chapter2國際供應鏈管理

1、 Maritime Cargo TransportationChapter two1Maritime Cargo Transportationcharateristics of maritime shipping cargo types of maritime shipping maritime transport facility and infrastructure (vessels, channels and ports)maritime shipping servicesoperation of maritime shipping 2Transportation modestransp

2、ortation is defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another.The freight system includes several distinct forms of transportation, called modes.The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages.

3、3Modes of transportationMaritime (Ocean) Transportation Air TransportationRail TransportationRoad TransportationPipeline TransportationContainer TransportationInternational Multimode Transportation (IMT)Parcel Post Transportation4Performance Comparison for Selected Freight ModesBargeHopper car100 ca

4、r train unitSemi-trailer truck1500 Tons52,500 Bushels453,600 Gallons 100 Tons3,500 Bushels30,240 Gallons 10,000 Tons350,000 Bushels3,024,000 Gallons 26 Tons; 910 Bushels7,865 Gallons9,000 for a tanker truck124 tonsCapacity557.7Truck EquivalencyVehicle3.8384.61Post-panamax containership5,000 TEU2,116

5、9,330VLCC300,000 tons2 million barrels of oil747-400F5 Ocean TransportationAdvantagesLarge capacityLow costEasy passage: not restricted by road or railsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerable to bad weather Less punctual 6Cargo types98% of world trade in volume terms conveyed by sea transportBulk cargo 散貨Break-

6、bulk cargo 雜貨Neo-bulk cargo 件裝貨Containerized cargo 集裝箱貨7Bulk cargo (散貨）Bulk cargo is commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities. Dry bulk cargo such as coal, grain, iron, cement Liquid bulk cargo such as petroleum, liquefied natural gas (LNG)Move in big quantitiesMany of them

7、 are unprocessed raw material with low value per unit weightrequires special vessels with the right equipment to load and discharge the cargothis cargo generally has a single origin, destination and client 8Ton-km Shipped by Maritime Transportation (in billions)9break bulk cargo ( general cargo)good

8、s that is packed individually, and to be loaded and unloaded on a piece-by-piece or palletized basis Generally has high value per unit weightMove in smaller quantities This cargo tends to have numerous origins, destinations and clients. Before containerization, economies of scale were difficult to a

9、chieve with break-bulk cargo as the loading and unloading process was very labor and time consuming.10Neo-bulk cargo 件裝貨Uniformly packaged goods, such as automobiles and logs, which store as solidly as bulk, but that are handled as general cargo. 11Containerized cargo Generally high value cargo that

10、 need extra protection However, the ranges of containerized cargo is expending 12Container for bulk cargo 13Cargo, Trade and Ship CharacteristicsCargo TypeTrade CharacteristicsVessel SizeGeneral CargoBreak-bulk Varied small consignments, Numerous consignees, Slow handling rates, Various routes, Nume

11、rous portsSmallUnitized (containers)More uniform cargo, Rapid handling, Many portsSmall to mediumDry BulkOres/coal/cemetLarge consignments, Long hauls, Moderate handling rates, Specialized terminals, Few portsMedium to very largeLiquidCrude oilVery large consignments, Long hauls, Few routes, Special

12、ized terminals, Few portsVery large to ultra largeOil productsSmall shipments, Numerous consignees, Many portsSmall to medium14Maritime transport facility and infrastructure vesselschannelsports 15Vessel types (by function )Container vessels 集裝箱船 p267Ro/ Ro vessels 滾裝船Break-bulk vessels 雜貨船Combinati

13、on vessels 多用途船LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship)載駁船 Oil tankers 油船Bulk/ Ore vessels 散貨船Refrigerated ship冷藏船16Vessel types ( by size , in dead weight tons)17Size of vessels -measured by Dead Weight Tonnage-D.W.T. 載重噸D.W.T. is referred to the carrying capacity in transportation. It refers to the amount of ca

14、rgo that can be loaded on an empty ship without exceeding its operational design limits.It can be divided into 2 classes: gross D.W.T. and net D.W.T. 181)Gross Dead Weight Tonnage 總載重噸1)Gross Dead Weight Tonnage 總載重噸It refers to the maximum loaded weight that is restricted with the loaded line. It i

15、s the total of the weight of loaded cargoes, necessary fuel, freshwater and other spare material. Total loaded tonnage = full load displacement light displacement 192)Dead Weight Cargo Tonnage-D.W.C.T. 凈載重噸It refers to the maximum weight of loaded cargoes that a ship is capable of transporting. It i

16、s also called as loaded-cargo tonnage. It is the margin of the amount of necessary storage of fuel, freshwater and other spare material subtracted from the total of shipload. 20Operating Costs of Panamax and Post-panamax Containerships (in USD)21Vessel types ( by size , in dead weight tons)22Domains

17、 of Maritime Circulation23Channel length (in km)24watch the vedio and find out how a port operates Discharge 卸貨Container stacking area 集裝箱堆場Load sequense 裝載順序Crane起重機, 吊車 Lorry 卡車,接駁車Straddle carrier 跨車25Types of ocean transportationPrivate fleets 私營船隊Charter transportation 包船運輸-shipload size shippe

18、rLiner transportation 班輪運輸-less than ship load size shipper26Private fleets 私營船隊Private ships are ships that are owned or leased on a long-term basis by the firm moving the goods.Another element of interest in international shipping is that of ship registry. Although a ship might be owned by an Amer

19、ican and ply a route between the U.S. and the Persian Gulf, it might be registered in and fly the flag of Liberia or Panama, it is called flag of convenience方便旗The owners derive certain benefits of taxes, manning, and some relaxed safety requirements by being registered in those countries, rather th

20、an in the United States, Canada, or wherever.27Charter services (also known as Tramp). In this form of service a maritime company rents a ship for a specific purpose, commonly between a specific port of origin and destination. This type of shipping service is notably used in the case of bulk cargo,

21、such as petroleum, iron ore, grain or coal, often requiring specialized cargo ships Liner shipping services. Involves a regular scheduled shipping service often calling several ports along a fixed route. This type of shipping service is notably used in the case of general cargo and containerized car

22、go 28Maritime Shipping Characteristics29Liner transportation Characteristics of Linerregular scheduled departuresspecified routeroutes with fixed base ports 根本港comparatively fixed freight rates費率30Liner transportation Types of linersConference linersFreight rate quoted by shipping conferenceStable f

23、reight ratesRegular servicesNon-conference linersFreight rate quoted by independent carriers or vessel operators Less dependable serviceHigh flexibility 31liner conference DefinitionAgreement between two or more shipping companies to provide scheduled cargo and/or passenger service on a particular t

24、rade route under uniform rates and common terms. Also called shipping conference.32班輪運輸?shù)呢涍\程序承運人攬貨,并向港口預訂泊位Cargo canvassing , berth reservation 托運人填寫托運單,租船訂艙Reservation of Shipping Space 備貨,報關Cargo preparation, custom clearances 裝船換單/接貨裝船Cargo receiving, loading and obtaining bill of lading 海上運輸作業(yè)Oce

25、an shipping 貨物的卸船Cargo Unload 貨物交付Cargo deliver to consignee 33Step 1,承運人攬貨 Cargo canvassing What is Cargo canvassing (cargo collection)?How? 通過自己的營業(yè)機構或代理,中介Carriers collect cargo through its own office or agent 發(fā)布班輪船期表Liner schedule is published for space availability check 34華北東/美西周班航線(CEN) 船名航次大連

26、新港青島橫濱長灘奧克蘭大連VSLVOYDALTXGQINYOKLGBOAKDALXI BO HE079E/079W11/1211/1311/1511/1811/2812/0112/17LUO BA HE078E/078W11/1911/2011/2211/2512/0512/0812/2435Step 2、托運人填寫托運聯(lián)單,租船訂艙/承運人確定航次貨運任務The shipper authorize his representative usually Clearing and forwarding agents (C&F agent) or forwarder)to apply for sh

27、ipping space from carrier or his agent 貨主一般委托貨運代理代為訂艙The C&F agent fill in shipping bills (including Book Noting, Shipping Order, Mates receipt10 copies ) , present to carrier or his agent and conduct shipping reservation 托運人委托貨運代理填制托運聯(lián)單（包括托運單B/N、裝貨單S/O、收貨單M/R等）,向承運人或其代理人辦理托運Carrier or his agent exa

28、mine the shipping bills, issue the copies of B/N,S/O,M/R to C&F agent承運人或其代理人審核托運聯(lián)單,確定運雜費后,留下托運單,簽發(fā)相關聯(lián)單（B/N(留底）,S/O,M/R（報關）給貨代Carrier (or his agent) issue a Loading List according to all booking reservation and draft a stowage plan base on the L/L承運人或其代理根據(jù)訂艙情況進行貨物積載安排,出具裝貨清單L/L36托運單 （B/N,Booking Not

29、e）托運單又稱為訂艙單,是托運人根據(jù)貿易合同和信用證條款的內容填制的向承運人或其代理辦理托運貨物的書面憑證為承運人配載,通知港口倉庫接受貨物等作業(yè)提供依據(jù)托運單內容：托運人與收貨人名稱、啟運港、目的港、貨名、標記及號碼、重量、件數(shù)、尺碼、裝船日期、運費支付方式、可否轉船,分批裝運等37裝貨單（S/O Shipping Order)裝貨單是接受了托運人提出裝運申請的船公司,簽發(fā)給托運人,憑以命令船長將承運的貨物裝船的單據(jù)。裝貨單既可用作裝船依據(jù),又是貨主憑以向海關辦理出口貨物申報手續(xù)的主要單據(jù)之一,所以裝貨單又稱“關單,對托運人而言,裝貨單是辦妥貨物托運的證明。對船公司或其代理而言,裝貨單是通知

30、船方接受裝運該批貨物的指示文件。38裝貨清單（LOADINGLIST,L/L）裝貨清單是承運人將全船待裝貨物按目的港和貨物性質歸類,依航次、靠港順序排列編制的裝貨單匯總清單其內容包括裝貨單編號、貨名、件數(shù)、包裝形式、毛重、估計尺碼及特種貨物對裝運的要求或本卷須知的說明等。裝貨清單是船上大副編制配載方案的主要依據(jù),又是供現(xiàn)場理貨人員進行理貨,港方安排駁運,進出庫場以及承運人掌握情況的業(yè)務單據(jù)。39Step 3 、托運人備貨,報關Shipper prepare his cargoes for export (packaging, marking)托運人辦妥出口貨物的包裝,刷嘜(mark)Shipp

31、er or its C&F agent process custom clearance with relevant documents ,including bill of customs clearance , export contract；Commercial Invoice; Packing List;Certificate of Origin；Certificate of Inspection, Marine Insurance Policy；Shipping bills, custom officer endorse on S/O as let ship approval 托運人

32、或貨運代理持出口貨物報關單, 合同,發(fā)票,裝箱單,原產地證明,商檢證書、保險單和船運單據(jù)等證明報關,海關在S/O上蓋放行章 The exporter makes necessary arrangements forcargo transportation to the port, cargo can either be place in ports warehouse or directly loaded on the vessel 托運人向港口倉庫發(fā)貨(集中裝船)或直接裝船40Step 4、接貨,裝船,換單Shipping agent receive the cargo on behalf

33、of the carrier裝船往往是由承運人在各裝貨港指定裝船代理人接收托運貨物,辦理交接手續(xù)C&F Agent turn in Shipping Order, Mates Receipt to tally company for Tally verification然后貨運代理人將S/O、M/R送交理貨公司,憑此理貨裝船注：Tally services provide assurance that the number or quantity of goods to be shipped or received is the same as those described in shipp

34、ing documents such as the bill of lading, letter of credit, mates receipt, or other documents. 41Step 4、接貨,裝船,換單After examination of cargos quantity and package condition , tally company turn in S/O and M/R to the Mate of vessel, the Mate keep shipping order and issue endorsed M/R to the C&F Agent 理

35、貨公司理貨后將S/O和M/R交大副,大副核對無誤,留下S/O ,簽發(fā)M/R,交還托運人 The C&F Agent surrenders the Mates Receipt to the Shipping Company for obtaining the Bill of Lading and pay the freight貨運代理人根據(jù)M/R付運費,并憑繳費憑據(jù)換提單（B/L）Shipper collect payment from the bank (or importer) with Bill of lading 托運人持提單到銀行結匯42收貨單（M/R Mates Receipt) 收

36、貨單是船舶收到貨物的收據(jù)及貨物己經裝船的憑證,由大副簽注,又稱為大副收據(jù)貨物裝船時,如發(fā)現(xiàn)外表存在缺陷,大副可拒收或要求托運人予以調換。如不愿或不能調換,大副應早收貨單上如實加以批注,以使船方免除賠償責任托運人憑經過簽注的收貨單向承運人或其代理支付運費,換取提單43Common remarks on mates receipt常見大副批注SHORT SHIP FIVE CASES THREE BALES BURST, N/R FOR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR SHORTAGE OF CONTENTSTWO CARTONS OPEN FLAPS FOUR LOOSE PIECE

37、S UNSECURELY PACKED ONE CARTON N0.23 MILDEW STAINED MARKS INDISTINCT PERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERS RISK DAMAGE BY VERMINS (RATS)CARGO SWEATED N/R FOR LOSS OR SHORTAGE AND CONTENTS ALL TIMBER LOADED WET 44SHORT SHIP FIVE CASES 短裝五箱THREE BALES BURST, N/R FOR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR SHORTAGE OF CONTENTS 3

38、包破裂,船方對內容的滅失或缺少不負責TWO CARTONS OPEN FLAPS 兩紙箱蓋松開 FOUR LOOSE PIECES 四捆零散UNSECURELY PACKED 包裝不固ONE CARTON N0.23 MILDEW STAINED 第二十三號箱有霉?jié)nMARKS INDISTINCT 標志模糊PERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERS RISK 易腐貨物,發(fā)貨人自負風險DAMAGE BY VERMINS (RATS)有蟲或鼠咬CARGO SWEATED N/R FOR LOSS OR SHORTAGE AND CONTENTS 貨物發(fā)汗,船方對貨物損失,缺少和內容不

39、負責ALL TIMBER LOADED WET 全部木材水濕裝船 45憑保函簽發(fā)清潔提單實踐中,當貨物包裝不良或存在缺陷時, 托運人會出具保函,要求承運人簽發(fā)清潔提單,以便能順利結匯,在當今航運實務中被普遍采用。也因為這種保函能使承、托運人之間就簽發(fā)清潔提單與否發(fā)生爭議時迅速得到“潤滑,從而使予盾雙方擺脫僵持的困境,防止雙方一觸即發(fā)的損失。這種保函實際上對促進經濟和航運事業(yè)的開展起到了一定的積極作用。但長期以來,對這種保函的效力問題,不僅外國法院有不同的主張和判例,我國現(xiàn)行的海商法也無明確的規(guī)定,法學界和航運界各執(zhí)一說,莫衷一是,至今國際間尚無統(tǒng)一的認識46Letter of Indemnit

40、y 保函a document which the writer issues to another party agreeing to protect them from liability for the performance of certain act. 47Case A shipper of orange juice in barrels prevailed說服upon the owners of the ship to issue a clean bill of lading acknowledging the receipt of the consignment “in appa

41、rent good order and condition in the knowledge that the barrels 桶were old, frail and leaking at the time of shipment. When the barrels of orange juice arrived at the port of discharge, considerable loss had been suffered and, because of the clean bill of lading, the carrier paid the claim. 48Thereaf

42、ter, the carrier brought a claim against the shippers under the terms of the letter of indemnity. The shipper, however, sought shelter behind the law and refused to pay, submitting that the letter was issued by them in pursuance of a conspiracy between themselves and the carrier in order to misrepresent the condition of the barrels and was, therefore, unenforceable不能執(zhí)行的49The Court ruled that the carrier made a representation in the bill of lading which he knew