我國石化專業(yè)技術(shù)人員英語學(xué)習(xí)參考用書（高級）

1、 217/217 某專業(yè)技術(shù)人員英語學(xué)習(xí)參考用書（試用版）目 錄第一部分 通用英語UNIT1-UNIT301-127第二部分 石油化工專業(yè)英語油氣工程UNIT1-UNIT20128-176煉化工程UNIT1-UNIT20177-216第一部分 通用英語UNIT 1 How to be HappyIn the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological

2、 set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.Step 1: Peace and quietJonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows t

3、hat we can never pletely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. Noisy neighbours are one of the most emotive causes of domestic upse

4、t for a very good reason. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with plaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to give you some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing

5、headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.Step 2: RelationshipsThis is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A

6、 colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on passionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and mi

7、sery. We never fully adapt to hostile relationships, they invidiously contaminate our wellbeing, squatting inside our minds as unresolved, destructive ruminations. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wr

8、ong or learn to move on.Step 3: ShareIf you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, I would like to share them with readers. Passing on what works is essential to improve our own and the wellbeing of others.如何獲得幸福：尋找幸福公式？過去兩周我們研究了一項幸福公式，這是由樂觀心理學(xué)

9、家馬丁塞利格曼定義的。H(幸福)=S(個人生理幸福感受的固定指數(shù))+C(個人生活狀態(tài))+V(個人主觀選擇)本周我們將著眼于能提升幸福指數(shù)的生活狀態(tài)。第一步：平和寧靜 喬納森海迪在他的優(yōu)秀著作幸福假說當(dāng)中提到，研究調(diào)查顯示，我們不可能完全適應(yīng)噪音污染，無論是新近的還是長期的。巨大噪聲會引起我們某種面對恐懼本能反映(另一種是對于墜落的恐懼)，如果周遭噪音喧鬧，我們不可能完全放松。這樣看來，吵鬧的鄰居的確對我們家庭不和起到很大影響。每日保持平和寧靜事關(guān)重要。如果不幸你生活環(huán)境比較吵，請一定要堅持去居委會投訴。另外，試試實用耳塞，可能會緩解噪聲。如果你一定要大聲看電視聽收銀放音樂的話，記得戴上耳機，別

10、影響鄰里，這樣可以使雙方都感到舒適。第二步：人際關(guān)系 這是增加幸福指數(shù)的一條至關(guān)重要的內(nèi)部條件。我們感到不快樂的最深層原因，往往就是人際關(guān)系欠佳。如果一個在職同事對我們表示威嚇的話，會造成難以言語的抑郁情緒。與拍檔或者愛人的關(guān)系陷入殘酷競爭之中，會讓我們感到背叛和背棄。與父母孩子之間的關(guān)系缺乏同情心和無私關(guān)心，那么這會造成隔閡生產(chǎn)痛苦。我們不可能適應(yīng)這種敵對關(guān)系，這種不良的人際關(guān)系會損害身心健康，長久留存在我們心里，會讓人陷入無以解決的惡性心理困境。當(dāng)我們面臨這類問題時，最好的辦法，就是直面難題，挽救關(guān)系，或者學(xué)著繼續(xù)前進。第三步：分享 如果你發(fā)覺生活狀態(tài)或者做的某項決定對幸福生活有極大幫助的

11、話，我很想將其和讀者們分享。將有用的發(fā)現(xiàn)與更多人分享，這對增進自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有積極作用。1.Whats the happiness formula according to passage?The formula refers to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make).2Why can we never pletely adapt to new or c

12、hronic noise pollution?Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.3How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindne

13、ss and consideration to our neighbors.4Where does the unhappiness e from?Our unhappiness often es from poor relationship with others.5what is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship?What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or le

14、arn to move on.ExercisesA漢譯英1吵鬧的鄰居的確對我們家庭不和有很大影響。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2在職場上，如果一個同事對我們表示威嚇的話，會造成難以言表的抑郁情緒。A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.3我們不可能適應(yīng)這種敵對關(guān)系，這種不良的人際關(guān)系會損害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationsh

15、ip, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4如果這種壞情緒長時間留在人們的心里，會讓人陷入無法解決的惡性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.5我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)回避這些問題，而是要正確面對它們。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.B英譯漢There are many benefits to being happy. Ha

16、ppier people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call “Duchenne” or genuine smiles. Less well understood is why happiness is contagious. 幸福有許多好處。更幸福的人往往更健康、更長壽、掙得更多。他們通常也會從事更多的志愿工作、更善于處理人際關(guān)

17、系、發(fā)出更多心理學(xué)家所說的“杜興微笑”(Duchenne smile)，即真誠的微笑。讓人不太理解的是，為什么幸福可以傳染。According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network bee significantly happier

18、 in the future. More specifically, they say we will bee 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us bees significantly happier with his or her life. 全球暢銷書Connected的作者詹姆斯福勒(James Fowler)和尼古拉斯克里斯塔基斯(Nicholas Christakis)發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果你身邊那些人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)中重要的朋友、家人與鄰居，有許多都很幸福，那么你將來也會幸福很多。他們表示

19、，更準(zhǔn)確地說，如果居住在離你1英里內(nèi)的一個朋友生活幸福感得到顯著提升，你的生活幸福感就會增加25%。Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend mor

20、e on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesnt translate to the workplace. 存在同樣效應(yīng)的還有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之內(nèi)的兄弟姐妹（14%）和鄰居（34%）。這意味著，幸福傳播的強度似乎更多有賴于社會交往的頻繁度（與地域鄰近相關(guān)），而不是社會關(guān)系的深度。哎呀，可惜出于某種原因，這并不適用于工作場合。So, why is happiness contag

21、ious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those clos

22、e to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.那么，為什么幸福能夠傳染？一個原因或許是，幸福的人會與親朋好友分享好運氣（例如，提供實際的幫助，或在經(jīng)濟上慷慨解囊）。另一個原因可能是，幸福的人往往會改善自己的行為，會對周圍的人更加友好，或不那么有敵意。又或許只是因為正面情緒具有高度傳染性。UNIT 2 City DesignWhen Im being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldnt

23、help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots. The worlds cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. The number of hours muters spend going nowher

24、e sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.當(dāng)我從旅館乘車穿行城市前往會議中心時，映入眼簾的是無處不在的汽車和停車場。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，數(shù)以百計的城市日常生活的質(zhì)量正在不斷下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。每天上班族驅(qū)車時因街道和道路堵塞而寸步難行，耽擱的時間逐年升高，郁悶也隨之加深。In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergence of a

25、 new urbanism. In just a few years, many city banned the parking of cars on side walks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-based rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees

26、and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods. The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.針對上述情況，我們可以看到一種新城市主義的理念正在興起。在短短的幾年內(nèi)，許多城市的人行道上不再允許停車，新建和改造了更多的停車場，建立了一套以公共汽車為基礎(chǔ)的極為成功的快速運行系統(tǒng)，興建了數(shù)百公里的自行車道和步行

27、街，高峰時段的交通擁擠得以減緩，種植了更多的樹木，并吸收當(dāng)?shù)厥忻裰苯訁⑴c社區(qū)的改善工作。城市設(shè)計以人為本的理念使這些城市的生活質(zhì)量有了很大的提高。Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars. Cars promise mobility. But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city. After

28、 a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.現(xiàn)在，各地政府的規(guī)劃者們都在嘗試尋找為了人而不是汽車設(shè)計城市的方法。汽車應(yīng)帶給人們活動的便捷。但是在一個不斷城市化的世界里，存在著一個根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽車與城市之間的矛盾。超過一個臨界點之后，隨著汽車數(shù)量的累加，汽車提供的不再是便捷，而停滯。Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dram

29、atically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car. Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars. A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted all mechanism and no human. In order to avoid this disaster, wed better start designing sustainable ci

30、ties.基于這個觀點，無論在發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)國家還是發(fā)展中國家，一些城市將會通過遠(yuǎn)離汽車來極大增加市區(qū)的通暢。讓我再次提醒你，城市是為了人，不是為了汽車而建設(shè)的。擠滿汽車的城市就像恐怖的科幻小說里描繪的全是機械，沒有人性。為了避免這場災(zāi)難，我們最好開始設(shè)計可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市。1What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center?（He takes）a bus.2According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there

31、 are more cars?Cars not only do harm to peoples health but also cause heavy traffic jam.3What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed for people” in paragraph 2 mean?Design cities for people not (for) cars.4Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban

32、areas?Because people depend largely on cars.5How would a city look like if cars were everywhere?There would be all cars (mechanism) no human.ExercisesA漢譯英1隨著大量市民被迫遷到遙遠(yuǎn)的郊外，汽車的需求量正在飛漲。The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.2生態(tài)城市將把傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計要素同最先進的綠色技術(shù)相結(jié)

33、合。The eco-city will bine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.3預(yù)計到2010年將有一千輛燃料電池車投入使用，而2012年將增至一萬輛。One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10,000 by 2012.4如今，各地方政府幾乎無一不在探討有關(guān)生態(tài)農(nóng)村、生態(tài)城市計劃的話題。These days, there is hardly a local

34、 government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.5全世界大約一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能緩解城市對環(huán)境影響的途徑勢在必行。It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the worlds population is now city-dwellers (is now living in cities).B

35、英譯漢Once at a supermarket, I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter. It said the store was using only plastic bags. The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to transport fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact

36、 that plastic wasnt biodegradable. Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport, so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic. It got me thinking further. Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery s

37、tore? If you use them five or six times, or until they start to fall apart, you have really done a good thing. You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets, instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.有一次在一家超市的收銀處，我看到了一則發(fā)人深思的廣告，上面寫著：本店只用塑料袋。超市聲稱：事實上生產(chǎn)和運輸同量紙袋所消耗的能源和所排放的廢氣的危害大大超過塑料袋不能進行生物降解的危害。而

38、且紙袋占用的空間更大，需要更多的卡車運送。因此，超市認(rèn)為使用塑料袋可以減少碳足跡。該告示促使我作了進一步的思考。為什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去雜貨店時帶上重復(fù)使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了為止，你豈不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋鋪在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再買垃圾專用塑料袋。UNIT 3 PopulationA very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land

39、resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.在我們這個星球上居住的人越來越多，是一個很重要的全球問題。如果繼續(xù)按照現(xiàn)有的增長率發(fā)展下去，那么有限的土地及土地資源很快不能養(yǎng)活這么巨大的人口。So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of wh

40、at is being known as “Death Control”. You have no doubt heard of the term” Birth Control”. ”Death Control” is something rather difficult. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Th

41、rough a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.那么為什么會出現(xiàn)人口的大量增長呢？這的確是因為知識的廣泛傳播和眾所周知的“死亡控制”的結(jié)果。毫無疑問，你肯定聽到

42、過“生育控制”這個術(shù)語?！八劳隹刂啤笔谴蟛幌嗤摹Ｋ姓J(rèn)了醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家的工作，現(xiàn)在他們能夠留住那些患有各種各樣絕癥的病人的生命。而這些絕癥在不久之前還是不可治愈的。通過大X圍的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，其中包括耕作方法和對絕癥的控制，我們已經(jīng)找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是這項成功給人類帶來最大的威脅。If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem. If everyone on the planet had an equal share of

43、 land, we would each have about 50,000 square meters. This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the worlds land cannot produce food.如果計算一下維持不斷增長的人口所需的土地量，我們就能意識到這個問題。如果這個星球上的每個人都平均分一塊土地，我們每個人會擁有五萬平方米。這個數(shù)字看似相當(dāng)振奮人心，

44、而當(dāng)我們計算一個每個人的實際可用耕地之后，就知道情況不太樂觀了。因為世界上超過3/5的土地都不能生產(chǎn)糧食。Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. But we are not! Instead, we are consuming its “capital”- its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to

45、 form but which are now being destroyed in decades. We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.顯然，能夠養(yǎng)活我們的耕地如此之少，我們就應(yīng)該想方設(shè)法不要讓耕地繼續(xù)減少下去。但是，我們并沒有這樣做！反

46、而我們正在消耗它的“本錢”其不可再生的化石燃料與其它礦藏，它們是在幾百萬年的時間里才形成的，然而現(xiàn)在，幾十年內(nèi)就會被消耗殆盡。我們對待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然資源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百萬年與我們共同居住的地球上的物種。1What can be learnt about the population growth at present?It continues to increase / grow at its present rate.2According to the article, what contributes to the population incr

47、ease?Death Control.3What is the doctors job according to paragraph 2?They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.4Why isnt there enough land to support human beings?Because the worlds land has already been taken up / occupied by the ever-increasing population.5In paragraph 4 the fertil

48、e soils are considered as nonrenewable .ExercisesA漢譯英1亞洲大陸面積占世界陸地面積的29%。Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the worlds land area.2人口的增加使土地必須生產(chǎn)更多的糧食。The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain.3我們應(yīng)該先進行抽樣調(diào)查再寫報告。We should conduct a sampling investigation before we

49、 write the report.4我承認(rèn)我在工作中因缺乏經(jīng)驗犯過這樣那樣的錯誤。I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.5中國的現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)和商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，促進了職業(yè)流動和人口流動。The development of modern industry and modity economy in China has promoted occupational (mobility) and population mobility.B英譯漢A report, based on United

50、Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations, suggests that by midcentury, humanitys demand on nature will be twice the biospheres productive capacity. At this level of ecological deficit, exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse bee real.一份以

51、聯(lián)合國所作的經(jīng)濟和人口緩解增長的預(yù)期為基礎(chǔ)的報告顯示，到本世紀(jì)中葉，人類對自然界的需求將達(dá)到生態(tài)圈自身生產(chǎn)能力的兩倍。在這樣的生態(tài)“赤字”水平下，生態(tài)資源的枯竭和大規(guī)模的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)崩潰將會成為事實。Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now. Population size changes slowly, and human-made capital homes, cars, roads, factories, or power plants can last for many decades. This imp

52、lies that policy and investment decisions made today will continue to determine our resource demand throughout much of the 21st century. 向可持續(xù)發(fā)展的轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)Q于現(xiàn)在所采取的重大行動。人口數(shù)量變化緩慢，而人類創(chuàng)造的資本，如住宅、汽車、道路、工廠或發(fā)電站等會持續(xù)幾十年。這意味著，今天所作的政策和投資決策將決定我們在21世紀(jì)的大部分時間里對資源的持續(xù)需求。UNIT 4 Earthquake 地震Earthquakes may be ranked as one of

53、 the most destructive forces known to man: since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities (死亡) have numbered in the millions, and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation. The greater part of such damage and loss of life had be

54、en due to collapse of buildings and the effects of rockslides, floods, fire, disease, tsunamis, and other observable events resulting from earthquakes, rather than from quakes themselves.地震是人類所知的最具有破壞力的自然災(zāi)害之一。自從有記載以來，估計由地震造成的死亡達(dá)數(shù)百萬以上，地震造成的破壞更是不計其數(shù)。地震造成的破壞如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引發(fā)的建筑物倒塌、巖石崩落、洪水、火災(zāi)、疾病等現(xiàn)象造

55、成的，而不是由于地震本身。The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas. One such area covers the Pacific Ocean and its bordering landmasses. The other extends from the East Indians to the Atlas Mountains, including the Himalayas, Iran, Turkey and the Alpine regions. It is in these

56、 two great belts or zones that ninety percent of all earthquakes take place; they may, however, happen anywhere at any time. 大多數(shù)地震發(fā)生在兩個獨特的地理位置。一個是環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)及相鄰的大陸架，另一個是從印度東部延伸到阿特拉斯山脈，其中包括喜馬拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿爾卑斯地區(qū)。那里隨時隨地都可能發(fā)生地震。This element of unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dead and horror surr

57、ounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake forecast may be possible. By analyzing changes in animal behavior, patterns of movements in the earths shell, variations in the earths force of attraction, and the frequency with which minor earth shakes are observe

58、d, scientists have shown increasing success in expecting when and where earthquakes will strike. As a result, a worldwide earthquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to prepare for (and thus lessen) the vast destruction that might otherwise have been totally unexpected. 幾個世紀(jì)以來，

59、這種對于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐懼性。但近幾年來已有跡象表明地震預(yù)測是可能的。通過分析動物行為的變化，地殼運動的方式，地球磁場和地心引力的變化以及監(jiān)測到的輕微地震的頻率，科學(xué)家在預(yù)測地震發(fā)生的時間和地點上已取得了不斷的成功。因此，世界性地震預(yù)警網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)運轉(zhuǎn)，而且已經(jīng)幫助人們對大X圍的破壞做好準(zhǔn)備，而這些破壞也可能完全不能預(yù)料的。It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and get rid of their destructiveness altogether, but as how an

60、d why earthquakes happen bee better understood, man will bee more and more able to deal with their possible damage before they occur.人類是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破壞力還未知。但是，隨著我們對地震發(fā)生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震發(fā)生之前，我們就能更好地應(yīng)對可能造成的破壞。1What are the causes of the great part of the damage and loss of life?Collapse of buildings a