何凱文長難句突破講義完整版

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)2013文都考研英語長難句精講班講義 第一部分 方法論講解 英文句子閱讀的實際過程是什么？ 英文 mind 中文 英中文轉(zhuǎn)化過程中在句子層面的障礙 語義（詞匯） 語序句子可以是這樣的：There is something by reason of which man is man. = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT There is something. = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT Man is man by reason of (因為

2、)which this thing.世間存在一種東西，人之所以是人，就是這種東西。英語句子的分類： 簡單 句和 非簡單 句 簡單句的定義： 只含有一套主謂結構的句子 簡單句的障礙來源簡單句沒有障礙的情況:主語+謂語 2. 主語+謂語+賓語 3. 主語+謂語+雙賓語 4. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓補 5.主語+系+表語 （表語為形容詞時候，表語又可以稱作主語補足語）William ，do you take Jerry for your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for

3、 richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do part you ? 簡單句的障礙來源：（問題在于識別和處理） 1. 定語 2. 同位語 3. 插入語 4. 狀語 簡單句的障礙識別及處理方法 定語: 修飾和限定名詞的成分；根據(jù)位置分為：前置定語；后置定語。（名字n.前后之分） 作用和識別： 前置定語（可以有多個定語）+n Adj. 物主代詞；ving(單);；ved（單）； n 后置定語： 形容詞短語 a student unaware of my presence 形容詞+介詞+名詞 現(xiàn)在分詞短語 Otoman f

4、ighting with xiaoguaisou 現(xiàn)在分詞ving+介+名；ving+名； ving+連詞+句子 過去分詞短語 a picture painted by Picasso ved+介+名 n. + 動詞不定式短語 a way to solve this problem to+ v（原形） 介詞短語 an apple on the table 介+ 名詞 /（介+代 代詞就是代替名詞的詞語） 表語形容詞作定語后置a cat alive 表語形容詞充當定語后置 不定代詞定語后置 something important 不定代詞充當定語后置 處理：前置（翻譯成中文的時候），也可以拆分，

5、特別是后置定語較長的時候。定語從句（不屬于簡單句范疇）定語從句的作用：1，修飾和限定名詞 2，連接兩個具有共同名詞的句子 3，表示因果關系 今生：.I have three books of which the red is my favorite.（of which 叫做關系代詞）前世： = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT I have three books. = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT The red of those three books is my favorite .定語從句的識別：（基本結構） 人稱代詞 who,whom,which.that,a

6、s名詞+連接詞+句子 關系代詞：物主代詞 whose 后加 非完整句定語從句的連接詞： 關系連詞：when,where,why,how 后加 完整句 介詞+關系代詞（就是介詞短語）：as,that和who 后加 完整句/非完整句定語從句的處理方法： 1拆分；2，找指代；3，還原 Eg1.A poem line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge /off which they both fall into the river.Eg2. Man is born as a blank she

7、et of paper /on which each culture writes its text.Eg3. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. （whose 引導的定語從句 后面表示因果關系）Eg 4. The sun rises that looks beautiful.練習：請將下面的兩個句子用定語從句寫成一個句子：The ambition must be highly rega

8、rded(認同) by people /who are themselves admired.The educated is not least among them.The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,(The ambition must be highly regarded by people；People are admired by people. )Among whom educated is not least . The ambition must be highly

9、regarded by people who are themselves admired, (With) The educated not (being) least among them. 獨立主格結構 同位語：對一個名詞或句子進行解釋說明的另一個名字。作用：為了增加句子的多樣性和正式性。識別：處理：跳讀 1 A，B，kevin,head of intelligence service(情報機關),is quite NIU. 前三種都是對名詞進行說明 2 AB A,B都是名字 3 A or B 4 句子A 這個名字A可以修飾前面句子中的一個名詞，這個名字A也可以修飾前面的句子。 句子，A

10、5 A of B Eg1. The Court supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old moral principle（名詞的修飾）Eg2.Robots will have to operate with less human supervision and （并列動詞做謂語will have to）be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals/ that(指代goals,修飾整個句子) pose a real challeng

11、e. (句子的修飾)A of B為同位語的條件：A為上義詞，B為下義詞 上下義詞又稱為種屬詞，如 fruit -apple ;city-beijing上下義詞的作用：增加語言表達的多樣性，增加語言表達的正式性如，the computer上義詞 the invention ;the technology 下義詞 the PC除了定語從句中，其余句子中that 充當?shù)氖顷P系連詞，表示只表連接， 后面連接的都是完整句。同位語從句：(不屬于簡單句的范疇) 作用：解釋和說明前面一個名詞結構識別：名詞+連接詞（只能用關系連詞來充當，不能用關系代詞充當，when,how,that）+句子（完整句）； 名詞+

12、that+句子（完整句）處理：從連接詞處切分（連接詞后）例子：背。同位語從句I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed - we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of

13、former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi（同位語）, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice（后置定語）, sweltering with the heat of oppression（后置定語）, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and just

14、ice. I have a dream（省略了一個that） my four little children will one day live in a nation / (定語從句)where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.I have a dream today! From I Have a Dream Martin Luther King 插入語：作用：增加語言的表達多樣性識別：被兩個逗號或者破折號隔開的成分。（任何成分都可充當插入語）處理

15、：跳讀 P8 萬能插入語： Rather than: 而不是（肯前否后） I ,rather than anyone else,am rather than was,the best,rather than good,teacher,rather than police. =i am the best teacher. 狀語： 狀語在句子中的位置不固定。作用：修飾和限定動詞或形容詞，有時也修飾整個句子（某些副詞來充當?shù)?。）例句?She is admittedly reliable. 她是可靠的，這是被承認的。 It is painfully apparent that she is a li

16、ar. 很明顯她是一個騙子，這點令人痛心 He is obviously intelligent. 她非常聰明，這點很明顯。 The tomato is technically （從嚴格的意義上來說）a fruit. 從嚴格的意義上來說，西紅柿是一個水果。 Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. 中國長期現(xiàn)代化的羨慕強調(diào)經(jīng)濟的增長，這點是可被理解和必須的。識別：盡量不把狀語放在名詞后 副詞adv. l y結尾的， 現(xiàn)在分詞短語 過去分詞短語

17、 過去不定式短語 處理：剝離（從句子中提出來，用“這”開頭） 介詞短語 獨立主格結構（欠） 例1：（現(xiàn)在分詞短語，充當狀語，跳讀）Using techniques （方法）developed for the offshore oil and gas industry（過去分詞短語作定語修飾現(xiàn)在分詞短語的名字做定語）, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger（同位語。跳讀）, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep wat

18、ers（水域）（狀語，跳讀）, extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor（狀語，跳讀）. (From TOEFL authentic test) 例2：A few art collectors-James Bowden of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia-introduced European art traditions to those colonists/ privileged（

19、過去分詞，有個特權） to visit their galleries（翻譯前置）, especially aspiring artists, and established ( 這里是和introduced并列的)in their respective communities the idea “動詞+（介詞+名1做狀語）+名2”of the value art and the need for institutions 制度/(省略了which are) devoted to its encouragement.（名詞翻譯成動詞 ）（致力于鼓勵價值藝術的制度） (From TOEFL au

20、thentic test) 對一種隔離結構的強調(diào)1.They maintain 【with a certain fidelity （忠誠）剝離】the principle of this school學派.2. He elected as his primary duty and happiness in his life the thinking activity （思維行動）about the moral problem. 動+介1+名1+介2+名2+名3他選出了關于道德思維行動當做是他一生中最重要的責任和最大的幸福非簡單句定義：含有一套以上主謂結構的句子 連接詞（關聯(lián)詞）非簡單句的障礙來

21、源：拆分（找連接詞），組合（區(qū)分嵌套or 并列）。 簡單句如何組裝為非簡單句。非簡單句的構成：簡1，簡2，簡3，.簡n 主句專一原則 非簡單句的障礙解決方案 關聯(lián)詞和主句專一原則主句專一原則:一個句子只能有一個主句，主句中沒有關聯(lián)詞。一個句子中有n個分句，則只有n-1個關聯(lián)詞。關聯(lián)詞分類：關系代詞：,that,which,who,whom,as,what等關系連詞： that,when,where,why,how等 主從復合句，嵌套句 標點符號： 冒號 ：和 破折號 分號； 并列連詞： and,or,but 并列句例證： 句子之間的關聯(lián)方式1.并列并列連詞的用法1.連接兩個句子（句間的并列）2

22、.連接兩個句中成分可以是從句也可以是短語等（句中并列），從連詞后往前尋找并列成分。3.并列連詞表示并列的終結4.并列常常引起省略（可以是省略并列成分也可以省略連詞如and等）例1 He drank beer, and it made him fat. 句間的并列 （形式主語）It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer and to find that the line consists of the noise o

23、f their falling and the weights of the officers, Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms. （句中并列）解析：并列成分為to read and to findA and B , C and D. A和B一起，并列C和D。 如果想A,B并列C,D ，中間得加連接詞，此時不能再用and,可以用如：Complied with;along with ;besids; inaddition to解析：并列連詞表示并列的終結就意味著：A and B 是一個并列成分和C 以及D構成并列；背 TO se

24、e the world in a grain of sand 一沙一世界 ， 一花一天國 And a heaven in a wild flower 君掌盛無邊， 剎那含永劫。 Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour.例5. The love song of the sixth Dalai LamaTshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (1683- 1707 or 1746 ), was the Sixth Dalai Lama of Tibet, he was also a well-acc

25、laimed poet.That day, I closed my eyes in the incense fog of the Buddhas Hall, suddenly heard the mantra from your voice;That month, I turned all the prayer wheels,not for my salvation, but for the touch of your fingertips;That year, I prostrated myself along the mountain paths,not for my pilgrimage

26、, but for the warmth of being close to you;That life, I turned around mountains and rivers，I turned around all the Pagodas, not for earning my afterlife,but to meet with you in the way.那一天，閉目在經(jīng)殿香霧中，驀然聽見你頌經(jīng)中的真言。 那一月，我搖動所有的轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)筒，不為超度，只為觸摸你的指尖。 那一年，磕長頭匍匐在山路，不為覲見，只為貼著你的溫暖。 那一世，轉(zhuǎn)山轉(zhuǎn)水轉(zhuǎn)佛塔啊，不為修來生，只為途中與你相見賓語從句

27、只能用that引導動詞（介詞）+連接詞+句子（完整句）動詞+it+形容詞+句子（完整句） it為形式賓語 處理：從連接詞處切分（連接詞后)，保證切開的句子是完整句2.主從復合（嵌套） 主從復合句的分類：三大從句：名詞性從句： 主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句形容詞性從句：定語從句副詞性從句： 狀語從句常見的關聯(lián)詞：名詞性從句：關系代詞：what，who，whom，which,表語從句系動詞+連接詞+句子（完整句或非完整句）處理：從連接詞處切分（連接詞前后，由是完整句還是非完整句判定。 完整句和非完整句由連接詞是代詞還是連詞） 關系連詞：that, when, where, how, 形

28、容詞性從句：見定語從句副詞性從句：書P23主語從句：連接詞+句子（完整句或者非完整句）+動詞It +be+形容詞+連接詞+句子（完/非） 狀語從句連接詞+句子（完整句），句子總體來說是游離于句子之外的。It+不及物動詞+連接詞+句子（完/非） 形式主語結構處理：從連接詞處切分（或前或后）層次化句子閱讀法:層次化結構的表示形式 區(qū)分分句間的關系是并列還是嵌套，一層一層的往下讀。 例1：However, for many years, physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit l

29、ight V. +that 賓語從句 spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. 先翻譯這一層：但是，很多年以來，物理學家思考了兩件事情。 that that 第一件事情是原子和分子通常更容易自行發(fā)光，第二件受到刺激的發(fā)射通常都更弱例2：It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families / that occurred through It+不及物動詞+

30、that 主語從句 that 充當主語成分 that +v.all the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. 一件事情出現(xiàn)了 that 加拿大再一次朝更小家庭發(fā)展的趨勢 that 這種趨勢從工業(yè)革命以來就席卷了整個西方世界。（翻譯：since后的提前）例3：The history of clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and = 1 * GB3 * MERGE

31、FORMAT A or B形式 同位語，跳讀 utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 冒號，主從復合 = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 兩個動詞的并列，簡單句范疇the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that = 1 * G

32、B3 * MERGEFORMAT food contained constituents that = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT were essential N.+when 定語從句 = 3 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 連詞 形式主語從句 = 4 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 代詞 定語從句that+be for human function and that = 3 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Tha

33、t+n.連詞 = 5 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 臨床營養(yǎng)學的歷史能夠被分成四個不同的階段 冒號 = 2 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 第一個階段開始于19世紀并且延伸到20世紀早期 When = 3 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 在那個時候有兩件事情第一次被認識到了， that = 1 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT that = 3 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT = 5 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 第二件事情不同的食物必須提供必須成分的不同的量that = 2 * GB3 * ME

34、RGEFORMAT （翻譯時候往前倒） = 4 * GB3 * MERGEFORMAT 第一件事情是食物中包含有人體功能必須的成分 同位語：臨床營養(yǎng)學是研究健康和身體如何去吸收和利用植物物質(zhì)的的學科。這句話翻譯放在最前面 同位語跳讀 插入語跳讀 狀語從句剝離3.完整信息鏈法 完整主干法 緣起： 主謂隔離：主語和謂語之間常加入修飾成份； 謂賓隔離：謂語和賓語之間也常加入修飾成份； 解決之道：句子開頭的第一個獨立名詞（前面沒有出現(xiàn)介詞和關聯(lián)詞）就是句子的主語，應該尋找和其相對應的動 詞。In the classroom, Kevin is standing on the stage. 為獨立名詞。

35、（That Kevin is a good man） is the truth。 That形式主語 2、動詞和賓語之間的成份應該跳讀。 系 和 表語動詞+介詞1+名詞1+名詞2（剝離） 系 + 介+名+adjThe fact that /artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are 主語（單數(shù)名詞）frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Craf

36、ts Movement of the nineteenth Century. 謂語（單數(shù)形式與主語相匹配） a1 b1 c b2 a2讀a1 a2 b1 b2 c翻譯順序 C B A匠人在18世紀被當成技工或熟練工，但是在19世紀的時候被認為藝術家，這樣的事實歸因于當時的工藝運動。Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, 主語 謂語the most obvious difference being that it is of

37、ten much heavier. 任何處理過化石骨頭的人都知道，化石骨頭和現(xiàn)在骨頭不一樣，最明顯的就是這種骨頭就是重一些。例3 The notion that learning should have（ in it） an element of inspired play would seem 【to the greater part of the academic establishment】 merely silly. V+（介+代）+名 這里括號為狀語，拿出來 Learning should have an element of inspired in it. Seem to + v.

38、才搭 這里to+n. 為 V,+介1+名1形式 【】跳讀 學習應該把具有激發(fā)性的元素包含在其中，這樣的理念對于大多數(shù)的學術來講是很傻的。非謂語動詞和獨立主格：非謂語動詞不做謂語的成分。 = 1 * Arabic * MERGEFORMAT 1充當主、賓語、表、同位語時，一定是動名詞ving形式.。 = 2 * Arabic * MERGEFORMAT 2作定語。本質(zhì)是定語從句的省略（修飾限定名詞的從句才可以省略），即其句子都可以恢復成定語從句的形式。 3充當狀語。兩個句子主語相同，去掉一個主語，動詞做相應的變化。 主動語態(tài)：am/is/are-being; was/were-having be

39、en; do/does-doing; did-having done 被動語態(tài)：be done-done 否定式 not 提前 ； 注意：being 可以省略 獨立主格結構，兩個句子主語不同，保留主語，動詞做相應的變化，being可以省，也可以加上with 。 It is hot today。I stay at home。 - It being hot today，I stay at home。 I enter the house。 A book is in my hand。 - I enter the house，with a book (being省) in my hand。 例：Pres

40、ident Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, （with） retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. with N.+ving. = trade布什總統(tǒng)大力的將社會保險變?yōu)閮π钅Ｊ剑诵萑藛T將大量和甚至是全部的有保障的收入換成依靠有投入的收入。句型：trade A for B . 把A換成B。 How can you not bei

41、ng A know B of A? 你不是A，怎知道A的B。 非正常語序之倒裝句： 倒裝句的分析方法倒裝句的定義：動詞在句子中的位置和相對位置發(fā)生改變。 倒裝的作用是保持句子的平衡。倒裝句的分類：1部分倒裝 2 完全倒裝 倒裝句的處理流程：識別 還原 部分倒裝： 1. 部分倒裝的定義/識別：助動詞，系動詞，情態(tài)動詞被置于主語前。 2. 部分倒裝的還原：將助動詞，系動詞，情態(tài)動詞還原到主語后。 完全倒裝： 1.完全倒裝定義：動詞前后成分的位置完全倒置。 表語 adj. Adj短語 形容詞性的結構 ving短語 ved短語 介詞短語/方位副詞(here,there) n/代詞pron/ to do

42、 2.完全倒裝的存在環(huán)境: “主+系+表”倒裝為“表+系+主” 3.能夠在句子中充當主語和表語的成份 主語 n/代詞pron/ to do/ + 系 + ving (單數(shù)、復數(shù)) 常見的系動詞 Be, come, go, run, walk ,lie, crouch , stand, descend ,ascend, become, 4.完全倒裝的判斷流程 Step 1 形容詞性的結構和介詞短語/方位副詞置于句首，后緊跟系動詞，可判定為倒裝。 Step 2 ving置于句首后緊跟復數(shù)系動詞，可判定為倒裝。 Step 3 ving置于句首后緊跟單數(shù)系動詞，后接名詞性結構，可判定為倒裝。例1：He

43、rein lay the beginning of turn from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.例2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted Ving+系動詞復數(shù) three sepals and three petals are surrounding the column,into gorge

44、ous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3：Young people in Canada ,today, married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.例4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country

45、s impressive Adj + 介+n. ：形容詞短語=定語從句的省略 形容詞短語+系動詞is 倒裝population growth.Canada s impressive population growth is Basic to any understanding(了解，理解) of the country in the 20 years after the Second World War句型：Basic to （any understanding ）B is A. A是(了解)B的基礎。Status quo 現(xiàn)代例5：Scattered around the globe are

46、 more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. 例6Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased “opportunities” for stress.例7：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are

47、 commonmurres , Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.例8：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained (with a certain fidelity )the technique and composition That was most important, adj +系 v+介+n1+n2 方法和構圖原則consistent with those of Americas first popular landsc

48、ape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Adj +介+n, 形容詞短語 現(xiàn)在分詞短語修飾careerMountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 例10：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.部分倒裝，if被省略， had/were提前例11: All woul

49、d be well ，were reason the only judge in the creationism and evolution debate. If被省略 Snowflakes - by Henry Wadsworth LongfellowOut of the bosom of the Air,Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken, Over the woodlands brown and bare, Over the harvest-fields forsaken,Silent, and soft, and slowDesc

50、ends the snow.Even as our cloudy fancies takeSuddenly shape in some divine expression,Even as the troubled heart doth make in the white countenance confession,The troubled sky reveals the grief it feels.This is the poem of the air,Slowly in silent syllables recorded;this is the secret of despair,Long in its cloudy bosom hoarded,now whispered and revealedto wood and field. 強調(diào)句的分析方法 1.強調(diào)句的構成It is (was) + 被強調(diào)對象 + that(who) + 其他成份 時態(tài) 除動詞外 人：that /who 正常語序 的成份 物：that 2.強調(diào)句的處理方法 將被強調(diào)部分還原；去