軀干骨及其連結(jié)2013

1、Locomotor System運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)Department of anatomyLuzhou medical college椎骨：24塊骶骨：1塊尾骨：1塊胸骨：1塊肋：12對軀干骨一、椎骨 頸椎：7塊 胸椎：12塊腰椎：5塊骶骨1塊（骶椎5）尾骨1（尾椎34）1椎骨的一般形態(tài) 椎體Vertebral body 椎弓：突起Vertebral arch 棘突Spinous process 橫突Transverse process 關(guān)節(jié)突Articular process 椎孔椎管 椎間孔 Vertebral foramen/canal, Intervertebral foramen椎體椎弓根上

2、關(guān)節(jié)突椎孔橫突椎弓板棘突棘突橫突椎體上關(guān)節(jié)突下關(guān)節(jié)突Vertebrae2各部椎骨的主要特征 上關(guān)節(jié)突橫突棘突棘突橫突上肋凹下肋凹上關(guān)節(jié)突橫突肋凹下關(guān)節(jié)突 （1）胸椎Thoracic vertebrae 肋凹costal foveae (facets) 椎體肋凹與肋頭相關(guān)節(jié)。 橫突肋凹與肋結(jié)節(jié)相關(guān)節(jié)。棘突較長，向后下方傾斜，呈疊瓦狀排列。橫突孔椎體上關(guān)節(jié)突椎弓椎孔棘突（2）頸椎Cervical vertebrae 頸椎有橫突孔Transverse foramen 椎體較小第26頸椎棘突短而分叉前結(jié)節(jié)橫突孔上關(guān)節(jié)凹后弓前弓后結(jié)節(jié)椎孔第1頸椎寰椎A(chǔ)tlas 椎動(dòng)脈溝前弓后弓側(cè)塊齒突凹椎動(dòng)脈溝 齒突凹

3、棘突齒突上關(guān)節(jié)面橫突孔椎弓椎孔第2頸椎樞椎A(chǔ)xis齒突Dens第7頸椎隆椎 下關(guān)節(jié)突椎體椎弓根上關(guān)節(jié)突橫突椎體鉤棘突Cervical Vertebrae上關(guān)節(jié)突 椎體 橫突 椎弓根 椎弓板 棘突 椎孔 椎體 棘突 下關(guān)節(jié)突 上關(guān)節(jié)突 橫突 （3）腰椎Lumbar vertebrae椎體大棘突短，呈寬板狀，水平方向后伸。棘突間隙較寬，可作腰椎穿刺術(shù)。無橫突孔、無肋凹骶前孔岬橫線尾骨骶后孔尾骨骶管骶角耳狀面骶管裂孔上關(guān)節(jié)突(4)骶骨Sacrum 岬 骶前孔骶后孔骶管骶角 骶管裂孔 （5）尾骨Coccyx 由34塊退化的尾椎長合而成。上接骶骨，下端游離為尾骨尖。 Sacral cornu胸骨柄胸骨體

4、 劍突 二 胸骨Sternum 胸骨角：是胸骨柄與胸骨體連接處形成的微向前突的橫行隆起，其兩側(cè)平對第二肋，是計(jì)數(shù)肋骨序數(shù)的重要標(biāo)志。它還平對第4胸椎體下緣。胸骨柄頸靜脈切跡胸骨角第二肋切跡胸骨角胸骨體劍突鎖切跡The manubrium posteriorly-angled joints with the body and forms the sternal angle, which is a major surface landmark used by clinicians in performing physical examinations of the thorax. Sternum

5、consists of the manubrium, body and xiphoid process. 三 肋rib數(shù)目：共12對17對 真肋 810對 假肋 1112對 浮肋構(gòu)成: 肋骨+肋軟骨第一肋：上面有斜角肌結(jié)節(jié)和鎖骨下動(dòng)、靜脈溝。肋骨的形態(tài)特點(diǎn)肋頭、肋頸和肋結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)、外側(cè)面和肋溝Anteriorly, the costal cartilages of ribs I to VII articulate with the sternum.The costal cartilages of ribs VIII to X articulate with the inferior margins

6、 of the costal cartilages above them. Ribs XI and XII are called floating ribs because they do not articulate with other ribs, costal cartilages, or with sternum. Their costal cartilages are small, only covering their tips. 軀干骨的連結(jié)脊 柱胸 廓椎間盤棘上韌帶棘間韌帶前縱韌帶椎弓根后縱韌帶棘突椎間孔1.椎骨間的連結(jié)2.脊柱的整體觀（一）脊柱vertebral column

7、The articulation of the bones of the trunkVertebral column1.椎骨間的連結(jié) (1)椎體間的連結(jié) 1)椎間盤Intervertebral disc 纖維環(huán) 髓核椎間盤髓核纖維環(huán)椎弓根椎間孔髓核纖維環(huán)Intervertebral discs椎間盤突出椎間盤前縱韌帶后縱韌帶前縱韌帶后縱韌帶2)韌帶前縱韌帶防止脊柱過度后伸和椎間盤向前脫出后縱韌帶限制脊柱過度前屈棘上韌帶棘間韌帶椎弓根棘突關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)韌帶關(guān)節(jié)(2)椎弓間的連結(jié) 椎弓根黃韌帶Ligamenta Flava 黃韌帶Ligmentum of flava 圍成椎管，限脊柱過屈棘間韌帶 棘上

8、韌帶：頸部稱項(xiàng)韌帶橫突間韌帶 關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)黃韌帶項(xiàng)韌帶橫突關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)The joint of articular processInterspinous ligamentIntertransverse ligamentAnterior longit. lig.Interspinous ligamentPosterior longit. lig.Supraspinous ligament(3)寰椎與枕骨及樞椎的關(guān)節(jié)1)寰枕關(guān)節(jié)Atlantooccipital joint 2)寰樞關(guān)節(jié)：Atlantoaxial joint 寰樞外側(cè)關(guān)節(jié) 寰樞正中關(guān)節(jié) 寰樞關(guān)節(jié)韌帶：齒突尖韌帶 翼狀韌帶寰椎橫韌帶覆膜

9、 2.脊柱整體觀及其功能(1)脊柱的整體觀 1)脊柱前面觀 2)脊柱后面觀 3)脊柱側(cè)面觀：有4個(gè)生理性彎曲（頸曲、胸曲、腰曲和骶曲）。(2)脊柱的功能1)支持、保護(hù)功能 2)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能：可作屈、伸、側(cè)屈、旋轉(zhuǎn)和環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 Vertebral column as a whole Four curvesThe movements of the vertebral columnFlexion & extension; Lateral flexions; Rotation; Circumduction（二） 胸廓 Thoracic cage 胸椎12 、肋12對、胸骨11.肋椎關(guān)節(jié)Costoverte

10、bral joint (1)肋頭關(guān)節(jié)(2)肋橫突關(guān)節(jié) 肋頭關(guān)節(jié)肋橫突關(guān)節(jié)肋骨Synchondrosisby hyaline2.胸肋關(guān)節(jié) 胸廓上口Inlet 3.胸廓的整體觀及其運(yùn)動(dòng)胸廓上口較小 胸骨柄上緣 第1對肋 第1胸椎椎體Superior thoracic aperture (Inlet)It consists of the body of vertebra TI posteriorly, the medial margin of rib I on each side, and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly. The po

11、sterior margin of the superior thoracic aperture is superior to the anterior margin. Consequently, the plane of the superior thoracic aperture is at an oblique angle, facing somewhat anteriorly. 胸廓下口寬而不整 第12胸椎 第12及第11對肋前端 左、右肋弓 劍突 胸廓下口Outlet 胸肋關(guān)節(jié)The inferior thoracic aperture (Outlet)The body of T. vertebra XII posteriorly; The rib XII and the distal end of rib XI posterolaterally; The distal cartilaginous ends of ribs VII to X, which unite to form the costal arches