《托福閱讀講義》word版

1、新托福閱讀講義杜昶旭一. 準(zhǔn)備知識1.iBT托福閱讀理解的形式特點(1) 文章數(shù)量:3-5篇(和聽力相對應(yīng):3篇閱讀,9個聽力段子或5篇閱讀,6個聽力段子)(2) 文章長度:650-750詞/篇(3) 題目數(shù)量:12-14個/篇(每篇有一個多選,形式為6選3,7選5或9選7)(4) 測試時間:20分鐘/篇(5) 測試分?jǐn)?shù):0-30分(由原始分42分換算到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分30分)2.iBT托福閱讀的考察重點(1) 主題:辨析文章的主要觀點,并與局部小觀點區(qū)分;辨析段落主題.(注:所有文章都有標(biāo)題)(2) 細(xì)節(jié):概括性信息的把握并判別具體信息的真?zhèn)? TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN?Gener

2、al statement ideas Some details (3) 詞匯:辨析詞匯和短語的含義,并通過上下文推斷某些詞匯和短語的含義:認(rèn)知(一詞多義);詞匯推斷(4) 推斷:根據(jù)上下文推斷出隱藏的信息(5) 態(tài)度:根據(jù)文章描述判斷作者意圖和態(tài)度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 結(jié)構(gòu):判斷句子和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,并確定段落的結(jié)構(gòu) 托福閱讀是以句子為核心的3.閱讀的本質(zhì):(1) 獲取有效信息(2) 消除閱讀障礙4.文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(1) 文章主體分為結(jié)構(gòu)主體和細(xì)節(jié)主體.結(jié)構(gòu)主體(支撐): 主題段(文章的前幾段)和主題句(每段的前幾句).細(xì)節(jié)主體(填充)(2) 文章具體結(jié)構(gòu)如下:Intro: ba

3、ckground(細(xì)節(jié)) & topic(結(jié)構(gòu))Body: sub-topic(結(jié)構(gòu)), analysis(細(xì)節(jié)) & evidence(細(xì)節(jié))Conclusion: topic(結(jié)構(gòu))5.快速筆記方法(1) 快速筆記的意義:輔助思維框架形成索引功能(2) 快速筆記的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)主體的核心詞時間和數(shù)字:同步記錄時間及相應(yīng)的事件;一律記錄為數(shù)字人名地名專有名詞:使用首字母標(biāo)記舉例主體新概念和核心概念重要的邏輯關(guān)系(3) 快速筆記的簡單符號體系(4)快速筆記的重要性和必要性-閱讀中的指導(dǎo)性邏輯(PREDICTING)(5) 好筆記的特點:筆記中有清晰的邏輯脈絡(luò)根據(jù)筆記可以對文章進(jìn)行有效復(fù)述6.閱讀和口

4、語的關(guān)系: (1) 規(guī)范口語的邏輯(2) 提供口語表達(dá)的素材二.閱讀方法1.精讀-句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法(1) 句子閱讀中的障礙1) 定語前置定語: adj+n后置定語:n+ adj phrase形容詞短語: a book useful for you prep phrase介詞短語: a pen on the desk v-ing/-ed phrase分詞短語: a person walking on the road; a tool developed for the project 不定式: a way to solve the problem注: 分詞短語作后置定語時,其邏輯主語是其修

5、飾的名詞不定代詞只能用后置定語修飾不定式作后置定語其邏輯主語是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem定語從句:關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom引導(dǎo)的是非完整句, whose 引導(dǎo)的是完整句)關(guān)系連詞: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引導(dǎo)的是完整句介詞+關(guān)系代詞: in which, 此關(guān)系代詞不包括what2) 同位語: 同插入語一樣處理-刪除A, B( 定語從句/同位語從句)A, or BA that + 句子( 完整句)A o

6、f B: the city of Beijing3) 狀語: 處理方式-隔離Adv 副詞Prep phrase 介詞短語分詞短語不定式注: 非謂語動詞作狀語其邏輯主語是句子的主語4) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)并列連詞的用法: 并列連詞連接結(jié)構(gòu)功能性質(zhì)均相同的成分-必須完全對等5) that引導(dǎo)的各種從句S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)-賓語從句S+系動詞+表語+句子-表語從句It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子 完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位語(完整句) 定語從句(非完整句)S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rise

7、s that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定語從句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位語從句).(2) 復(fù)雜句的閱讀方法-層次化句子閱讀法1) 括號匹配 關(guān)聯(lián)詞 (完整句) (關(guān)聯(lián)詞+ 非完整句)2) 化右括號的條件:句子終結(jié)連接句子的并列連詞或標(biāo)點符號之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always

8、 were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolut

9、ion).例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位語,刪除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was rec

10、ognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challeng

11、er(同位語), was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacul

12、arly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized

13、bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).例8: The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790s), North American enterpreneurs-even without the

14、technological improvement-had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process)例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled wo

15、rkers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位語)introduce

16、d European art traditions to those colonistsprivileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.P.S. : 獨(dú)立主格1. with + adj + 句子 V-ing/v-ed Prep phrase In

17、f(不定式) adv2. 不能單獨(dú)成句3. 通常作伴隨方式狀語4. 核心名詞是所發(fā)出動作或所承受狀態(tài)主體.例:Tom lay on the ground, with his eyes looking at the sky.Tom get into the class, with his nose red.ATM: Transaction being processed, please wait.(2) 倒裝句的閱讀方法1) 部分倒裝處理方法: 把提前的助動詞/be動詞/情態(tài)動詞去掉或還原,并按順序理解.2) 完全倒裝的處理方法構(gòu)成主語的成分:名詞代詞The +形容詞不定式主語從句動名詞完全倒裝

18、的判斷流程P.S. : 比較句1. 三要素: 比較主體, 比較點, 比較結(jié)果2. 分類: 靜態(tài): 狀態(tài) 動態(tài): 動作3. 動態(tài)比較句的形式:(1) S + Vi + adv的比較級+ than +例: I run faster than Tom. Tom does. does Tom.(唯一正確的書面用法，上兩個用在口語中也可)（）S+ Vt + O+ adv比較級than例：I love you more than Tom. Tom does. does Tom.( 唯一正確的書面用法，上兩個用在口語中也可)（）S + Vt + adj比較級 O + than + 例：I raise mor

19、e pigs than Tom Tom does does Tom. ( 唯一正確的書面用法，上兩個用在口語中也可)閱讀和寫作的關(guān)系：為寫作提供原始模仿素材，并且是抽象結(jié)構(gòu)Basic to any understanding of the disadvantages of building a large factory near a community is _.例1: Herein (adv) lay(賓語) the beginning of what ultimately(最終) turned from ignorance(無知) to denial of the value of nu

20、trition therapies in medicine(主語).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主語), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3: With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that

21、 followed it)獨(dú)立主格, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 沒有倒裝例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(賓語) is the countrys impressive population growth(主語)

22、.句子結(jié)構(gòu): adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主語).句子結(jié)構(gòu): Among

23、 A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony).例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain

24、 fidelity(狀語) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of Americas first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bording the Hudson River).句型結(jié)構(gòu): S + Vt + prep + n1 (介詞短語)+ n2, Vt的賓語實際上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Craft

25、s movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(獨(dú)立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主語).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒裝) speaking of the films made before 1927 as s

26、lient, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型結(jié)構(gòu): adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 僅發(fā)生在讓步狀語從句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biol

27、ogical diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位語), to the health of the Earth and human well-being(主語).句型結(jié)構(gòu): the importance of A to B = A 對B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a do

28、mestic migration(主語), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虛擬條件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的閱讀方法構(gòu)成：It + be + 強(qiáng)調(diào)成分that/ who+ 其他成分注意：把強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)去掉句子仍然完整正確的就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)句不強(qiáng)調(diào)

29、形容詞和代詞例1: It was just a decade before this (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: I

30、t was she, a Baltimore printer, (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(強(qiáng)調(diào)句) that the elements (that can be associated with modern capit

31、alism first appeared-the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tool

32、s).2. 泛讀-快速閱讀與有效閱讀(1) 閱讀中的詳略結(jié)合-SKIMMING1) 需要詳細(xì)閱讀的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)主體的內(nèi)容非舉例性質(zhì)的概括描述題目映射回原文的內(nèi)容2) 可以快速瀏覽的內(nèi)容大量的數(shù)據(jù)堆砌明顯的舉例: 為何而舉,舉例主體,結(jié)束位置對比類比讀一半讓步轉(zhuǎn)折讀一半(轉(zhuǎn)折以后的那一半)(2) 理解單位擴(kuò)大和閱讀中邏輯的構(gòu)建-模糊理解理論1) 閱讀中的惡習(xí)-指讀聲讀回讀視角高度過低二次閱讀2) 理解單位和閱讀邏輯加大理解單位,變單詞為意群組合-焦點訓(xùn)練法可以合并為意群的成分: 副詞介詞短語分詞短語非謂語的不定式主語和謂語或謂語和賓語固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be

33、preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rap

34、idly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.

35、Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, or

36、ganisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is lar

37、gely the site of erosion.構(gòu)建閱讀邏輯, 變翻譯為整體理解-強(qiáng)調(diào)一遍閱讀法精讀: 消除閱讀障礙的閱讀方式確保閱讀的正確性對泛讀: 快速有效閱讀/廣泛閱讀獲取有效信息快/廣 (3) 文章的類型和題材1) 文章類型: :參見OG第19頁順承式: 時間及時間發(fā)展線索.(線型結(jié)構(gòu))分類式: 分類方式及類別特征. (樹型結(jié)構(gòu))問題解決式現(xiàn)象解釋式: 解決方案解釋及最終結(jié)論.(傘型結(jié)構(gòu))2) 題材分類自然科學(xué)a. 生物學(xué)植物學(xué): 植物的分類和特征動物學(xué): 動物的分類和行為.鳥類群體昆蟲海洋生物微生物學(xué): 真菌(蘑菇真菌的頑固)b. 地理地質(zhì)學(xué)地形地貌特征: 成因分布?xì)夂蛏鷳B(tài)影響地質(zhì)

38、事件: 成因或原理過程影響c. 天文學(xué)具體的星體特征: 基本特征(形狀距離軌道旋轉(zhuǎn)溫度質(zhì)量); 大氣層(氫氣氦氣氨氣甲烷); 表面特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索天文學(xué)事件: 成因過程影響d. 考古學(xué)古生物: 恐龍(滅絕), 鳥類( 進(jìn)化史pterosaurarchaeopteryxmodern birds)古代遺址遺跡: 中國的古代遺跡e.氣象學(xué)災(zāi)害性天氣: 成因過程危害預(yù)防天氣預(yù)報: 衛(wèi)星計算機(jī)技術(shù)f. 新技術(shù)和新事物發(fā)展史特征及應(yīng)用人文科學(xué)a. 美國歷史土人: 生活宗教藝術(shù)都市化過程: 人口增長城市擴(kuò)張交通發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮b. 歷史學(xué)和人類學(xué)原始人生活變遷: 游牧到定居(農(nóng)業(yè))古代文明c.

39、文學(xué)流派: 產(chǎn)生思想代表作家: 生平作品d. 繪畫和雕塑流派類型:城市藝術(shù)畫家e. 音樂類型: country, ragtime樂器f.心理學(xué): 人類情感分析三. 新托福閱讀題型解析1. 詞匯題(Vocabulary Question)(1) 詞匯題簡介和提問方式: 參見OG第25頁(2) 詞匯題的解答方法認(rèn)識：直接解題，沾邊就對。不認(rèn)識：推斷：從詞的本身上下文：因果對比解釋代入驗證猜2. 指代題(Reference Question)(1) 指代題簡介和提問方式: 參見OG第2627頁(2) 指代題的解答方法代詞a. 從句的主語指代主語的主賓語(使用屬性判斷,不用含義)b. 關(guān)系代詞指代先行

40、詞(插入結(jié)構(gòu)不影響指代關(guān)系)c. 重復(fù)概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原則)d. some of otherssome + n + of + n, others指名詞some + v, some others共指之前概念名詞: a. 優(yōu)先選擇題干的上下意詞a is a kind of A, A是a的上意詞b. 若上下意詞不唯一則當(dāng)作代詞指代處理注意: a.被指代對象往往在代詞之前出現(xiàn)b. 從句開頭往后找答案c. 代詞和被指代對象的數(shù)性和性質(zhì)必須一致d. 指代的傳遞現(xiàn)象Jupiters and other giant planet are of a low-density typ

41、e quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane.The word they in the passage refers to(A) nuclear reactions(B) giant planets(C) terrestrial(D) substancesIf the physical barriers of the plant are breached, the

42、n preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants.The word which in the passage r

43、efers to (A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) alkaloidsAciculturists, people who raise birs for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival

44、rates.The word They in the passage refers to (A) birds(B) avicuturists(C) eggs (D) ratesWhat is particularly meaningful to anthropology is the realization that although the material available to a society may to some extend limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means de

45、termine what is done.The word it in the passage refers to (A) realization(B) society(C) extent(D) influenceSome of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with featers that made the baskets surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds.The word others in the passage refers to (A

46、) masters (B) baskets(C) pendants (D) surfacesEncouraged by the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sendimental stereotypes,

47、African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cutural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extend, others segments of American society began to cha

48、nge their attitudes toward them.The word them in the passage refers to (A) Americans of European descent(B) paintings(C) African American artists(D) attitudes3. 事實信息題( Factual Information Question)(1) 事實題簡介和提問方式: 參見OG第20頁(2) 事實題的正確選項特征: 原文重現(xiàn)和同義改寫(3) 細(xì)節(jié)類題目的干擾方式1) 信息滯留點信息滯留點的概念信息滯留點的表現(xiàn)形式a. A在原文的出現(xiàn), B在

49、原文中不出現(xiàn).,A + B在選項中出現(xiàn).b. AB均在原文中出現(xiàn), A + B在選項中出現(xiàn).c. A+ B在原文中出現(xiàn). A或B在選項中出現(xiàn).2) 干擾選項特征虛假比較: 如果選項中出現(xiàn)了比較級最高級絕對化描述或范圍的擴(kuò)張, 則該選項優(yōu)先不為正確選項,在除非在原文存在比較的一一對應(yīng).答非所問: 確保所選答案和題干構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系.（）事實信息題的解題步驟）根據(jù)題目中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行定位（筆記原文）關(guān)鍵詞：能夠縮小搜索范圍的詞（段落號時間和數(shù)字人名地名專有名詞題目的核心概念）Scanning: 在原文中尋找某特定概念尋找關(guān)鍵詞及其同反義詞和上下義詞尋找關(guān)鍵詞及其相關(guān)概念的第一次出現(xiàn)位置）根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容形成

50、答案判斷）驗證選項，選擇與答案判斷一致的選項）若無匹配選項則檢查讀題定位理解正確性注意:驗證選項中的概念和最大的概念組合是否在文章中出現(xiàn).確保所選答案和題干構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系確保所選答案和原文構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系4. 否定事實信息題(Negative Information Question)(1) 否定事實題簡介和提問方式: 參見OG第21頁(2) 局部否定事實題目的特點及解答特點a. 對應(yīng)原文某一處描述, 通常是舉例b. 對應(yīng)原文兩處或兩處以上描述, 并且通常是分散舉例或排比(未被選擇的選項應(yīng)和原文構(gòu)成一一對應(yīng).解答原則a. 優(yōu)先利用筆記進(jìn)行判斷排除b. 充分利用已做題目進(jìn)行判斷排除c. 根據(jù)選項中的關(guān)

51、鍵詞進(jìn)行定位排除d. 直選和排除結(jié)合e. 盡量最后再做(3) 全局否定事實題目的特點及解答5. 推斷題(Inference Question) (1) 推斷題簡介和提問方式: 參見OG第23頁(2) 推斷題的特點和解答正確答案不在原文中直接出現(xiàn)推理的邏輯”因果:對比: 時間對比; 直接對比; 比例對比(在總量構(gòu)成不變的情況下此消彼漲)推理錯誤: 附加條件(收斂線性推理)6. 修辭目的題( Rhetorical Purpose Question)(1) 修辭目的題見解和提問方式: 參見OG第24頁(2) 修辭目的題的分類和解答段落關(guān)系a. 順承: 無明顯的標(biāo)志詞b. 轉(zhuǎn)折: 有表示對比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的

52、關(guān)聯(lián)詞c. 支持: 有表示舉例的關(guān)聯(lián)詞作者意圖: 對應(yīng)原文如果有表示舉例的關(guān)聯(lián)詞,則答案在當(dāng)前句之前出現(xiàn),否則答案在當(dāng)前句中出現(xiàn); 如果找不到概括性描述.則想段落中心或全文中心靠攏.It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of

53、 a species death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a specie

54、s requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossile record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasio

55、ns many species became extinct at the same time-a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approxim

56、ately 95 percent of all species died, mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destory much of the plankon in the oceans, then the oxygen content of

57、earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extincti

58、on might be due to intersection of the earths orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species survival

59、 may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in earths history(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original from

60、their original forms.(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.(C) They have caused rapid change in the environment.(D) They are no longer in existence.2. which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological change?(A) Temperature changes(B) Availabi