能滿足建（構(gòu)）筑物對地基要求的天然地基稱為特殊地基。15軟土地基具有變形特別大、強(qiáng)度高的特點。26膨脹土在天然狀態(tài)下強(qiáng)度較高，壓縮性較低，因此是一種較好的天然地基。27山區(qū)地基與平原地基相比，具

8、有地基性質(zhì)不均勻問題和場地穩(wěn)定性問題。18一般單層廠房可不進(jìn)行地基基礎(chǔ)抗震驗算。19、7層以上且高度在25m以上的一般民用框架房屋需要進(jìn)行地基基礎(chǔ)抗震驗算。21基坑工程是指在基坑開挖時，為了保證坑壁不致坍塌以及使周圍不受損害所采取的工程12支護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)是指基坑圍護(hù)工程中采用的圍護(hù)墻體以及內(nèi)支撐系統(tǒng)等的總稱。13以天然土層作為地基持力層的淺基礎(chǔ)，基槽開挖后應(yīng)進(jìn)行驗槽工作，這是工程勘察工作的第一個環(huán)節(jié)。24樁基檢驗分為樁的施工參數(shù)檢驗和基樁檢測兩大類。1 二、單選題5力學(xué)性能滿足建筑物的承載和變形能力要求的地層稱為(天然地基 )。6下列關(guān)于地基說法有誤的一項是（力學(xué)性能滿足建筑物的承載和變形能力要求的

9、地層稱為人工地基 ）。7下列關(guān)于基礎(chǔ)概念說法有誤的一項是（樁基礎(chǔ)是淺基礎(chǔ)的一種結(jié)構(gòu)形式 ）。8通過特殊的施工方法將建筑物荷載傳遞到較深土層的結(jié)構(gòu)是（深基礎(chǔ) ）。9由風(fēng)化作用或火山作用的產(chǎn)物經(jīng)機(jī)械搬運、沉積、固結(jié)形成的巖石是（沉積巖 ）。10巖石經(jīng)風(fēng)化后未被搬運而殘留于原地的碎屑堆積物是（殘積土 ）。11河流的流水作用搬運到河谷坡降平緩的地帶沉積起來的土是（殘積土）。12由風(fēng)力搬運形成的土是（風(fēng)積土 ）。13關(guān)于土的特征描述錯誤的一項是（土通常是由固體顆粒、水組成的二相體系 ）。14關(guān)于土的組成說法有誤的一項是（土粒越均勻，土的級配越好 ）。15關(guān)于土的物理性質(zhì)指標(biāo)說法有誤的一項是（確定三相比例

10、指標(biāo)僅需要做密度試驗 ）。16工程用土中，粒徑大于2mm的顆粒含量超過總質(zhì)量50%的土是（碎石土 ）。17土的滲透變形主要有管涌、流砂、接觸流土和接觸沖刷，但就單一土層來說滲透變形主要是（管涌、流砂 ）。18地基規(guī)范劃分砂土的密實度指標(biāo)是（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)貫入錘擊數(shù) ）。19粘性土軟硬狀態(tài)的劃分依據(jù)是（液性指數(shù) ）。20若土的顆粒級配曲線平緩則表示（粒徑分布不均勻 ）。21土的三相比例指標(biāo)中需通過實驗直接測定的指標(biāo)為（土粒比重、含水量、密度 ）。22土的含水量w是指（土中水的質(zhì)量與土的質(zhì)量之比 ）。23砂土的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是（單粒結(jié)構(gòu) ）。24下列土性指標(biāo)中哪一項對粘性土有意義(塑性指數(shù))。25（砂質(zhì)粉土）土中

11、最容易發(fā)生流土。26滲透試驗可分為常水頭試驗和變水頭試驗（常水頭試驗可適用于砂土 ）。27下列巖石屬于沉積巖的是（石灰?guī)r ）。28用以衡量土透水性大小的指標(biāo)是（滲透系數(shù) ）。29土中的水中，（重力水 ）能夠傳遞靜水壓力。30表征土軟硬狀態(tài)的指標(biāo)是（液性指標(biāo) ）。31下列各組巖石中，全部是巖漿巖的是（安山巖、玄武巖、花崗斑巖 ）。32關(guān)于土中應(yīng)力說法有誤的一項是（地基的變形一般是因自重應(yīng)力的作用引起 ）。33當(dāng)僅有一層土?xí)r，土中自重應(yīng)力與深度的關(guān)系是（線性增加 ）。34土的重度為20KN/m3,地面以下10m處的自重應(yīng)力為（200 Kpa ）。35土的重度為20KN/m3,地面以下1m處的自重應(yīng)

12、力為（20 Kpa ）。36基底面積為A的基礎(chǔ)受中心荷載F作用，基礎(chǔ)及回填土總重量為G，其基底壓力P為（p=（F-G）/A ）。37關(guān)于地基變形相關(guān)概念敘述有誤的一項（土體在無側(cè)限條件下的應(yīng)變與應(yīng)力的比值稱為變形模量）。38前期固結(jié)壓力等于現(xiàn)覆蓋土重的固結(jié)土是（正常固結(jié)土 ）。39前期固結(jié)壓力大于現(xiàn)覆土重的固結(jié)土是（超固結(jié)土）。40黏性土具有抗剪強(qiáng)度的原因是黏性土本身具有（摩阻力和黏聚力 ）。41土粒的礦物成分、形狀、大小及顆粒級配與抗剪強(qiáng)度關(guān)系說法有誤的一項是（土粒形狀不規(guī)則的比圓卵形的摩阻力小，則抗剪強(qiáng)度就小 ）。42關(guān)于土的抗剪強(qiáng)度測定方法說法有誤的一項是（測定土的抗剪強(qiáng)度最簡單最常用的

13、方法是三軸剪切試驗 ）。 土壓力的單位是（kN/m ）。43作用在擋土結(jié)構(gòu)上的土壓力，按結(jié)構(gòu)的位移情況和墻后土體所處的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)，分為(靜止土壓力、被動土壓力、轉(zhuǎn)動土壓力)。44靜止土壓力E0、主動土壓力Ea、被動土壓力Ep三者的大小關(guān)系是（EpE0Ea ）。45朗肯土壓力理論的適用條件是（墻背豎直、光滑、墻后土體為半無限體 ）。46擋土墻的墻型、斷面尺寸和構(gòu)造說法有誤的一項是（仰斜墻主動土壓力最大，而俯斜墻主動土壓力最小 ）。47下列各因素可以使土坡土中剪應(yīng)力增加的是（在土坡上加載 ）。48下列各因素可以使土坡抗剪強(qiáng)度降低的是（粘性土的蠕變 ）。49建筑物施工速度較快，地基土的透水條件不良，抗

14、剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)的測定方法宜選用（不固結(jié)不排水剪切試驗 ）。50下列說法正確的是（ 砂土的抗剪強(qiáng)度僅由內(nèi)摩擦力組成51下列說法中錯誤的是(孔隙水壓力會使土體產(chǎn)生體積變形 )。52室內(nèi)側(cè)限壓縮試驗的e一p曲線平緩，說明土的(壓縮性小 )。53土的重度為20KN/m3,地面以下5m處的自重應(yīng)力為（100 Kpa ）。54土中自重應(yīng)力起算點位置為（天然地面 ）。55土體壓縮變形的實質(zhì)是（孔隙體積的減小 ）。56現(xiàn)場測定土的抗剪強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)采用的實驗方法是（十字板剪切試驗）。57地下水位的降低,將使土坡的穩(wěn)定安全系數(shù)（增大）。58在雨季，山體容易出現(xiàn)滑坡的主要原因是（土的抗剪強(qiáng)度降低 ）。59用分層總和法計算地

15、基變形時, 土的變形指標(biāo)是采用（壓縮模量）。60土體具有壓縮性的主要原因是（主要是由孔隙的減少引起的）。61土的壓縮性越小，則（土滲透性越差 ）。62在欠固結(jié)土上建造建筑物，其沉降由（土自重和建筑物荷載 ）引起。63國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)巖土工程勘察規(guī)范將工程重要性等級、場地等級和地基等級均分為（3 ）。64巖土種類多，很不均勻，性質(zhì)變化大，需特殊處理的地基是（一級 ）。65下列工作不屬于初步勘察的內(nèi)容的是（搜集區(qū)域地質(zhì)、地形地貌、礦產(chǎn)、地震、當(dāng)?shù)氐墓こ痰刭|(zhì)和巖土工程等資料 ）。66在建筑場地或地基內(nèi)挖掘探坑、探槽、探井等進(jìn)行勘探的方法是（掘探）。67勘察工作布置時，對于選用比例尺大小順序正確的一項是可行性

16、研究勘察初步勘察詳細(xì)勘察 68以下不是淺基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)形式的是（箱形基礎(chǔ) ）。69以下不是深基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)形式的是（箱形基礎(chǔ) ）。70防止地基不均勻沉降危害的措施主要有建筑措施、結(jié)構(gòu)措施、施工措施三種，以下各種措施中屬于建筑措施的是（合理布置墻體 ）。71防止地基不均勻沉降危害的措施主要有建筑措施、結(jié)構(gòu)措施、施工措施三種，以下各種措施中屬于結(jié)構(gòu)措施的是（設(shè)置圈梁 ）。72防止地基不均勻沉降危害的措施主要有建筑措施、結(jié)構(gòu)措施、施工措施三種，以下各種措施中屬于施工措施的是（合理安排施工順序 ）。73關(guān)于剛性基礎(chǔ)和柔性基礎(chǔ)說法有誤的一項是（柔性基礎(chǔ)隨荷載作用不發(fā)生變形，可以調(diào)整荷載分布74必須滿足剛性角限制的基

17、礎(chǔ)是(剛性基礎(chǔ) )。75在選擇地基處理方案時，應(yīng)主要考慮（上部結(jié)構(gòu)，基礎(chǔ)和地基 ）的共同作用。76以下基礎(chǔ)中（鋼筋混凝土基礎(chǔ)）為柔性基礎(chǔ)。77以下各種基礎(chǔ)不是無筋擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)的是（鋼筋混凝土基礎(chǔ) ）。78關(guān)于樁基礎(chǔ)說法有誤的一項是（低承臺樁基是指樁身上部露出地面而承臺底與地面不接觸的樁基）。79關(guān)于豎向荷載作用下，單樁荷載傳遞說法正確的一項是（在豎向荷載作用下，樁上的荷載由樁側(cè)摩阻力和樁端阻力共同承擔(dān)）。80關(guān)于樁基中性點說法有誤的是（中性點截面處樁身軸力最小 ）。81群樁效應(yīng)系數(shù)與樁距、樁數(shù)、樁徑、樁的入土長度等因素有關(guān)，其中最主要的因素是（樁距 ）。82低承臺樁基設(shè)計和計算的第一步是（選擇樁的

18、類型、樁的持力層和幾何尺寸，初擬承臺底面標(biāo)高 ）。83假定某工程，經(jīng)單樁豎向靜載荷試驗得三根試樁的單樁豎向極限承載力分別為830kN、865kN、880 kN，根據(jù)建筑地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計規(guī)范的規(guī)定，所采用的單樁豎向承載力特征值R，應(yīng)最接近（429kN）。84軟土具有流動性，其中包括蠕變特性、流動特性、應(yīng)力松弛特性和長期強(qiáng)度特性，其中流動特性是指（土的變形速率隨應(yīng)力變化的特性 ）。85軟土具有流動性，其中包括蠕變特性、流動特性、應(yīng)力松弛特性和長期強(qiáng)度特性，其中蠕變特性是指（在荷載不變的情況下變形隨時間發(fā)展的特性 ）。86軟土具有流動性，其中包括蠕變特性、流動特性、應(yīng)力松弛特性和長期強(qiáng)度特性，其中應(yīng)力松

19、弛特性是指（在恒定的變形條件下應(yīng)力隨時間減小的特性 ）。87軟土具有流動性，其中包括蠕變特性、流動特性、應(yīng)力松弛特性和長期強(qiáng)度特性，其中長期強(qiáng)度特性是指（土體在長期荷載作用下土的強(qiáng)度隨時間變化的特性 ）88淤泥和淤泥質(zhì)土的淺層處理宜采用 (換填法)。89換填土法不適用于（深層松砂地基土 ）地基土。90基坑工程中，鋼筋混凝土板樁相對于鋼板樁的優(yōu)點是（造價低 ）。91對于灌注樁樁長，樁身混凝土強(qiáng)度，樁底沉渣厚度判定的檢測方法是（鉆芯法 ）。92將重錘從樁頂以上以一定高度自由落下錘擊樁頂，通過測試錘擊信號，分析樁頂錘擊信號反應(yīng)來判斷樁身質(zhì)量的檢測方法是（高應(yīng)變動測法 ）。93建筑物傾斜觀測所用的最重

20、要儀器是（經(jīng)緯儀）。94建筑物沉降觀測的最重要儀器是（水準(zhǔn)儀 ）。三、多選題95某原狀土樣，測得體積為61cm3，濕土質(zhì)量為102g，烘干后質(zhì)量為75g，土粒相對密度為2.7。 36%,1.67g/cm3,12.28g/cm3,1.2,17.73g/cm3,7.73g/cm3,81%96某原狀土樣，測得體積為52cm3，濕土質(zhì)量為92g，烘干后質(zhì)量為70.5g，土粒相對密度為2.7。 27.66%,1.77g/cm3,13.86g/cm3,0.95,18.72g/cm3,8.72g/cm3,79%97某原狀土樣，測得體積為82cm3，濕土質(zhì)量為152g，烘干后質(zhì)量為112.4g，土粒相對密度為

21、2.7。 1.85g/cm3,35.23%,1.37g/cm3,0.95,18.72g/cm3,8.72g/cm3,78.6%請您務(wù)必刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O萬分謝謝！2015年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese tra

22、velers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu In

23、ternational Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese vis

24、itors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, soci

25、al and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists

26、to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million

27、 Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last

28、 year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China

29、, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each wee

30、k between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambana

31、m and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kaliman

32、tan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some

33、travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese

34、 tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors

35、 shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years.

36、 In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrati

37、onarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The seco

38、nd stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, a

39、nd ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West

40、to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustrati

41、on books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of

42、 the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park an

43、d Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers

44、from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see wha

45、t happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as

46、 a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments

47、 than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock marke

48、ts on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a ref

49、erendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, wh

50、ich might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder o